umhlaba ocwile

NgoJanuwari 2020, i-NASA yabika ukuthi umkhumbi-mkhathi we-TESS uthole i-exoplanet yawo yokuqala elingana noMhlaba ekwazi ukuhlalwa kuyo ezungeza inkanyezi cishe ibanga leminyaka eyi-100 yokukhanya.

Iplanethi iyingxenye Isistimu ye-TOI 700 (I-TOI imele ukuthi TESS Izinto ezithakaselwayo) inkanyezi encane, ebanda kakhulu, okungukuthi, inkanyezi encane yesigaba M, kumlaza weGoldfish, ene-40% kuphela yesisindo nobukhulu beLanga lethu kanye nengxenye yokushisa kwendawo yayo.

Into eqanjwe igama I-TOI 700 d futhi ingenye yamaplanethi amathathu azungeza inkaba yawo, ekude kakhulu nayo, edlula indlela ezungeza inkanyezi njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-37. Itholakala ebangeni elinjalo ukusuka ku-TOI 700 ukuze ngokwethiyori ikwazi ukugcina amanzi awuketshezi entanta, atholakala endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo. Ithola cishe u-86% wamandla iLanga lethu eliwanika umhlaba.

Kodwa-ke, ukulingisa kwemvelo okudalwe abacwaningi abasebenzisa idatha evela ku-Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TES) kubonise ukuthi i-TOI 700 d ingaziphatha ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kuMhlaba. Ngenxa yokuthi izungeza ngokuvumelanisa nenkanyezi yayo (okusho ukuthi uhlangothi olulodwa lweplanethi luhlala lusemini kanti olunye lusebumnyameni), indlela amafu akha ngayo kanye nokuvunguza komoya kungaba yinto engavamile kithi.

1. Ukuqhathaniswa koMhlaba kanye ne-TOI 700 d, nokuboniswa kwesistimu yoMhlaba yamazwekazi kuyi-exoplanet

Izazi zezinkanyezi zikuqinisekisile ukutholakala kwazo ngosizo lweNASA. I-Spitzer Space Telescopeesanda kuqeda umsebenzi wayo. Ekuqaleni, i-Toi 700 ayizange ifakwe esigabeni esingalungile njengeshisa kakhulu, okwenza izazi zezinkanyezi zikholelwe ukuthi womathathu amaplanethi asondelene kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho ashisa kakhulu ukuba asekele ukuphila.

U-Emily Gilbert, oyilungu lethimba leNyuvesi yaseChicago, uthe ngesikhathi kwethulwa lokhu kutholwa. -

Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi esikhathini esizayo, amathuluzi afana James Webb Space Telescopeukuthi i-NASA ihlela ukuyibeka emkhathini ngo-2021, bazokwazi ukunquma ukuthi amaplanethi anawo yini umkhathi futhi bazokwazi ukufunda ukwakheka kwawo.

Abacwaningi basebenzisa isofthiwe yekhompiyutha ukuze ukumodela kwesimo sezulu okucatshangelwayo Iplanethi engu-TOI 700 d. Njengoba kungaziwa okwamanje ukuthi yimaphi amagesi angase abe emkhathini wayo, kuye kwahlolwa izinketho nezimo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nezinketho ezithatha umkhathi womhlaba wesimanje (77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, methane and carbon dioxide), okungenzeka ukuthi kwakhiwe Umkhathi womhlaba eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,7 edlule (ikakhulukazi i-methane ne-carbon dioxide) ngisho nomkhathi we-Martian (inqwaba ye-carbon dioxide), okungenzeka ukuthi wawukhona eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,5 edlule.

Kusukela kulawa mamodeli, kutholwe ukuthi uma umoya we-TOI 700 d uqukethe inhlanganisela ye-methane, i-carbon dioxide, noma umhwamuko wamanzi, iplanethi ingahlalwa. Manje iqembu kufanele liqinisekise le mibono lisebenzisa isibonakude esishiwo ngenhla seWebb.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulingisa kwesimo sezulu okwenziwa yi-NASA kubonisa ukuthi kokubili umkhathi womhlaba kanye nomfutho wegesi akwanele ukubamba amanzi awuketshezi phezu kwawo. Uma sibeka inani elifanayo lamagesi abamba ukushisa ku-TOI 700 d njengaseMhlabeni, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu lizobe lingaphansi kweziro.

Ukulingisa okwenziwe yiwo wonke amaqembu abambe iqhaza kukhombisa ukuthi isimo sezulu samaplanethi azungeze izinkanyezi ezincane nezimnyama njenge-TOI 700, nokho, sihluke kakhulu kulokho esibhekana nakho emhlabeni wethu.

Izindaba ezithokozisayo

Okuningi kwalokho esikwaziyo ngama-exoplanet, noma amaplanethi azungeza isimiso sonozungezilanga, kuvela emkhathini. Ihlole isibhakabhaka kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2018 futhi yathola amaplanethi angaphezu kuka-2600 ngaphandle kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.

I-NASA yabe isidlulisa induku yokutholwa kuphenyi lwe-TESS(2), eyethulwe emkhathini ngo-April 2018 onyakeni wayo wokuqala wokusebenza, kanye nezinto ezingakaqinisekiswa ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye zalolu hlobo. Kufunwa amaplanethi angaziwa izazi zezinkanyezi, indawo yokubuka izobheka isibhakabhaka sonke, isibone okwanele ngo-200 XNUMX. izinkanyezi ezikhanya kakhulu.

