Ukushisa kwenjini ye-diesel - indlela yokufeza nokulawula?
Okuqukethwe
Iyini izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwezinjini ze-diesel futhi yiziphi izici zabo? Le mibuzo, neminye eminingi, kuzoxoxwa ngayo ngezansi.
Okuqukethwe
- 1 Izici zenjini ye-diesel
- 2 Izinzuzo kanye nokubi injini diesel
- 3 Imingcele eyinhloko yamayunithi edizili
- 4 Izigaba zokushiswa kwamafutha kanye nemvelo yamagesi aphumayo
- 5 Ukushisa kwenjini ebusika - kanjani ukuqala ngendlela efanele?
Izici zenjini ye-diesel
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuthi uthinte noma yimiphi imingcele ethile, kufanele unqume ukuthi yini, ngokuvamile, injini ye-diesel. Umlando walolu hlobo lwemoto uqala emuva ngo-1824, lapho isazi sefiziksi esidumile saseFrance sibeka umbono wokuthi kungenzeka ukushisa umzimba ezingeni lokushisa elidingekayo ngokushintsha umthamo wawo. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokwenza ukucindezela okusheshayo.
Kodwa-ke, lesi simiso sathola ukusebenza okusebenzayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, futhi ngo-1897 kwakhiqizwa injini yokuqala ye-diesel emhlabeni, unjiniyela wayo unjiniyela waseJalimane uRudolf Diesel. Ngakho-ke, isimiso sokusebenza kwenjini enjalo ukuzithungela uphethiloli we-athomu oxhumana nomoya oshisayo ngesikhathi sokucindezela. Ububanzi bemoto enjalo bukhulu kakhulu, kusukela ezimotweni ezijwayelekile, amaloli, imishini yezolimo kanye nokugcina ngamathangi nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi injini diesel
Manje kufanele kushiwo amagama ambalwa mayelana nazo zonke izinzuzo nezingozi zezakhiwo ezinjalo. Ake siqale ngezinto ezinhle. Ama-motor alolu hlobo asebenza cishe kunoma yimuphi uphethiloli, ngakho-ke, azikho izidingo ezingathi sína ezibekwa kwikhwalithi yakamuva, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokukhuphuka kwesisindo sayo nokuqukethwe kwama-athomu e-carbon, inani le-calorific lenjini liyakhula, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kahle kwayo. Ukusebenza kahle kwayo kwesinye isikhathi kudlula ama-50%.
Izimoto ezinamamotho anjalo "zisabela" kakhulu, futhi konke sibonga inani eliphakeme le-torque kuma-revs aphansi.. Ngakho-ke, iyunithi enjalo iyamukelwa kumamodeli wezimoto zezemidlalo, lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukukhipha igesi esuka enhliziyweni. Ngendlela, yilesi sici esibe nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwalolu hlobo lwemoto emalolini amakhulu. Futhi inani le-CO emagesini aphumayo ezinjini zikadizili liphansi kakhulu kunalelo lezinjini zikaphethiloli, nakho okuyinzuzo engangabazeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinomnotho kakhulu, futhi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba izindleko zikaphethiloli ziphansi kakhulu kunophethiloli, nakuba namuhla amanani abo acishe alingane.
Mayelana namaphutha, ami kanje. Ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kukhona ukungezwani okukhulu kwemishini, izingxenye zenjini ye-diesel kufanele zibe namandla kakhulu futhi zisezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke, zibiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuthinta amandla athuthukisiwe, futhi hhayi kusukela ohlangothini oluhle kakhulu. Uhlangothi lwezemvelo lwendaba lubaluleke kakhulu namuhla, ngakho-ke, ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwegesi, umphakathi ulungele ukukhokhela izinjini ezihlanzekile futhi uthuthukise lesi siqondiso kumalabhorethri ocwaningo.
Okunye okungalungile okuphawulekayo amathuba okuqina kukaphethiloli ngenkathi ebandayo, ngakho-ke uma uhlala endaweni lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi kakhulu, khona-ke imoto yedizili akuyona inketho engcono kakhulu. Kwashiwo ngenhla ukuthi azikho izidingo ezingathi sína zekhwalithi kaphethiloli, kodwa lokhu kusebenza kuphela ekungcoleni kwamafutha, kodwa ngokungcola kwemishini, isimo sibi kakhulu. Izingxenye zeyunithi zizwela kakhulu izithasiselo ezinjalo, ngaphezu kwalokho, zihluleka ngokushesha, futhi ukulungisa kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyabiza.
