Izinjini ezinkulu ezingama-4-cylinder emhlabeni

Vula isigqoko semoto futhi kunamathuba angama-90% okushayisana nenjini eyisilinda emine. Idizayini yayo ilula futhi ayibizi ukwenza, icwecwe, futhi inikeze izici ezanele izimoto eziningi.

Kodwa-ke, sicela uqaphele: iningi lalezi zinjini linomthamo osebenzayo we-1,5-2 amalitha, i.e. umthamo we-cylinder ngayinye awudluli amalitha angu-0,5. Akuvamile ukuthi injini eyi-four-cylinder ibe nokususwa okukhudlwana. Futhi noma kunjalo, izibalo ziphakeme kancane: 2,3-2,5 amalitha. Isibonelo esijwayelekile umndeni wakwaFord-Mazda Duratec, onenjini endala engu-2,5-litre (etholakala kwiFord Mondeo neMazda CX-7). Noma, yithi, 2,4-litre, okuyinto ifakwe Kia Sportage noma Hyundai Santa Fe crossover.

Kungani abaklami bengawandisi kakhulu umsebenzi? Kunezithiyo eziningana. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokudlidliza: injini engu-4-cylinder, amandla angenayo e-inertial yomugqa wesibili awalingani, futhi ukwanda kwevolumu kukhulisa kakhulu izinga lokudlidliza (futhi lokhu kuholela ekwehleni hhayi ekududuzeni kuphela kodwa nasekuthembekeni). . Isixazululo singenzeka, kodwa akulula - ngokuvamile ngesistimu yokulinganisa i-shaft eyinkimbinkimbi.

Kukhona nezinkinga ezinkulu zokuklama - ukwanda okukhulu kwe-piston stroke kuvinjelwa ukwanda kwemithwalo ye-inertial, futhi uma ububanzi be-cylinder bukhuphuka kakhulu, ukushiswa okujwayelekile kukaphethiloli kuyaphazamiseka futhi ingozi yokuqhunyiswa iyanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ubunzima ngokufaka ngokwayo - isibonelo, ngenxa yokuphakama kwekhava yangaphambili.

Nokho kunohlu olude lwabahlukile emlandweni wemboni yezimoto. Izinjini ze-diesel azizange zifakwe ngamabomu ekukhethweni kweMotor - ikakhulukazi ezimotweni ezinzima, phakathi kwazo umthamo ungafika ku-8,5 amalitha. Ama-motor anjalo ahamba kancane, ngakho-ke ukwanda kwemithwalo ye-inertial akuyona into embi kakhulu kubo - ekugcineni ihlotshaniswa nesivinini sokuxhomeka kwe-quadratic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yomlilo ezinjini zikadizili ihluke ngokuphelele.

Ngokufanayo, izivivinyo ezihlukahlukene zasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 azifakiwe, njengenjini kaphethiloli ye-Daimler-Benz engu-21,5-litre four-cylinder. Khona-ke ukwakhiwa kwezinjini kusaqala, futhi onjiniyela abayazi ngemiphumela eminingi eyenzeka ngaphakathi kuyo. Ngalesi sizathu, igalari engezansi ihlanganisa kuphela izidondoshiya ezine-cylinder ezizalwa eminyakeni engama-60 edlule.

I-Toyota 3RZ-FE - 2693 cc

Injini yakhiwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80 ikakhulukazi eyamaHiAce van, amaPrado SUVs kanye neHilux pickups. Izidingo zezinjini ezinjalo zicacile: uma ushayela ungekho emgwaqeni noma unomthwalo osindayo, udinga i-torque enhle nge-rpm ephansi nokunwebeka okuphezulu (yize kukhishwa amandla amakhulu). Izindleko eziphansi kakhulu, ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni zentengiso.

Injini engu-2,7 litre indala kunawo wonke kulayini kaphethiloli "four" ochungechungeni lwe-RZ. Kusukela ekuqaleni, zaklanywa ngethemba lokwandisa ivolumu, ukuze ibhulokhi yensimbi eqinile ihlanganiswe kakhulu: ibanga phakathi kwamasilinda lalingamamitha angu-102,5. Ukwandisa ivolumu ibe amalitha angu-2,7, ububanzi be-cylinder kanye ne-piston stroke yi-95 millimeters. Ngokungafani nezinjini ezincane ze-RZ series, lena ifakwe ama-balance shafts ukunciphisa ukudlidliza.

Okwesikhathi sayo, injini inomklamo wesimanjemanje kakhulu, kepha ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile: ibhulokhi yensimbi imbozwe ngekhanda lama-valve angu-16, inechungechunge lwesikhathi, alinabo abaphakamisa umfutholuketshezi. Amandla angamandla angu-152 kuphela, kodwa i-torque ephezulu engu-240 Nm itholakala ngo-4000 rpm.