2. Isathelayithi yezokuthutha ukuze kuhlolwe i-exoplanet

I-TESS isebenzisa uchungechunge lwamasistimu ekhamera e-engeli ebanzi. Iyakwazi ukufunda ubukhulu, ubukhulu, ukuminyana kanye nokuzungeza kweqembu elikhulu lamaplanethi amancane. Isathelayithi isebenza ngendlela ukusesha okukude kwamadiphu okukhanya ekhomba khona ukuhamba kwamaplanethi - ukudlula kwezinto ku-orbit phambi kobuso bezinkanyezi ezingabazali bazo.

Izinyanga ezimbalwa ezedlule kube uchungechunge lwezinto ezitholwe ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, ngokwengxenye sibonga indawo yokubuka umkhathi emisha kakhulu, ngokwengxenye ngosizo lwamanye amathuluzi, okuhlanganisa asekelwe phansi. Emasontweni andulela umhlangano wethu newele Lomhlaba, kwaphuma izwi mayelana nokutholakala kweplanethi ezungeza ilanga elibili, njenge-Tatooine evela ku-Star Wars!

Iplanethi ye-TOI 1338 b ithole iminyaka engu-XNUMX yokukhanya kude, kuqoqo lezinkanyezi loMdwebi. Ubukhulu bayo buphakathi kosayizi beNeptune kanye neSaturn. Into ihlangabezana nokufiphala okujwayelekile kwezinkanyezi zayo. Zizungezana ngomjikelezo wezinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu, owodwa mkhulu kancane kuneLanga lethu kanti omunye ube mncane kakhulu.

NgoJuni 2019, kwavela imininingwane yokuthi amaplanethi amabili ohlobo lwasemhlabeni atholwa ngokoqobo endaweni yethu engemuva. Lokhu kubikwe esihlokweni esishicilelwe kumagazini i-Astronomy and Astrophysics. Zombili lezi zindawo zisendaweni ekahle lapho amanzi angakheka khona. Cishe zinendawo enamatshe futhi zizungeza iLanga, ezaziwa ngokuthi inkanyezi yaseTigarden (3), etholakala eminyakeni eyi-12,5 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni.

- kusho umbhali oyinhloko wokutholakala, Matthias Zechmeister, Umuntu Wokucwaninga, Isikhungo Se-Astrophysics, eNyuvesi yaseGöttingen, eJalimane. -

3. Uhlelo lwenkanyezi ye-Teegarden, ukubona ngeso

Ngokulandelayo, imihlaba ethakazelisayo engaziwa etholwe yi-TESS ngoJulayi odlule izungeza Izinkanyezi ze-UCAC4 191-004642, iminyaka yokukhanya engamashumi ayisikhombisa nantathu ukusuka eMhlabeni.

Isistimu yeplanethi enenkanyezi ephethe, manje ebizwa ngokuthi IBE 270, iqukethe okungenani amaplanethi amathathu. Omunye wabo, I-TOI 270 p, makhudlwana kunoMhlaba, amanye amabili ama-mini-Neptunes, ayingxenye yamaplanethi angekho ohlelweni lwethu sonozungezilanga. Inkanyezi iyabanda futhi ayikhanyi kakhulu, cishe incane ngo-40% futhi inkulu kakhulu kuneLanga. Izinga layo lokushisa elingaphezulu licishe libe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokufudumala kunalelo lomngane wethu wenkanyezi.

I-solar system TOI 270 itholakala kumlaza we-Artist. Amaplanethi awenza azungeza eduze kakhulu nenkanyezi kangangokuthi ukuzungeza kwawo kungangena esimisweni sesathelayithi esingumngane weJupiter (4).

4. Ukuqhathaniswa kohlelo lwe-TOI 270 nohlelo lweJupiter

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe kwalesi simiso kungase kwembule amaplanethi engeziwe. Lezo ezizungeza kude neLanga kune-TOI 270 d zingabanda ngokwanele ukubamba amanzi awuketshezi futhi ekugcineni zinikeze ukuphila.

I-TESS ifanele ukubhekisiswa

Naphezu kwenani elikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa lokutholwa kwama-exoplanet amancane, iningi lezinkanyezi ezingabazali bawo liphakathi kwamamitha angu-600 no-3. ukukhanya kweminyaka ukusuka eMhlabeni, kude kakhulu futhi kumnyama kakhulu ukuthi kungabhekwa okuningiliziwe.

Ngokungafani ne-Kepler, i-TESS egxile kakhulu kuyo ukuthola amaplanethi azungeze omakhelwane abaseduze belanga akhanya ngokwanele ukuba abonakale manje nangemva kwesikhathi ngezinye izisetshenziswa. Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2018 kuze kube manje, i-TESS isivele yathola amaplanethi angaphezu kwe-1500. Eziningi zazo zingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kobukhulu boMhlaba futhi zithatha izinsuku ezingaphansi kweziyishumi ukuzungeza. Ngenxa yalokho, zithola ukushisa okukhulu kakhulu kuneplanethi yethu, futhi zishisa kakhulu ukuba amanzi awuketshezi abe khona phezu kwawo.

Kungamanzi awuketshezi adingekayo ukuze i-exoplanet ikwazi ukuhlala kuyo. Isebenza njengendawo yokuzalela amakhemikhali angakwazi ukuxhumana.