Imingcele eyinhloko yamayunithi edizili
Ngaphambi kokuphendula lo mbuzo, iyini izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwenjini ye-diesel, kufanelekile ukunaka kancane imingcele yayo eyinhloko. Lokhu kufaka phakathi uhlobo lweyunithi, kuye ngenani lemijikelezo, kungaba khona ama-motor ane-stroke amane namabili. Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu inani lamasilinda anendawo yawo kanye nokuhleleka kokusebenza kwawo. Amandla emoto nawo athinteka kakhulu yi-torque.
Manje ake sicabangele ngokuqondile ithonya lezinga lokucindezelwa kwengxube ye-gas-fuel, empeleni, enquma izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kumasilinda enjini ye-diesel. Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni, injini isebenza ngokuthungela umhwamuko kaphethiloli lapho ihlangana nomoya oshisayo. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwe-volumetric kwenzeka, i-piston iyakhuphuka futhi, iphinde iphushe i-crankshaft.
Ukucindezela okukhulu (izinga lokushisa libuye likhuphuke), inqubo echazwe ngenhla ishubile, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, inani lomsebenzi owusizo liyakhula. Inani likaphethiloli lihlala lingashintshile.
Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi ukuze injini isebenze kahle, ingxube ye-air-fuel kufanele ishise ngokulinganayo, futhi ingaqhumi. Uma wenza isilinganiso sokucindezela sibe phezulu kakhulu, lokhu kuzoholela kumphumela ongathandeki - ukuthungela okungalawuleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo esinjalo asigcini nje ukufaka isandla ekusebenzeni kahle kweyunithi, kodwa futhi kuholela ekushiseni ngokweqile nokwenyuka kokugqoka kwezakhi zeqembu le-piston.
Izigaba zokushiswa kwamafutha kanye nemvelo yamagesi aphumayo
Inqubo yokushiswa kwengxube kaphethiloli-yomoya ezinjini zikadizili yenziwa kanjani futhi liyini izinga lokushisa ekamelweni? Ngakho-ke, yonke inqubo yokusebenza kwenjini ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine eziyinhloko. Esigabeni sokuqala, uphethiloli ujovwa ekamelweni elivuthayo, okwenzeka ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu, okuyisiqalo senqubo yonke. Ingxube efuthwe kahle bese ivutha ngokuzenzekelayo (isigaba sesibili) bese iyasha. Yiqiniso, uphethiloli kuwo wonke umthamo wawo awuhlali uxubene kahle ngokwanele nomoya, kukhona nezindawo ezinesakhiwo esingalingani, ziqala ukushisa ngokubambezeleka okuthile. Kulesi sigaba, kungase kwenzeke igagasi lokushaqisa, kodwa alibi kakhulu, ngoba aliholeli ekuqhumeni. Izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomlilo lifinyelela ku-1700 K.
Phakathi nesigaba sesithathu, amaconsi akheka engxubeni eluhlaza, futhi emazingeni okushisa aphakeme aphenduka abe umule. Le nqubo, futhi, iholela ezingeni eliphezulu lokungcoliswa kwamagesi e-exhaust. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka nakakhulu ngo-500 K futhi lifinyelela inani lika-2200 K, kuyilapho ingcindezi, ngokuphambene nalokho, iyancipha kancane kancane.
Esigabeni sokugcina, izinsalela zengxube kaphethiloli ziyasha ukuze zingaphumi njengengxenye yamagesi okukhipha umoya, okungcolisa kakhulu umkhathi nemigwaqo. Lesi sigaba sibonakala ngokuntuleka kwe-oxygen, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi lalo selivele lishile ezigabeni ezedlule. Uma sibala inani eliphelele lamandla asetshenzisiwe, khona-ke kuzoba ngu-95%, kanti i-5% esele ilahlekile ngenxa yokuvutha okungaphelele kukaphethiloli.
