izimfihlo zeproton. Iminyaka yobudala nosayizi akwaziwa
Kuyaziwa ukuthi kukhona ama-quark amathathu ku-proton. Eqinisweni, ukwakheka kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (1), futhi ukwengezwa kwama-gluon ahlanganisa ama-quark ndawonye akukona ukuphela kwendaba. I-proton ithathwa njengolwandle lwangempela lwama-quarks nama-antiquarks azayo futhi ahamba, okuyinto engavamile ngezinhlayiya ezizinzile zento.
Kuze kube muva nje, ngisho nosayizi oqondile weproton wawungaziwa. Isikhathi eside, i-physics yayinenani lika-0,877. femtometer (fm, lapho i-femtometer ilingana namamitha ayi-quintillion ayi-100). Ngo-2010, ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lenza isilingo esisha e-Paul Scherrer Institute e-Switzerland futhi lathola inani eliphansi kancane lika-0,84 fm. Ngo-2017, izazi zefiziksi zaseJalimane, ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zazo, zabala irediyasi ye-proton engu-0,83 fm futhi, njengoba kulindelekile ngokunemba kwephutha lokulinganisa, izohambisana nenani elingu-0,84 fm elibalwe ngo-2010 ngokusekelwe kumisebe ye-muonic hydrogen engavamile. ."
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, elinye iqembu lososayensi abasebenza e-US, Ukraine, Russia, nase-Armenia, abakha ithimba le-PRad eJefferson Lab eVirginia, bahlola izilinganiso nge- ucwaningo olusha ekuhlakazweni kwama-proton kuma-electron. Ososayensi bathola umphumela - 0,831 femtometers. Ababhali bephepha leMvelo kulokhu abakholwa ukuthi inkinga isixazululiwe ngokuphelele. Lolu ulwazi lwethu lwezinhlayiyana, "okuyisisekelo" sendaba.
Sikusho ngokucacile lokho iphrothoni - izinhlayiya ezizinzile ze-subatomic ezivela eqenjini lamabhayoni anenkokhelo engu-+1 kanye nesisindo sokuphumula esingaba yiyunithi engu-1. Ama-proton ne-neutron angama-nucleon, izakhi ze-athomu nuclei. Inombolo yama-proton ku-nucleus ye-athomu enikeziwe ilingana nenombolo yayo ye-athomu, okuyisisekelo soku-oda izakhi kuthebula le-periodic. Ziyingxenye eyinhloko yemisebe ye-cosmic eyinhloko. Ngokusho kwe-Standard Model, i-proton iyizinhlayiyana eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlukaniswa njengama-hadron, noma ngokuqondile, amabhayoni. yenziwe ngama-quarks amathathu - ama-quark amabili phezulu "u" kanye neyodwa phansi "d" ama-quark aboshwe ukuxhumana okunamandla okudluliselwa ama-gluons.
Ngokwemiphumela yakamuva yokuhlola, uma i-proton ibola, khona-ke isilinganiso sokuphila kwalesi siqephu sidlula iminyaka engu-2,1 · 1029. Ngokusho kwe-Standard Model, i-proton, njengebhayoni elula kakhulu, ayikwazi ukubola ngokuzenzakalelayo. Imibono emikhulu ehlangene engahloliwe ivamise ukubikezela ukubola kweproton nempilo yakho okungenani engu-1 x 1036 iminyaka. I-proton ingaguqulwa, isibonelo, ngenqubo yokubamba i-electron. Le nqubo ayenzeki ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa kuphela ngenxa nikeza amandla engeziwe. Le nqubo iyabuyiseleka emuva. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho nihlukana i-neutron ye-beta iphenduka iproton. I-neutron yamahhala ibola ngokuzenzakalelayo (isikhathi sokuphila cishe imizuzu eyi-15), enza i-proton.
Muva nje, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ama-proton nomakhelwane bawo bangaphakathi kwe-nucleus ye-athomu. ama-neutron zibukeka zinkulu kakhulu kunalokho okufanele zibe yikho. Izazi zefiziksi ziqhamuke nemibono emibili eqhudelanayo ezama ukuchaza lesi sigameko, futhi abagqugquzeli bayo ngayinye bakholelwa ukuthi enye ayilungile. Ngesizathu esithile, ama-proton nama-neutron ngaphakathi kwe-nuclei esindayo aziphatha njengokungathi makhudlwana kunangesikhathi engaphandle kwe-nucleus. Ososayensi bawubiza ngomphumela we-EMC ovela ku-European Muon Collaboration, iqembu eliwuthole ngephutha. Lokhu kuwukwephulwa kwalezi ezikhona.
Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi ama-quark akha ama-nucleon ahlangana namanye ama-quark amanye ama-proton nama-neutron, acekele phansi izindonga ezihlukanisa izinhlayiya. Ama-Quarks akha eyodwa iphrothoni i ama-quarks ukwakha enye i-proton, baqala ukuhlala endaweni efanayo. Lokhu kubangela ama-proton (noma ama-neutron) ukwelula nokufiphala. Zikhula ziqine kakhulu, nakuba esikhathini esifushane kakhulu. Nokho, akuzona zonke izazi zefiziksi ezivumelana nale ncazelo yalesi simo. Ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi ukuphila komphakathi kweproton kuyinucleus ye-athomu akuyona into engaqondakali kunobudala nobukhulu bayo.