Ngokwethiyori, kukholakala ukuthi izinhlobo zokuphila ezingavamile zingaba khona ezimweni zokucindezela okukhulu noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu - njengoba kunjalo ngama-extremophiles atholakala eduze kwama-hydrothermal vents, noma nama-microbes afihlwe cishe ikhilomitha ngaphansi kwe-West Antarctic ice sheet.

Nokho, ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo ezinjalo kwenziwa ukuthi abantu bakwazi ukufunda ngokuqondile izimo ezimbi kakhulu abahlala kuzo. Ngeshwa, azikwazanga ukubonwa endaweni ejulile, ikakhulukazi kusukela ebangeni leminyaka eminingi yokukhanya.

Ukufuna ukuphila ngisho nendawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kwesimiso sonozungezilanga wethu kusancike ngokuphelele ekubonweni okukude. Izindawo ezibonakalayo zamanzi awuketshezi ezidala izimo ezingaba ngcono zokuphila zingasebenzisana nomkhathi ongenhla, zenze amasignesha ezinto eziphilayo abonakale ukude abonakala ngezibonakude ezisekelwe phansi. Lokhu kungaba izakhi zegesi ezaziwa eMhlabeni (i-oxygen, i-ozone, i-methane, i-carbon dioxide nomhwamuko wamanzi) noma izingxenye zomkhathi wasendulo woMhlaba, isibonelo, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,7 edlule (ikakhulukazi i-methane ne-carbon dioxide, kodwa hhayi umoya-mpilo). ).

Ukufuna indawo "elungile" kanye neplanethi ehlala lapho

Selokhu kwatholakala i-51 Pegasi b ngo-1995, sekuhlonzwe ama-exoplanets angaphezu kwama-XNUMX. Namuhla sazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi iningi lezinkanyezi ezisemthaleni wethu nendawo yonke zizungezwe izinhlelo zamaplanethi. Kodwa ambalwa kuphela ama-exoplanets ambalwa atholakalayo angakwazi ukuhlala emhlabeni.

Yini eyenza i-exoplanet ihlale?

Isimo esiyinhloko amanzi aketshezi aseshiwo kakade phezulu. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, okokuqala sidinga le ndawo eqinile, i.e. indawo enamatshekodwa futhi umkhathi, futhi kuminyene ngokwanele ukudala ukucindezela futhi kuthonye izinga lokushisa lamanzi.

Uyadinga futhi inkanyezi efaneleengakhiphi imisebe eminingi kakhulu emhlabeni, ephephula umkhathi futhi ibhubhise izinto eziphilayo. Yonke inkanyezi, kuhlanganise neLanga lethu, ihlale ikhipha imithamo emikhulu yemisebe, ngakho ngokungangabazeki kungaba yinzuzo ukuba khona kokuphila kuzivikele kukho. amandla kazibuthenjengoba kukhiqizwa umgogodla wensimbi owuketshezi woMhlaba.

Nokho, njengoba kungase kube nezinye izindlela zokuvikela ukuphila emisebeni, lokhu kuyisici esifiselekayo kuphela, akusona isimo esidingekayo.

Ngokwesiko, izazi zezinkanyezi zinentshisekelo kulokhu izindawo zokuphila (i-ecospheres) ezinhlelweni zenkanyezi. Lezi yizifunda ezizungeze izinkanyezi lapho izinga lokushisa elikhona livimbela amanzi ukuba aqhubeke abilayo noma abe yiqhwa. Le ndawo kuhlale kukhulunywa ngayo. "Indawo yeZlatovlaski"ngoba “ilungele ukuphila impilo yonke”, okubhekiselwa ezithombeni zenganekwane yezingane edumile (5).

5. Indawo yokuphila ezungeze inkanyezi

Futhi yini esiyaziyo kuze kube manje mayelana nama-exoplanets?

Okutholakele okwenziwa kuze kube manje kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlelo zamaplanethi kukhulu kakhulu. Okuwukuphela kwamaplanethi esasazi lutho cishe emashumini amathathu eminyaka edlule ayesesimisweni sonozungezilanga, ngakho sacabanga ukuthi izinto ezincane neziqinile zizungeza izinkanyezi, futhi kude nje ukusuka kuzo kunesikhala esibekelwe amaplanethi amakhulu anegesi.

Nokho, kwavela ukuthi akukho “mithetho” nhlobo mayelana nendawo yamaplanethi. Sihlangabezana nama-gas giants acishe agudla izinkanyezi zawo (okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Jupiter ashisayo), kanye nezinhlelo ezihlangene zamaplanethi amancane njenge-TRAPPIST-1 (6). Kwesinye isikhathi amaplanethi ahamba emizileni eqondile ezungeza izinkanyezi ezimbili, futhi kukhona namaplanethi "ezulazulayo", okungenzeka ukuthi akhishwe ezinhlelweni ezincane, antanta ngokukhululekile endaweni engenalutho ephakathi kwezinkanyezi.

6. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo amaplanethi ohlelo lwe-TRAPPIST-1

Ngakho, esikhundleni sokufana okuseduze, sibona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu. Uma lokhu kwenzeka ezingeni lesistimu, kungani-ke izimo ze-exoplanet kufanele zifane nakho konke esikwaziyo endaweni eseduze?