Ngokulungisa isilinganiso sokucindezela, noma kunalokho, ukuletha inani eliphakeme elivumelekile, unganciphisa kancane ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Kulokhu, izinga lokushisa lokukhipha amagesi enjini ye-diesel lizoba phakathi kuka-600 kuya ku-700 ° C. Kodwa ezinjini ezifanayo ze-carburetor, inani layo lingafinyelela ku-1100 ° C. Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi esimweni sesibili ukushisa okukhulu kakhulu kulahleka, futhi kubonakala sengathi kunamagesi amaningi okukhipha.
Ukushisa kwenjini ebusika - kanjani ukuqala ngendlela efanele?
Impela akubona kuphela abanikazi bezimoto ezinenjini ye-diesel abazi ukuthi imoto kufanele ifudunyezwe imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokushayela, lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngenkathi ebandayo.. Ngakho-ke, ake sibheke izici zale nqubo. Ama-pistons awokuqala ukushiswa, bese kuphela i-cylinder block. Ngakho-ke, ukunwetshwa okushisayo kwalezi zingxenye kuhlukile, futhi amafutha angazange afudumale afinyelele izinga lokushisa elifunayo anokuqina okuqinile futhi awagelezi ngenani elidingekayo. Ngakho-ke, uma uqala ukufaka igesi emotweni engashisi ngokwanele, lokhu kuzothinta kabi i-gasket yenjoloba ephakathi kwezingxenye ezingenhla nezici zenjini.
Kodwa-ke, ukushisa okude kakhulu kwenjini nakho kuyingozi, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi zonke izingxenye zisebenza, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, zokugqoka. Futhi, ngenxa yalokho, impilo yabo yesevisi iyancipha. Indlela yokwenza le nqubo ngendlela efanele? Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukuletha izinga lokushisa loketshezi ku-50 ° C ngokungenzi lutho bese uqala ukunyakaza, kodwa kuphela ngegiya eliphansi, elingeqile ku-2500 rpm. Ngemuva kokuthi uwoyela usushise waze wafika kuphawu lapho izinga lokushisa lokusebenza lingama-80 ° C, ungangeza isivinini senjini.
• uhlelo lokupholisa lunephutha;
• Ukucindezela kumasilinda kuphansi.
Uma isitshalo samandla e-diesel singazange sifudumale kuze kufike ekushiseni okusebenzayo, khona-ke uphethiloli we-diesel awushisi ngokuphelele ngenkathi ushayela ngaphansi komthwalo, ngenxa yalokho, ifomu le-carbon deposits, ama-injection kaphethiloli ayavaleka, isihlungi se-particle sihluleka ngokushesha, izakhi ezihlukahlukene zedizili. injini iyaguga futhi lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwemiphumela.
Isibonelo, uma ama-injection kaphethiloli evala, uphethiloli we-diesel ngeke ufuthwe, kodwa okungcono uzothululelwa emakamelweni omlilo, ngokulandelana, uphethiloli awukwazi ukusha ngokuphelele, i-carbon deposits ifomu kuma-pistons kuqala, futhi kamuva ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile. ubuso bungase bushe. Uma i-valve yokukhipha ishisa, ukucindezela ku-cylinder kuzokwehla, ukucindezela kokucindezela ngeke kwanele ukuthungela ingxube yamafutha. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza lenjini enjalo lizokhishwa, isiqalo sizofana
Zonke lezi zindlela zizosiza ukusindisa injini uma isasebenza ebusika, kodwa kuthiwani uma inqaba ukuphendula ezenzweni zakho? Kunzima ukweluleka noma yini kakade eqinisweni lenkinga, kulula ukuyivimbela. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenxa yokusungulwa okusha kwabakhiqizi bakaphethiloli - izithasiselo ezisiza ukwakheka hhayi i-wax. Ngaphezu kwekhono lokuzengeza ngokwakho, ungathenga uphethiloli we-diesel owenziwe ngomumo ngenani elifanele lalezi zithako. Ezifundeni eziningi ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika, livela eziteshini zikaphethiloli kakade kuqhwa lokuqala, elivame ukubizwa nge-DT-Arktika.
