Amabhande esihlalo. Umlando, imithetho yokubopha, izinhlawulo zamanje
Isicelo sabo basithole ezimotweni maphakathi nawo-50s, kodwa-ke abazange bakuthole ukuhlonishwa. Namuhla, akuvamile noma ubani ophika ukuba khona kwamabhande esihlalo, ngoba kutholakale ukuthi basindisa kanjani impilo nokuphila.
Amabhande ezihlalo ayeboshelwa ezinqoleni zekhulu lama-20, futhi ngawo-1956 avela ezindizeni. Baqala ukufakwa serial ezimotweni kuphela ngo-1947. Iphayona kwakunguFord, nokho, ongazuzanga lutho kulo msebenzi. Ngakho, abanye abakhiqizi baseMelika abanikela ngamabhande emathangeni ngezindleko ezengeziwe bahlangabezana nesixazululo esisha ngokungabaza. Ngisho nalapho isikhathi sihamba, akubona bonke abantu baseMelika abaqiniseka ngezibalo ezivumayo kakhulu zamabhande, futhi kuze kube namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwabo e-US akuphoqelekile. EYurophu, izinto zihluke ngokuphelele. Kulapha lapho kwazalelwa khona amabhande ezihlalo amathathu okuqala, asekela izinqulu, isisu nesifuba. Aboniswa ngo-544 ngesikhathi kwethulwa i-prototype ye-Volvo PV ka-1959, kodwa le modeli enamabhande amathathu ezihlalo ayizange ibonakale emigwaqweni kwaze kwaba ngu-XNUMX.
Abahleli batusa: Izinhlobo zamadrayivu ayi-hybrid
Isixazululo esisha sazuza abalandeli abaningi ngokwengeziwe, futhi ngawo-1972 saba nombono omuhle kangangokuthi kwamanye amazwe baqala ukwethula amabhande ezihlalo eziyisibopho lapho ushayela ezihlalweni ezingaphambili. EPoland, isibopho sokufaka amabhande ezihlalweni ezingaphambili savela ngo-1983, futhi ngo-1991 kwethulwa ilungiselelo lokubopha okuyimpoqo kwamabhande ngaphandle kwezindawo ezakhiwe. Ngo-XNUMX, isibopho sokugqoka amabhande ezihlalo saqala ukusebenza ezindaweni ezakhiwe, saphinde sanwetshwa kubagibeli abasezihlalweni ezingemuva lapho kukhona amabhande ezihlalo (kwakudingeka kuphela ukulungisa izindawo zokuzibopha.
Bheka futhi: I-Suzuki Swift ekuhlolweni kwethu
Ukugcina umzimba womshayeli nabagibeli engozini, ikakhulukazi lapho kushayisana khona, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunciphisa ukulimala okungenzeka noma ukusindisa izimpilo. Umuntu ohlezi ngaphandle kokuvikeleka esihlalweni esingaphambili angabulawa lapho eshayisana nesithiyo ngesivinini esingu-30 km/h. Inkinga iwukuthi umzimba onyakazayo ekungqubuzaneni okunjalo yi-inertia "unesisindo" izikhathi eziningi kunalapho uhlala unganyakazi. Lapho imoto ishaya isithiyo esinqunyiwe ngesivinini esingama-70 km / h, umuntu onesisindo somzimba esingama-80 kg, ophonswe esihlalweni, ufinyelela isisindo esingamathani ama-2, esheshisa emkhakheni wokusheshisa amandla adonsela phansi. Ukudlula okumbalwa kweshumi kwesekhondi, bese umzimba ushaya isiteringi nezingxenye zedeshibhodi, uwe ngewindi langaphambili (uma ushayela ezihlalweni zangaphambili naphakathi nendawo yesihlalo sangemuva) noma ushaya ngemuva ezihlalweni zangaphambili futhi, ngemuva kokuphuka, kudeshibhodi (ushayela ezihlalweni zangemuva emaceleni). Lapho ishayisana ngaphambili nenye imoto, i-g-force incane ngoba ukubhuleka akusheshi kangako (ama-crush zones yenye imoto ayasebenza). Kodwa nakulokhu, ama-g-force makhulu futhi ukusinda engozini enjalo ngaphandle kwebhande lesihlalo cishe kuyisimangaliso. Ngenxa yengcindezi enkulu amabhande ezihlalo okufanele amelane nazo, angaphansi kokuhlolwa okuqinile kwesitifiketi. Amaphuzu okunamathiselwe kufanele amelane nomthwalo wamathani ayisikhombisa imizuzwana engu-0,002, futhi ibhande ngokwalo kufanele limelane nomthwalo wethani elilodwa amahora angu-24.
Amabhande ezihlalo, ngisho nangendlela yawo elula (amaphuzu amathathu, inertia), akuvumela ukuthi ugcine imizimba yabagibeli eduze kwezihlalo. Lapho kushayisana izimoto zangaphambili, abashayeli bathola ukusheshisa okukhulu (kungase kubangele ukulimala kwangaphakathi), kodwa "abaphonswa" ngaphandle kwezihlalo futhi abashayi ngamandla amakhulu ezingxenyeni zemoto. Kubalulekile ukuthi amabhande aboshwe kuzo zombili izihlalo zangaphambili nezangemuva. Uma umgibeli wesihlalo sangemuva engawafasi amabhande, uma kushayisana amakhanda, uzophahlazeka ngemuva kwesihlalo esingaphambili, asiphule futhi alimale kabi noma abulale umuntu ohlezi ngaphambili.