Futhi, ukwehla ngisho nangaphezulu, kungani izinhlobo zokuphila okucatshangelwayo kufanele zifane nalezo esizaziyo?

Isigaba esiphezulu

Ngokusekelwe kudatha eqoqwe nguKepler, ngo-2015 usosayensi we-NASA wabala ukuthi umthala wethu ngokwawo unawo. izigidigidi zamaplanethi afana noMhlabaI. Izazi eziningi zesayensi yezinkanyezi ziye zagcizelela ukuthi lokhu kwakuwukulinganisa okuvamile. Ngempela, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-Milky Way ingaba ikhaya layo Amaplanethi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10.

Ososayensi babengafuni ukuthembela kuphela kumaplanethi atholwe u-Kepler. Indlela yezokuthutha esetshenziswa kulesi sibonakude ifaneleka kangcono ukuthola amaplanethi amakhulu (afana neJupiter) kunamaplanethi alingana noMhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idatha ka-Kepler cishe ikhohlisa inani lamaplanethi afana nelethu kancane.

Isibonakude esidumile sabona ukucwiliswa okuncane ekukhazimuleni kwenkanyezi okubangelwa iplanethi edlula phambi kwayo. Izinto ezinkulu ngokuqondakalayo zivimba ukukhanya okwengeziwe ezinkanyezini zazo, okwenza kube lula ukuzibona. Indlela kaKepler yayigxile ezinkanyezini ezincane, hhayi ezikhanya kakhulu, ubukhulu bazo obucishe bube ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesisindo seLanga lethu.

Isibonakude i-Kepler, nakuba singemuhle kakhulu ekutholeni amaplanethi amancane, sithole inani elikhulu kakhulu lalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-super-Earths. Leli yigama lama-exoplanets anesisindo esikhulu kunoMhlaba, kodwa esingaphansi kakhulu kune-Uranus neNeptune, okuyizikhathi eziyi-14,5 neziyi-17 ezinzima kuneplanethi yethu, ngokulandelana.

Ngakho-ke, igama elithi "Super-Earth" libhekisela kuphela kubuningi beplanethi, okusho ukuthi alibhekiseli esimweni esingaphezulu noma endaweni yokuhlala. Kukhona nelinye igama elithi "gas dwarfs". Ngokusho kwabanye, kungase kube nembe kakhudlwana ezintweni ezisengxenyeni engenhla yesilinganiso sobukhulu, nakuba elinye igama lisetshenziswa kakhulu - eselivele lishiwo "i-mini-Neptune".

I-super-Earth yokuqala yatholwa Alexander Volshchan i Dalea Fraila nxazonke i-pulsar PSR B1257+12 ngo-1992. Amaplanethi amabili angaphandle ohlelo poltergeysitiye i-fobetor - anesisindo esiphindwe kane kunesisindo soMhlaba, esincanyana kakhulu ukuba singaba imidondoshiya yegesi.

I-super-Earth yokuqala ezungeze inkanyezi elandelanayo ikhonjwe ithimba eliholwa ngu Eugenio Rivery ngo-2005. Iyazungeza Gcwalisa 876 futhi wathola igama I-Glie 876 д (Phambilini, kutholwe imidondoshiya yegesi elingana ne-Jupiter kulolu hlelo). Isisindo sawo esilinganiselwe siphindwe izikhathi ezingu-7,5 ubukhulu bomhlaba, futhi isikhathi sokuguquka okuzungezile sifushane kakhulu, cishe izinsuku ezimbili.

Kukhona izinto ezishisa kakhulu ekilasini le-super-Earth. Isibonelo, kutholwe ngo-2004 55 I-Kankri i, etholakala ekuqheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amane yokukhanya, izungeza inkanyezi yayo emjikelezweni omfushane kakhulu wanoma iyiphi i-exoplanet eyaziwayo - amahora angu-17 nemizuzu engu-40 kuphela. Ngamanye amazwi, unyaka ku-55 Cancri e uthatha amahora angaphansi kwe-18. I-exoplanet izungeza izikhathi ezingaba ngu-26 eduze kwenkanyezi yayo kuneMercury.

Ukusondela kwenkanyezi kusho ukuthi ingaphezulu lika-55 Cancri e lifana nengaphakathi lesithando somlilo esinezinga lokushisa okungenani elingu-1760°C! Ukuqaphela okusha okuvela ku-Spitzer Telescope kubonisa ukuthi i-55 Cancri e inesisindo esikhulu ngokuphindwe ka-7,8 kanye ne-radius ephindwe kabili kuneyoMhlaba. Imiphumela ye-Spitzer iphakamisa ukuthi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zobunzima beplanethi kufanele yenziwe izakhi nezinhlanganisela zokukhanya, okuhlanganisa namanzi. Kuleli zinga lokushisa, lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zinto zizoba sesimweni "esibaluleke kakhulu" phakathi koketshezi negesi futhi zingasuka ebusweni beplanethi.

Kodwa i-super-Earths ayihlali inendle kangako. NgoJulayi odlule, ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lezazi zezinkanyezi elisebenzisa i-TES lathola i-exoplanet entsha yohlobo lwayo kumlaza we-Hydra, cishe iminyaka yokukhanya engamashumi amathathu nanye ukusuka eMhlabeni. Into imakwe ngokuthi GJ 357 d (7) kabili ububanzi nobukhulu obuphindwe kasithupha kunomhlaba. Itholakala onqenqemeni olungaphandle lwendawo yokuhlala yenkanyezi. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungase kube namanzi phezu kwalo Mhlaba Ophakeme.

wathi Diana Kosakovskkanye Nothile Ocwaninga e-Max Planck Institute for Astronomy e-Heidelberg, eJalimane.