Ngo-2004, kwakhululwa inguqulo ethuthukisiwe yenjini enenkomba ye-2TR-FE, eyathola ikhanda lesilinda elisha elinezinxephezelo ze-hydraulic kanye nokushintsha kwesigaba endaweni yokungena (futhi kusukela ngo-2015 - endaweni yokuphuma). Amandla ayo akhule ngokomfanekiso afinyelela ku-163 amahhashi, kodwa i-torque engu-245 Nm isiyatholakala ku-3800 rpm.

GM L3B - 2727 cc

Nakhu ukwehliswa kwemisebenzi eMelika kubukeka kanjena: Njengenye yezinjini ezi-8-cylinder ezihlosiwe ngokwemvelo, iGeneral Motors ithuthukisa injini enkulu eyisilinda esine-turboch engaphezulu kwamalitha angu-2,7.

Kusukela ekuqaleni, injini yenzelwe ukuthwebula usayizi ogcwele. Ukuze uthole i-torque eyengeziwe kuma-revs aphansi, yenziwa nge-stroke ende kakhulu: i-bore ingamamilimitha angu-92,25 kanye ne-piston stroke ngamamilimitha angu-102.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, injini yakhelwe ngokuya ngamamodeli wesimanje kakhulu: umjovo oqondile wephethiloli (onama-injection lateral), ukushintshwa kwesigaba, uhlelo lwe-cylinder shutdown oluthwele ngokwengxenye lusetshenziswa, kusetshenziswa iphampu kagesi yohlelo lokupholisa. Ibhulokhi nekhanda lenziwe nge-aluminium alloy, futhi inqwaba ye-exhaust ihlanganiswe ekhanda, i-BorgWarner turbocharger iyiziteshi ezimbili futhi ine-geometry ethandekayo engavumelani.

Amandla ale njini ye-turbo afinyelela ku-314 amahhashi, kanye ne-torque engu-473 Nm ku-1500 rpm nje. Ifakwe ezinguqulweni eziyisisekelo zeloli elikhulu le-Chevrolet Silverado (umfowabo we-Chevrolet Tahoe SUV), kodwa kusukela ngonyaka ozayo izofakwa ngaphansi kwe-hood ... ku-Cadillac CT4 compact rear-wheel drive sedan - noma kunalokho, enguqulweni yayo “ehlonitshiwe” ye-CT4-V. Kuye, amandla azokwenyuka abe ngamahhashi angu-325, futhi i-torque enkulu - kufika ku-515 Nm.

GM LLV

Cishe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, uGeneral Motors wethule wonke umndeni wezinjini ezihlanganisiwe ze-Atlas zama-midsize crossovers, ama-SUV kanye nezithombe. Zonke zinamakhanda ama-valve amane anamuhla, i-piston stroke efanayo (amamilimitha ayi-102), ama-cylinder diameters amabili (93 noma 95,5 millimeters) nenombolo ehlukile yamasilinda (amane, amahlanu noma ayisithupha).

Amasilinda amane anezinkomba ze-LK5 ne-LLV, ivolumu yawo yokusebenza ingu-2,8 no-2,9 amalitha, futhi amandla awo angu-175 kanye ne-185 yamahhashi. Njengezinjini zeveni, zinezinhlamvu "ezinamandla" - i-torque ephezulu (251 ne-258 Nm) ifinyelelwa ku-2800 rpm. Ziyakwazi ukuzungeza kufika ku-6300 rpm. Izinjini ezingamasilinda ama-4 okukhulunywa ngazo zafakwa esizukulwaneni sokuqala se-Chevrolet Colorado kanye ne-GMC Canyon ephakathi nendawo futhi zanqanyulwa kanye namamodeli amabili (isizukulwane sokuqala okukhulunywa ngaso) ngo-2012.

I-Porsche M44/41, i-M44/43 ne-M44/60 - 2990cc cm

Izinjini eziningi kulokhu okukhethiwe zingamayunithi alula enzelwe ukuthathwa, amaveni noma amaSUV. Kepha leli icala elihlukile: le njini yenzelwe imoto yezemidlalo iPorsche 944.

I-coupe engabizi kakhulu enenjini ehamba phambili yePorsche 924 kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 ibivame ukugxekwa ngenjini yayo ebuthaka engu-2 litre four cylinder Audi. Yingakho, ngemuva kokuvuselela ngokujulile imoto yezemidlalo, abaklami bePorsche bayenza ngenjini ehluke ngokuphelele. Kuliqiniso, umkhawulo obalulekile ngusayizi wegumbi le-injini, okwakhelwe kwasekuqaleni ukufakwa kwe- "ezine".