Imfuneko yokusebenza kahle kwamabhande ezihlalo indawo yawo efanele. Kufanele zibe nobude obanele, zilingane kahle emzimbeni futhi zingasonti. Ukulingana komzimba kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhlehlana phakathi komzimba nebhande kusho ukuthi lapho kushayisana ngaphambili, umzimba oya phambili ngesivinini esikhulu uqala ushaye amabhande bese uyawamisa. Ukushaya okunjalo kungabangela ngisho nokuphuka kwezimbambo noma ukuhlukumezeka emgodini wesisu. Ngakho-ke, amabhande ebhande lesihlalo asetshenziswa kakhulu manje, acindezela amabhande ezihlalo emzimbeni ngesikhathi sengozi. Kufanele zisheshe, ngakho-ke zenziwe zisebenze nge-pyrotechnically. Amabhande okuqala asetshenziswa abakwaMercedes ngo-1980, kodwa awazange adume kwaze kwaba ngu-90. Amabhande ezihlalo athuthukiswa kancane kancane ukuze anikeze isivikelo esingcono kakhulu. Kwezinye izixazululo, ziqiniswa okwesikhashana emzimbeni ngokushesha ngemva kokuqiniswa, bese zithukululwa futhi. Ngenxa yalokho, balungele i-voltage efanele uma kwenzeka ingozi. Ezehlakalweni zakamuva, amabhande ezihlalo ezihlalweni ezingemuva anohlobo lwe-airbag engxenyeni esengozini kakhulu (isifunda se-thoracic) ukuvimbela ukulimala okubangelwa amabhande.
Ezimotweni ezintsha, abakhiqizi abasibonisi isikhawu sesikhathi okufanele kushintshwe ngaso amabhande ezihlalo ngemva kwalokho. Banokuphila kwesevisi okungenamkhawulo, kanjalo nama-airbag. Ezimotweni ezindala kuhlukile, ngezinye izikhathi ukushintshwa kunconywa ngemva kweminyaka engu-15. Ngakho-ke kungcono ukuthola, mhlawumbe ngokusebenzisa umdayisi, ukuthi ibukeka kanjani ngemodeli ethile. Amabhande avamise ukudinga ukushintshwa ngisho nangemva kokushayisana okuncane, okuhlanganisa nalapho ama-pretensioners ehlulekile. Kwenzeka ukuthi umshini wokugoqa usebenza ngokumelana okukhulu noma ngisho nezinti. Uma ama-tensioners esebenzile, amabhande kufanele ashintshwe. Ukugwema ukulungisa nokusebenzisa amabhande angasebenzi kubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni nempilo.
Ilungele amabhande ezihlalo ezingaboshiwe
Umuntu ohlulekayo ukuthobela lesi sibopho unesibopho sokushayela ngaphandle kokubopha amabhande ezihlalo. Inhlawulo yokushayela imoto ngaphandle kokubopha amabhande esihlalo i-PLN 100 kanye namaphoyinti angu-2 angafaneleki.
Umshayeli kumele aqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu osemotweni ubophe ibhande. Uma engenzi kanjalo, uzifaka engcupheni enye inhlawulo ye-PLN 100 kanye namaphuzu angu-4 angafaneleki. (Isigaba 45 (2) (3) soMthetho Wokuhamba Kwemigwaqo wangomhla zingama-20 kuNhlangulana, 1997 (Iphephabhuku Lemithetho ka-2005, No. 108, isigaba 908).
Esimeni lapho umshayeli exwayise abagibeli ukuthi babophe amabhande futhi engazi ukuthi abagibeli abayilandelanga imiyalelo, ngeke akhokhe inhlawulo. Bese kuthi umgibeli ngamunye ongafasi ibhande lakhe uzothola inhlawulo ye-PLN 100.
Indlela yokubopha amabhande ezihlalo?
Amabhande aboshwe kahle kufanele alale abheke nomzimba. Ibhande okhalweni kufanele lizungeze ezinqulwini liphansi ngangokunokwenzeka maqondana nesisu. Ibhande lesifuba kufanele lidlule phakathi nendawo ehlombe ngaphandle kokushelela ehlombe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umshayeli kufanele alungise iphuzu lokunamathisela ibhande lesihlalo esiphezulu (ensika eseceleni).
Uma umgibeli egqoke kakhulu, qaqa ibhantshi noma ijazi lakhe futhi ulethe izintambo eduze nomzimba ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngemva kokubopha ibhande, qinisa ibhande lesifuba ukuze uqede noma yikuphi ukuxega. Ibhande lisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, liqinile lilingana nomuntu ovikelwe. Amabhande esimanje aziqinisayo awavimbeli ukunyakaza, kodwa angaxega ngokweqile.
Ibhande lesihlalo liyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu kumshayeli nabagibeli uma lihlanganiswe nekhanda elivalwe kahle kanye ne-airbag. I-headrest ivikela intamo ekulimaleni okuyingozi kakhulu futhi okubuhlungu uma kwenzeka ukutsheka okubukhali kwekhanda emuva, futhi umcamelo uvikela ikhanda nesifuba ekushayeni isondo lokuqondisa, ideshibhodi noma i-A-pillar; Nokho, isisekelo sokuphepha siboshelwe kahle amabhande ezihlalo! Bazogcina noma ubani eboshwe ibhande endaweni ephephile, ngisho naphakathi kwama-rollovers noma okunye ukunyakaza okungalawuleki.