7. IPlanethi GJ 357 d - ukubona ngeso

Uhlelo lokuzungeza inkanyezi encane, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yobukhulu nesisindo seLanga lethu kanye nokubanda ngo-40%, kulekelelwa amaplanethi asemhlabeni. GJ 357 b nomunye umhlaba super GJ 357 s. Ucwaningo lwesistimu lwashicilelwa ngoJulayi 31, 2019 kujenali ye-Astronomy and Astrophysics.

NgoSeptemba odlule, abacwaningi babike ukuthi i-super-Earth esanda kutholwa, i-111 light-year away, "iyindawo engcono kakhulu yokuhlala eyaziwa kuze kube manje." Kutholwe ngo-2015 yi-telescope ye-Kepler. K2-18b (8) ehluke kakhulu kuneplanethi yethu esiyikhaya. Inobukhulu obuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili, okusho ukuthi iwumdondoshiya weqhwa njengeNeptune noma izwe elinamatshe elinomoya ominyene, ogcwele i-hydrogen.

I-orbit ye-K2-18b isondele kasikhombisa enkanyezini yayo kunebanga loMhlaba ukusuka eLangeni. Kodwa-ke, njengoba into izungeza i-M-dwarf emnyama emnyama, lo mzila usendaweni okungenzeka ukuthi ilungele ukuphila. Amamodeli okuqala abikezela ukuthi amazinga okushisa ku-K2-18b asuka ku--73 kuya ku-46°C, futhi uma into icishe ifane noMhlaba, izinga lokushisa layo elimaphakathi kufanele lifane nelethu.

- kusho isazi sezinkanyezi sase-University College London ngesikhathi kunesithangami sabezindaba, Angelos Ciaras.

Kunzima ukufana nomhlaba

I-analogue yoMhlaba (ebuye ibizwe ngewele loMhlaba noma iplanethi efana noMhlaba) iyiplanethi noma inyanga enezimo zemvelo ezifana nalezo ezitholakala eMhlabeni.

Izinkulungwane zezinhlelo zezinkanyezi ze-exoplanetary ezitholiwe kuze kube manje zihlukile ohlelweni lwethu sonozungezilanga, okuqinisekisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-rare earth hypothesisI. Nokho, izazi zefilosofi zibonisa ukuthi indawo yonke inkulu kangangokuthi endaweni ethile kumelwe kube neplanethi ecishe ifane neyethu. Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esikude kuzokwazi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze kutholwe ama-analogue oMhlaba ngokwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. . Imfashini manje i-multitheory theory baphinde baphakamise ukuthi uzakwabo wasemhlabeni angaba khona kwenye indawo yonke, noma abe uhlobo oluhlukile loMhlaba ngokwawo endaweni yonke efanayo.

NgoNovemba 2013, izazi zezinkanyezi zabika ukuthi, ngokusekelwe kudatha evela kusibonakude i-Kepler kanye nezinye izimishini, kungase kube namaplanethi alingana noMhlaba afinyelela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40 endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo yezinkanyezi ezifana nelanga kanye nezincane ezibomvu kumthala i-Milky Way.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwezibalo kubonise ukuthi okusondele kakhulu kuzo kungasuswa kithi kungakapheli iminyaka eyishumi nambili yokukhanya. Ngawo lowo nyaka, amakhandidethi amaningana atholwe u-Kepler anobubanzi obungaphansi kwezikhathi eziyi-1,5 ububanzi boMhlaba kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi ayizinkanyezi ezizungezayo endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwafika ngo-2015 lapho kumenyezelwa khona ikhandidethi lokuqala elisondelene nomhlaba - i-egzoplanetę Kepler-452b.

Amathuba okuthola i-analogi yoMhlaba ancike kakhulu ezicini ofuna ukufana nazo. Izimo ezijwayelekile kodwa hhayi eziphelele: usayizi weplanethi, amandla adonsela phansi, usayizi wenkanyezi yomzali nohlobo (okungukuthi i-analog yelanga), ibanga le-orbital nokuzinza, ukutsheka kwe-axial nokujikeleza, indawo efanayo, ukuba khona kwezilwandle, umkhathi nesimo sezulu, i-magnetosphere eqinile . .

Ukube ukuphila okuyinkimbinkimbi bekukhona lapho, amahlathi abengasibekela ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba. Ukube ukuphila okuhlakaniphile bekukhona, ezinye izindawo bezingaba emadolobheni. Kodwa-ke, ukusesha izifaniso eziqondile noMhlaba kungadukisa ngenxa yezimo eziqondile kakhulu emhlabeni nasemhlabeni, isibonelo, ukuba khona kweNyanga kuthinta izigigaba eziningi emhlabeni wethu.

I-Planetary Habitability Laboratory yaseNyuvesi yasePuerto Rico e-Arecibo isanda hlanganisa uhlu lwabazokhethwa kuma-analogues oMhlaba (9). Imvamisa, lolu hlobo lokuhlukaniswa luqala ngosayizi nobukhulu, kepha lokhu kuyindlela ekhohlisayo, enikezwe, ngokwesibonelo, iVenus, eseduze nathi, ecishe ilingane noMhlaba, futhi yiziphi izimo ezikhona kuwo. , kuyaziwa.