I-Porsche 944, eyakhululwa ngo-1983, empeleni inengxenye efanele ye-aluminium V8 evela ku-coupe enkulu ye-Porsche 928. Injini engu-2,5 litre engu-100 litre ine-stroke emfishane kanye nokubhoboza okukhulu kwamamilimitha angu-4: ngamasilinda angu-XNUMX lokhu kunikeza ukusebenza okungalingani kakhulu. , ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo olunelungelo lobunikazi lweMitsubishi ngepheya lamashafu okulinganisa. Kodwa injini kuvela ukuthi iyalawuleka kakhulu - imoto iqala ngegiya lesibili ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Khona-ke ukukhishwa kwenjini kwanda kuqala kuya ku-2,7 amalitha, okuholele ekutheni ububanzi be-cylinder bukhuphuke baba ngu-104 millimeters. Khona-ke i-piston stroke yanda yaba amamilimitha angu-87,8, okuholela kumthamo wamalitha angu-3 - enye "yezine" ezinkulu emlandweni wemboni yezimoto! Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona kokubili izinguqulo ze-atmospheric kanye ne-turbocharged.

Kukhululwe izinguqulo eziningana zenjini enamalitha amathathu: iPorsche 944 S2 ithuthukisa amandla angama-208, kanti iPorsche 968 isivele inama-240 amahhashi. Zonke izinjini ezintathu-litre ezishibhile ngokwemvelo zinekhanda lama-valve angu-16.

Inguqulo enamandla kakhulu yochungechunge iyinjini engu-8-valve turbo ethuthukisa amandla angu-309. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthi uke uyibone bukhoma, ngoba ifakwe kuphela iPorsche 968 Carrera S, okwakhiqizwa kuyo amayunithi ayi-14 kuphela. Enguqulweni yomjaho weTurbo RS, ekhiqizwe ngamakhophi amathathu nje kuphela, le njini ikhushulelwe ku-350 horsepower. Ngendlela, injini ye-turbo ye-valve engu-16 yasungulwa, kodwa kuphela njengesibonelo.

Pontiac

Njengoba ubona, umthamo wamalitha amathathu enjini enamasilinda amane akuwona umkhawulo! Leli phawu lawela injini ye-Pontiac Trophy 4 ka-1961 eyasuswa ngo-3,2 amalitha.

Le injini yayingenye yezithelo zomsebenzi kaJohn DeLorean, ngaleso sikhathi owayephethe isigaba sePontiac sikaGeneral Motors. Imodeli entsha ye-compact Pontiac Tempest (ehlangene ngamazinga aseMelika - ubude obuyi-4,8 m) idinga injini ephansi eshibhile, kodwa inkampani ayinayo imali yokuyithuthukisa.

Ngokwesicelo sikaDeLorean, injini yaklanywa kusuka phansi kuya phezulu ngumakhenikha wodumo womjaho uHenry "Smokey" Unique. Isika ngokoqobo uhhafu we-6,4-litre Big Eight emndenini weTrophy V8.

Injini ewumphumela inzima kakhulu (240 kg), kodwa ishibhile kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza - phela inakho konke okufana ne-V8. Zombili izinjini zine-bore kanye ne-stroke efanayo, futhi zinengqikithi yezingxenye ze-120 ekwakhiweni. Akhiqizwa futhi endaweni eyodwa, okuholela ekongeni kwezindleko ezibalulekile.

Injini eyisilinda emine iba namandla aphakathi kuka-110 no-166, kuya ngohlobo lwe-carburetor. Injini yavalwa ngo-1964, ngesikhathi esifanayo nokwakhiwa kwesiphepho sesizukulwane sesibili.

IHC Comanche - 3212 cu. cm

Ngokunjalo, i-V8 ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960 yaba yinjinjini yomndeni wakwaComanche oyisilinda ezine ye-International Harvester Scout SUV. Manje lo mkhiqizo usukhohliwe ngokuphelele, kodwa-ke wakhiqiza imishini yezolimo, amaloli, ama-pickups, kwathi ngo-1961 yakhipha iScout encane yemoto engekho emgwaqeni.

I-Comanche four-cylinder series yakhelwe injini yesisekelo. I-International Harvester yinkampani encane enezinsiza ezilinganiselwe, ngakho injini entsha yaklanywa ngokonga ngangokunokwenzeka: abaklami basika i-five-litre ehloselwe ukufakwa okumile (isibonelo, ukushayela i-generator), abaklami bayinqume phakathi. .

Futhi ngo-1968, inkampani yayakha i-giant ngendlela efanayo: injini engu-3,2-litre ezine-cylinder yatholakala ngemuva kokusika phakathi u-6,2-litre V8 owawenzelwe imishini esindayo. Injini entsha yathuthukisa amandla amahhashi ali-111 kuphela, kwathi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s, ngenxa yokuqinisa izidingo zobuthi, amandla ayo ehla aya kumandla amahhashi angama-93.

Nokho, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwalokho, isabelo sawo ohlelweni lokukhiqiza sawohloka lapho injini ye-V8 enamandla kakhulu futhi ebushelelezi yaqala ukufakwa ku-Scout SUV. Nokho-ke lokho akusasho lutho - phela le njini ingena emlandweni njengenkulukazi engu-4-cylinder eyake yafakwa emotweni!