Rocket Angara
Isiqalisi serokhethi i-Angara-1.2.
Ngomhla zingama-29 kuMbasa, i-Angara-1.2 enenombolo ye-serial engu-1L yethulwa e-Plesik cosmodrome. Iqale ku-orbit (i-perigee 279 km, i-apogee 294 km, i-96,45 °) i-satellite yoMnyango Wezokuvikela waseRussia ebizwa ngokuthi i-Kosmos 2555. Lokhu bekuwukwethulwa kokuqala kwe-orbital yale nguqulo yerokhethi ye-Angara. Inguqulo esindayo yerokhethi yase-Angara izothatha indawo yamaProton ayingozi kwezemvelo maduze, futhi enguqulweni ekhanyayo, ngemva kokuyekiswa kwamarokhethi e-Dnepr ne-Rokot, izobuyisela amandla okuthwala imithwalo emincane kakhulu ku-Soyuz-2. Kodwa ingabe u-Angara uzowathethelela amathemba abekwe kuwo?
Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, i-cosmonautics yaseRussia yazithola isenkingeni ejulile. Kwavela ukuthi iziqalisi eziyinhloko kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqiza zitholakala eduze, kodwa namanje phesheya. Uhlelo lwe-Energiya olusindayo olucitshwayo lumisiwe futhi imiyalo yokuzivikela yehliswe kakhulu. Imboni yasemkhathini yasindiswa ekuweni okuphelele ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe - ama-oda avela ezinhlanganweni zezindiza zaseMelika, izinhlelo ezihlangene nama-ejensi asemkhathini aseYurophu nase-Asia. I-International Space Station yafakwa emzileni ozungeza Umhlaba kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besiteshi saseSoviet esijikelezayo iMir. I-cosmodrome entantayo ethi "Sea Launch" yaqala ukusebenza. Nokho, kwacaca ukuthi ukwesekwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwakungekona okwaphakade, futhi ngawo-90, kwaqala umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwendawo yaseRussia.
Lo msebenzi wawunzima, ngoba zonke iziqhumane zamarokhethi ezisindayo nezisindayo ze-USSR zazitholakala endaweni yaseKazakhstan. I-Russia ine-Plesetsk military cosmodrome ene-latitude ephezulu kuphela, ekuqaleni eyayiklanyelwe ukuqhumisa imicibisholo ecitshwayo ibheke e-United States futhi kamuva yasetshenziswa ukwethula amasathelayithi - ikakhulukazi lawo ahlola kabusha - abe yi-low-Earth orbits (LEO). Ukwakhiwa kwe-cosmodrome entsha endaweni ye-missile base-Svobodny eMpumalanga Ekude nakho kucatshangelwe. Njengamanje, le cosmodrome, namanje isencane, ibizwa ngokuthi iVostochny. Ngokuzayo, kufanele ibe i-cosmodrome yabantu base-Russia eyinhloko futhi ithathele indawo i-Baikonur eqashwe e-Kazakhstan. Isimo esinzima kakhulu siye sathuthukiswa engxenyeni yamarokhethi asindayo anamandla okuthwala amathani angu-+ 20. Lawa marokhethi ochungechunge lwe-Proton asetshenziswa e-USSR ukwethula amasathelayithi okuxhumana, iziteshi ze-orbital eziphansi, amadivaysi okutadisha inyanga namaplanethi. , namanye amasathelayithi ezempi abe yi-geostationary orbit. Zonke izimoto zokwethulwa kweProton zasala eKazakhstan. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isisombululo esilula - ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezintsha zokuqalisa eRussia - kwakungamukeleki ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo.
Ama-proton asebenza nge-hydrazine enolaka lwamakhemikhali, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwawo bekuzodala imibhikisho yabantu kulezo zindawo lapho izigaba ezimbili zokuqala bezizosetshenziswa khona. Kwakuyisikhathi lapho umbono womphakathi wawungeke usashaywa indiva. Ukuthuthela kwalezi ziqhumane eRussia bekufanele kuqale ngokwakhiwa kwe-rocket fuel entsha ehambisana nemvelo yazo. Kakade ngo-1992, kwamenyezelwa umncintiswano wokwakhiwa kwerokhethi yokuqala yaseRussia. Ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kwenziwa ngokusemthethweni ngesimemezelo sikaMongameli waseRussia sangoJanuwari 6, 1995. Indiza yokuqala yayihlelelwe u-2005. Ngokuhambisana nalesi simo, ukwakhiwa kwe-rocket enjalo kungaba nengqondo - ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwamamojula ayo, kungenzeka (inqobo nje uma kuzokhiqizwa imicibisholo eminingi njalo ngonyaka ) ukuze kuncishiswe intengo ngokuphathelene neProton. Kwanqunywa ukuthi i-Angara izoba yimodyuli: Amamojula we-Universal Missile (ama-URM) angalungiselelwa kusukela kokuhlukile okukhanyayo (imojula eyodwa esigabeni sokuqala) ukuya kwehlukile esindayo (amamojula ayisikhombisa). I-URM ngayinye ingathuthwa ngokuhlukana ngojantshi, bese ihlanganiswa esikhumulweni semkhathi. Ubude bayo kwakufanele bube ngamamitha angu-25,1 futhi ububanzi bube ngamamitha angu-3,6. ERussia, lapho imicibisholo ithuthwa ngojantshi, lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu.
Kungani i-Angara yathatha isikhathi eside kangaka?
Ngo-1994-1995, bonke ochwepheshe embonini ye-rocket ne-space bavuma ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini ze-rocket ezintsha ku-high-energy cryogenic fuels akunakwenzeka (lezo ezisetshenziswa emkhakheni wamandla zazinkulu kakhulu), ngakho-ke iphrojekthi ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-prov. ubuchwepheshe - izinjini zikaphethiloli kanye ne-oxygen ewuketshezi (okuthiwa i-keroloks). Futhi-ke kwenzeka ukuphenduka okungavamile kwesimo - esikhundleni senkontileka elindelekile ye-rocket ye-NPO Energia, enolwazi olunzulu kubuchwepheshe be-cryogenic nezinjini ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe be-Kerolox, yamukelwa ... Isikhungo. Uthembise ukwenza i-rocket futhi ngokusekelwe ku-Energy technologies, kodwa eshibhile ekukhiqizeni, ekusetshenzisweni nasekusebenzeni.
Ngeshwa, lokhu kwakuwumsebenzi ongenakwenzeka weKhrunichev. Isikhathi sidlulile, umklamo waba nama-metamorphoses amaningi, imiqondo yenani lamamojula yashintsha. I-rocket kuze kube manje ikhona ephepheni kuphela, naphezu kokuthi ithathe imali eningi kusabelomali. Kungani kwathatha isikhathi eside kangaka ukwakha rocket, lapho e-USSR imisebenzi efanayo yaxazululwa ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu? Cishe ngenxa yokuthi i-Angara yayingadingeki - ikakhulukazi iKhrunichev. I-"Proton" yakhe yandizela esuka e-Baikonur ngezinhlelo zezempi, ezesayensi, ezomphakathi, zamazwe ngamazwe nezentengiso. Uhlangothi lwaseKazakh lwakhalaza "ngobuthi", kodwa alukwazanga ukufuna ukuvalwa komcibisholo obalulekile emhlabeni wonke. Kwakungeyona inzuzo ukudlulisa ukwethulwa kwesikhala ku-Angara Khrunichev, ngoba i-rocket entsha ibiza kakhulu kuneyangaphambili - phela, ukuthuthukiswa kubiza kakhulu.