9. Ama-exoplanets athembisayo - ama-analogue angaba khona oMhlaba, ngokusho kwePlanetary Habitability Laboratory

Esinye isimo esivame ukucashunwa ukuthi i-analogue yoMhlaba kufanele ibe ne-surface geology efanayo. Izibonelo eziseduze ezaziwayo i-Mars ne-Titan, futhi nakuba kunokufana ngokwesimo sendawo nokwakheka kwezingqimba ezingaphezulu, kukhona futhi umehluko ophawulekayo, njengezinga lokushisa.

Impela, izinto eziningi ezingaphezulu nezakhiwo zomhlaba zivela kuphela ngenxa yokusebenzisana namanzi (isibonelo, ubumba namadwala e-sedimentary) noma njengomkhiqizo wokuphila (isibonelo, i-limestone noma amalahle), ukusebenzisana nomkhathi, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, noma ukungenelela komuntu.

Ngakho-ke, i-analogue yeqiniso yoMhlaba kufanele idalwe ngezinqubo ezifanayo, ukuba nomkhathi, izintaba-mlilo ezihlangana nomhlabathi, amanzi awuketshezi, kanye nohlobo oluthile lokuphila.

Endabeni yomkhathi, umphumela we-greenhouse nawo ucatshangwa. Ekugcineni, kusetshenziswa izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu. Kuthonywa isimo sezulu, sona esithonywa ukuzungeza nokujikeleza kweplanethi, ngayinye yethula okuguquguqukayo okusha.

Omunye umbandela we-analogue ekahle yomhlaba onikeza ukuphila ukuthi kumelwe zungeza i-analog yelanga. Kodwa-ke, lesi sici asikwazi ukuthethelelwa ngokugcwele, ngoba indawo ekahle iyakwazi ukunikeza ukubukeka kwendawo kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinkanyezi.

Ngokwesibonelo, kuyi-Milky Way, izinkanyezi eziningi zincane futhi zimnyama kuneLanga. Omunye wabo kushiwo ngaphambili TRAPPIST-1, itholakala ebangeni leminyaka eyi-10 yokukhanya ku-constellation of Aquarius futhi incane izikhathi ezi-2 futhi ikhanya kancane izikhathi ezi-1 kuneLanga lethu, kodwa kukhona okungenani amaplanethi asemhlabeni ayisithupha endaweni yawo yokuhlala. Lezi zimo zingase zibonakale zingezinhle empilweni njengoba sazi, kodwa i-TRAPPIST-XNUMX cishe inempilo ende ngaphambi kwethu kunenkanyezi yethu, ngakho-ke impilo isenesikhathi esiningi sokuthuthuka lapho.

Amanzi amboza u-70% wobuso boMhlaba futhi athathwa njengesinye sezimo zensimbi zokuba khona kwezinhlobo zokuphila esizaziyo. Ngokunokwenzeka, umhlaba wamanzi uyiplanethi I-Kepler-22b, etholakala endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo inkanyezi efana nelanga kodwa enkulu kakhulu kunoMhlaba, ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali okungokoqobo akwaziwa.

Yenziwe ngo-2008 isazi sezinkanyezi UMichaela Meyerfuthi kusukela eNyuvesi yase-Arizona, izifundo zothuli lwe-cosmic eduze nezinkanyezi ezisanda kwakhiwa njengeLanga zibonisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-20 no-60% we-analogue yeLanga sinobufakazi bokwakheka kwamaplanethi anamadwala ngezinqubo ezifanayo nalezo eziholele emvelweni. ukwakheka koMhlaba.

Ku-2009 Alan Boss evela e-Carnegie Institute of Science yasikisela ukuthi emthaleni wethu kuphela i-Milky Way engaba khona Amaplanethi anjengomhlaba ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100h.

Ngo-2011, iJet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) yeNASA, nayo isekelwe ekubonweni kwemishini yakwa-Kepler, yaphetha ngokuthi cishe u-1,4 kuya ku-2,7% wazo zonke izinkanyezi ezifana nelanga kufanele zizungeza amaplanethi alingana noMhlaba ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungase kube nemithala eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili emthala i-Milky Way kuphela, futhi uma sicabanga ukuthi lokhu kulinganisa kuyiqiniso kuyo yonke imithala, kungase kube ngisho nemithala eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2 endaweni yonke ebonakalayo. 100 quintillion.

Ngo-2013, i-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, isebenzisa ukuhlaziya kwezibalo kwedatha eyengeziwe ye-Kepler, yaphakamisa ukuthi okungenani kukhona 17 billion amaplanethi ubukhulu boMhlaba - ngaphandle kokucabangela indawo yabo ezindaweni zokuhlala. Ucwaningo lwango-2019 luthole ukuthi amaplanethi alingana noMhlaba angazungeza enye yezinkanyezi eziyisithupha ezifana nelanga.

Iphethini ngokufana

I-Earth Similarity Index (ESI) isilinganiso esiphakanyisiwe sokufana kwento yeplanethi noma isathelayithi yemvelo noMhlaba. Yaklanywa esikalini ukusuka ku-zero ukuya kwesinye, kanti uMhlaba wabelwe inani elilodwa. Ipharamitha ihloselwe ukwenza lula ukuqhathaniswa kwamaplanethi kusizindalwazi esikhulu.

