Amabhethri agelezayo: ngicela ungithele ama-electron!
Ososayensi abavela eFraunhofer Institute eJalimane benza umsebenzi obucayi wokuthuthukisa emkhakheni wamabhethri kagesi, okuhlukile kunalawo akudala. Ngobuchwepheshe bokugeleza kwe-redox, inqubo yokugcina ugesi yehluke kakhulu ...
Amabhethri, akhokhiswa uketshezi njengophethiloli, athelwa emotweni enenjini kaphethiloli noma edizili. Kungazwakala kungumuntu ophilayo, kepha kuJens Noack weFraunhofer Institute ePfinztal, eJalimane, lokhu empeleni kuyimpilo yansuku zonke. Kusukela ngo-2007, ithimba lezentuthuko abambe iqhaza kulo belisathuthukisa le fomu exotic yebhethri elishajekayo ligijima ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, umqondo webhethri yokugeleza noma okuthiwa ukugeleza nge-redox akunzima, futhi ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala kule ndawo lisukela emuva ku-1949. Isikhala ngasinye samaseli amabili, esihlukaniswe ulwelwesi (olufana namaseli kaphethiloli), sixhunywe echibini eliqukethe i-electrolyte ethile. Ngenxa yokuthambekela kwezinto ukusabela ngokwamakhemikhali komunye nomunye, ama-proton asuka kwelinye i-electrolyte aye kwelinye ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi, futhi ama-electron aqondiswa kumthengi wamanje oxhunywe ezingxenyeni zombili, njengomphumela wokugeleza kwamandla kagesi. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, amathangi amabili ayakhishwa futhi agcwaliswe nge-electrolyte entsha, bese kuthi leyo esetshenzisiwe “isetshenziswe kabusha” eziteshini zokushaja.
Nakuba konke lokhu kubukeka kukuhle, ngeshwa kusenezithiyo eziningi ekusetshenzisweni ngokoqobo kwalolu hlobo lwebhethri ezimotweni. Ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri le-vanadium electrolyte redox likubanga elingu-30 Wh kuphela ngekhilogremu, elicishe lifane nebhethri le-asidi yomthofu. Ukugcina amandla afanayo njengebhethri ye-lithium-ion yesimanje engu-16 kWh, ezingeni lamanje lobuchwepheshe be-redox, ibhethri izodinga amalitha angu-500 we-electrolyte. Ngaphezu kwakho konke okuphathelene nomngcele, yiqiniso, umthamo wawo ubuye ube mkhulu - ikheji elidingekayo ukunikeza amandla e-kilowatt eyodwa, njengebhokisi likabhiya.
Imingcele enjalo ayifanele izimoto, njengoba ibhethri ye-lithium-ion igcina amandla aphindwe kane ngekhilogremu ngayinye. Nokho, uJens Noack unethemba, ngoba intuthuko kule ndawo isaqala futhi amathemba ayathembisa. Elabhorethri, amabhethri abizwa nge-vanadium polysulfide bromide bromide athola amandla okuminyana angu-70 Wh ngekhilogremu futhi aqathaniswa ngosayizi namabhethri e-nickel metal hydride asetshenziswa njengamanje kuToyota Prius.
Lokhu kunciphisa umthamo odingekayo wamathangi ngesigamu. Ngenxa yohlelo lokushaja olulula nolungabizi kakhulu (amaphampu amabili adonsa i-electrolyte entsha, amabili amunca i-electrolyte esetshenzisiwe), uhlelo lungakhokhiswa ngemizuzu eyishumi ukuhlinzeka ngamakhilomitha ayi-100. Ngisho nezinhlelo zokushaja okusheshayo njengalezo ezisetshenziswe kuTesla Roadster zihlala isikhathi esiphindwe kasithupha.
Kulokhu, akumangazi ukuthi izinkampani eziningi zezimoto zaphendukela ocwaningweni lweSikhungo, futhi izwe laseBaden-Württemberg labelwa ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-1,5 ukuze kuthuthukiswe. Nokho, kusazothatha isikhathi ukufinyelela esigabeni sobuchwepheshe bezimoto. “Lolu hlobo lwebhethri lungasebenza kahle kakhulu nezinhlelo zikagesi ezimile, futhi sesivele senza iziteshi zokuhlola ze-Bundeswehr. Kodwa-ke emkhakheni wezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi lobu buchwepheshe buzofaneleka ukuthi buqale ukusebenza eminyakeni engaba yishumi,” kusho uNoak.
Izinto ezibonakalayo azidingeki ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri e-redox. Azikho izakhi zokubiza ezibizayo ezifana ne-platinum esetshenziswa kumaseli kaphethiloli noma kuma-polymers afana namabhethri e-lithium ion adingekayo. Izindleko eziphezulu zezinhlelo zelebhu, ezifinyelela kuma-euro ayizi-2000 XNUMX nge-kilowatt yamandla, kungenxa yokuthi zingezinhlobo eyodwa futhi zenziwa ngesandla.
Khonamanjalo, ochwepheshe besikhungo bahlela ukwakha ipulazi labo lomoya, lapho inqubo yokushaja, okungukuthi, ukulahlwa kwe-electrolyte, izokwenzeka. Ngokugeleza kwe-redox, le nqubo iphumelela kakhulu kunokufaka amanzi ngogesi abe yi-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo futhi ukuwasebenzisa kumaseli kaphethiloli - amabhethri asheshayo ahlinzeka ngamaphesenti angama-75 kagesi osetshenziselwa ukushaja.
Singabona iziteshi zokushaja okuthi, kanye nokushaja okuvamile kwezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, zisebenze njengeziphikisana nomthamo omkhulu wesistimu yamandla. Namuhla, ngokwesibonelo, imishini yomoya eminingi enyakatho neJalimane kufanele icishwe ngaphandle komoya, ngaphandle kwalokho bezizolayisha ngokweqile igridi.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha, ayikho ingozi lapha. “Uma uhlanganisa ama-electrolyte amabili, kunesekhemikhali emfushane enikeza ukushisa futhi izinga lokushisa likhuphukela kuma-degree angama-80, kodwa akukho okunye okwenzekayo. Vele, uketshezi lulodwa aluphephile, kodwa kanjalo nophethiloli nodizili. Ngaphandle kwamandla okugeleza-ngokusebenzisa amabhethri e-redox, abacwaningi eFraunhofer Institute nabo basebenza kanzima besungula ubuchwepheshe be-lithium-ion ...
umbhalo: Alexander Bloch
I-redox flow battery
Ibhethri lokugeleza kwe-redox empeleni liyisiphambano phakathi kwebhethri elivamile kanye ne-fuel cell. Ugesi ugeleza ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwama-electrolyte amabili - eyodwa exhunywe esigxotsheni esihle seseli enye negethivu. Kulokhu, omunye unikeza ama-ion afakwe kahle (i-oxidation), kanti omunye uyawathola (ukunciphisa), yingakho igama ledivayisi. Uma izinga elithile lokugcwala lifinyelelwa, ukusabela kuyama futhi ukushaja kuhlanganisa ukufaka esikhundleni sama-electrolyte amasha. Izisebenzi zibuyiselwa kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuhlehla.