I-ESI, eyahlongozwa ngo-2011 kumagazini we-Astrobiology, ihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana ne-radius yeplanethi, ukuminyana, isivinini, kanye nezinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kweplanethi.

Iwebhusayithi enakekelwa ngomunye wababhali bendatshana yango-2011, Abla Mendes waseNyuvesi yasePuerto Rico, unikeza izibalo zakhe zezinkomba zezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ze-exoplanetary. I-ESI Mendesa ibalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula eboniswe ku umfanekiso 10lapho x_i bona_i0 yizici zomzimba ongaphandle komhlaba maqondana noMhlaba, v_i i-eksponenti enesisindo yesakhiwo ngasinye kanye nenani eliphelele lezakhiwo. Yakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo Inkomba yokufana ye-Bray-Curtis.

Isisindo esabelwe isakhiwo ngasinye, w_i, inoma iyiphi inketho engakhethwa ukuze kugqanyiswe izici ezithile ngaphezu kwezinye, noma ukuzuza inkomba oyifunayo noma izilinganiso zokukala. Le webhusayithi iphinde ihlukanise lokho ekuchaza ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuphila kuma-exoplanets nama-exo-moons ngokwemibandela emithathu: indawo, i-ESI, kanye nesiphakamiso sokuthi kungenzeka kugcinwe izinto eziphilayo eketayini lokudla.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwaboniswa, isibonelo, ukuthi i-ESI yesibili enkulu kunazo zonke ohlelweni lwelanga ingekaMars futhi ingu-0,70. Amanye ama-exoplanets abhalwe kulesi sihloko adlula lesi sibalo, kanti amanye asanda kutholwa Ingadi b ine-ESI ephakeme kakhulu kunoma iyiphi i-exoplanet eqinisekisiwe, ku-0,95.

Uma sikhuluma ngama-exoplanets afana noMhlaba futhi okuhlalwa kuwo, akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona ama-exoplanets angahlalwa noma ama-exoplanets asesathelayithi.

Ukuba khona kwanoma yimaphi amasathelayithi emvelo e-extrasolar akukakaqinisekiswa, kepha ngo-Okthoba 2018 uProf. UDavid Kipping imemezele ukutholakala kwe-exomoon engaba khona ezungeza into I-Kepler-1625b.

Amaplanethi amakhulu esimisweni sonozungezilanga, njengeJupiter kanye neSaturn, anezinyanga ezinkulu ezisebenza ngezindlela ezithile. Ngakho-ke, abanye ososayensi baye baphakamisa ukuthi amaplanethi amakhulu angaphandle kwesolar (kanye namaplanethi anambambili) angase abe namasathelayithi amakhulu ngokufanayo okuhlalwa kuwo. Inyanga enesisindo esanele iyakwazi ukusekela umoya ofana ne-Titan kanye namanzi awuketshezi ngaphezulu.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kulokhu amaplanethi amakhulu e-extrasolar aziwa ukuthi asendaweni okuhlalwa kuyo (njenge-Gliese 876 b, 55 Cancer f, Upsilon Andromedae d, 47 Ursa Major b, HD 28185 b, kanye ne-HD 37124 c) ngoba kungenzeka banayo. amasathelayithi emvelo anamanzi awuketshezi ngaphezulu.

Ukuphila eduze kwenkanyezi ebomvu noma emhlophe?

Zihlome ngokutholakala cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili emhlabeni wama-exoplanets, izazi zezinkanyezi seziqalile ukwenza isithombe sokuthi iplanethi ekwazi ukuhlaleka ingase ibukeke kanjani, nakuba iningi ligxile kulokho esesikwazi kakade: iplanethi efana noMhlaba ezungeza into encane ephuzi. eyethu. ILanga, elithathwa njengenkanyezi elandelanayo yohlobo lwe-G. Kuthiwani ngezinkanyezi ezingu-M ezincane ezibomvu, ezikhona eziningi emthaleni wethu?

Ngabe ikhaya lethu belingaba njani ukube belizungeza i-dwarf ebomvu? Impendulo ifana noMhlaba, futhi ayifani noMhlaba.

Kusukela ebusweni beplanethi enjalo ecatshangelwayo, okokuqala besizobona ilanga elikhulu kakhulu. Kungase kubonakale sengathi ingxenye eyodwa nengxenye kuya kathathu ngaphezu kwalokho esinakho phambi kwamehlo ethu manje, uma kubhekwa ukusondela kwe-orbit. Njengoba igama libonisa, ilanga lizokhanya libomvu ngenxa yezinga lokushisa elipholile.

Ama-red dwarfs afudumele ngokuphindwe kabili kuneLanga lethu. Ekuqaleni, iplanethi enjalo ingase ibonakale ingavamile eMhlabeni, kodwa ingashaqisi. Umehluko wangempela ubonakala kuphela lapho siqaphela ukuthi iningi lalezi zinto lizungeza ngokuvumelanisa nenkanyezi, ngakho uhlangothi olulodwa luhlala lubhekene nenkanyezi yalo, njengoba kwenza iNyanga yethu eMhlabeni.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi olunye uhlangothi luhlala lumnyama ngempela, njengoba alukwazi ukufinyelela umthombo wokukhanya - ngokungafani neNyanga, ekhanyiswa kancane yiLanga ngaphesheya. Eqinisweni, umcabango ojwayelekile uwukuthi ingxenye yeplanethi esele ekukhanyeni kwaphakade izosha, futhi leyo ecwila kubusuku baphakade iyoba yiqhwa. Nokho... akumele kube njalo.

Iminyaka eminingi, izazi zezinkanyezi zanquma ukuthi indawo encane ebomvu iyindawo yokuzingela yoMhlaba, zikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa iplanethi ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele ngeke kwenze enye yazo ingahlali muntu. Nokho, abanye baphawula ukuthi imikhathi esemkhathini iyoba nokujikeleza okukhethekile okuyobangela amafu aminyene ohlangothini olunelanga ukuze avimbele imisebe eshubile ekushiseni phezulu. Imisinga ejikelezayo izophinde isabalalise ukushisa kuyo yonke iplanethi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuqina komkhathi kunganikeza isivikelo esibalulekile emini ngokumelene nezinye izingozi zemisebe. Izilwane ezincane ezibomvu zisebenza kakhulu eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezimbalwa zokuqala zomsebenzi wazo, zikhipha ama-flare kanye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet.

Amafu awugqinsi cishe azovikela impilo engaba khona, nakuba izinto eziqanjiwe zingase zicashe ekujuleni kwamanzi eplanethi. Eqinisweni, ososayensi namuhla bakholelwa ukuthi imisebe, ngokwesibonelo, ebangeni le-ultraviolet, ayiphazamisi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Phela, ukuphila kwasekuqaleni eMhlabeni, okuvela kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo esizaziyo, kuhlanganise ne-homo sapiens, zathuthukiswa ngaphansi kwezimo zemisebe ye-UV enamandla.

Lokhu kuhambisana nezimo ezamukelekayo ku-exoplanet efana noMhlaba eseduze eyaziwa yithi. Izazi zezinkanyezi zaseCornell University zithi impilo eMhlabeni ithole imisebe enamandla kunaleyo eyaziwa ngayo I-Proxima-b.

I-Proxima-b, etholakala nje iminyaka engu-4,24 yokukhanya ukusuka kuplanethi sonozungezilanga kanye neplanethi enamatshe eseduze kakhulu efana noMhlaba esiyaziyo (yize cishe singazi lutho ngayo), ithola ama-X-ray aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-250 kunoMhlaba. Ingase futhi ibe namazinga abulalayo emisebe ye-ultraviolet ebusweni bayo.

Izimo ezinjenge-Proxima-b-like kucatshangwa ukuthi zikhona ku-TRAPPIST-1, Ross-128b (cishe iminyaka yokukhanya eyishumi nanye ukusuka eMhlabeni ku-constellation Virgo) kanye ne-LHS-1140 b (iminyaka yokukhanya engamashumi amane ukusuka eMhlabeni ku-Constellation Cetus). izinhlelo.

Okunye okucatshangwayo kuyakhathaza ukuvela kwezinto ezingaba khona. Njengoba into encane ebomvu emnyama ingakhipha ukukhanya okuncane kakhulu, kucatshangwa ukuthi uma iplanethi eyizungezile iqukethe izinto eziphilayo ezifana nezitshalo zethu, kuzodingeka zimunce ukukhanya phezu kohlu olubanzi kakhulu lwamaza e-photosynthesis, okusho ukuthi "ama-exoplanet" kucishe kube mnyama ngokubona kwethu (bona futhi: ). Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuqaphela lapha ukuthi izitshalo ezinombala ongewona oluhlaza nazo zaziwa eMhlabeni, zidonsa ukukhanya ngokuhlukile.

Muva nje, abacwaningi bebenesithakazelo kwesinye isigaba sezinto - ama-white dwarfs, afana noMhlaba, okungezona izinkanyezi ngokuqinile, kodwa adala indawo ezungezile ezinzile, ekhipha amandla izigidigidi zeminyaka, okwenza kube okuhlosiwe okuthakazelisayo. ucwaningo lwe-exoplanetary. .

Ubukhulu bazo obuncane futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isignali enkulu yokuhamba ye-exoplanet engaba khona yenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona umkhathi weplanethi enamadwala, uma ukhona, ngezibonakude zesizukulwane esisha. Izazi zezinkanyezi zifuna ukusebenzisa zonke izindawo zokubuka izinto ezakhiwe nezihleliwe, kuhlanganise nesibonakude sikaJames Webb, sasemhlabeni. Isibonakude esikhulu ngokwedlulelekanye nekusasa imvelaphi, HabEx i LUVUARuma bevuka.

Kukhona inkinga eyodwa kulo mkhakha owanda ngokumangalisayo wocwaningo lwe-exoplanet, ucwaningo nokuhlola, engasho lutho okwamanje, kodwa engase icindezele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Yebo, uma, ngenxa yezinsimbi ezithuthuke kakhulu, ekugcineni sikwazi ukuthola i-exoplanet - iwele Lomhlaba elihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi, eligcwele amanzi, umoya kanye nezinga lokushisa kahle, futhi le planethi izobukeka "ikhululekile" , khona-ke ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe obuvumela ukundiza lapho ngesikhathi esithile esinengqondo, uqaphela ukuthi kungase kube ukuhlushwa.

Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, asinayo inkinga enjalo okwamanje.