Iphesenti lokwakheka kwamafutha enjini
Okuqukethwe
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha
Ngokwendlela yokuthola uwoyela wezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-3:
- Amaminerali (petroleum)
Kutholwe ukucwengwa kwamafutha okuqondile okulandelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwama-alkanes. Umkhiqizo onjalo uqukethe ama-hydrocarbons agcwele amagatsha angama-90%. Ibonakala ngokuhlakazeka okuphezulu kwamapharafini (i-heterogeneity yesisindo samangqamuzana wamaketanga). Ngenxa yalokho: i-lubricant ayizinzile ngokushisa futhi ayigcini i-viscosity ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
- Zokwenziwa
Umkhiqizo we-petrochemical synthesis. Impahla eluhlaza yi-ethylene, okuvela kuyo, nge-polymerization ye-catalytic, isisekelo esinesisindo esinembile samangqamuzana namaketanga e-polymer amade atholakala. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthola amafutha okwenziwa ngama-analogues amaminerali e-hydrocracking. Iyahluka ngezimfanelo zokusebenza ezingaguquki kuyo yonke impilo yesevisi.
- Okukhiqizwayo
Imele ingxube yamaminerali (70-75%) kanye namafutha okwenziwa (kufika ku-30%).
Ngaphezu kwamafutha ayisisekelo, umkhiqizo oqediwe uhlanganisa iphakheji yezithako ezilungisa i-viscosity, i-detergent, i-disperant nezinye izakhiwo ze-liquid.
Ukwakheka okujwayelekile koketshezi lwemotho yokugcoba kuvezwa etafuleni elingezansi:
| Izingxenye | Amaphesenti |
| Isisekelo (opharafini abagcwele, i-polyalkylnaphthalenes, i-polyalphaolefins, i-alkylbenzenes eqondile, nama-esters) |
~ 90% |
| Iphakheji elengeziwe (i-viscosity stabilizers, izithasiselo zokuvikela kanye ne-antioxidant) | Kufika ku-10% |
Ukwakhiwa kwamafutha enjini ngamaphesenti
Okuqukethwe okuyisisekelo kufinyelela ku-90%. Ngokwemvelo yamakhemikhali, amaqembu alandelayo wezinhlanganisela angahlukaniswa:
- Ama-Hydrocarbons (ama-alkene alinganiselwe nama-polymers anephunga elimnandi angagcwalisiwe).
- Ama-ether ayinkimbinkimbi.
- Ama-Polyorganosiloxanes.
- I-Polyisoparafini (i-isomer yendawo ye-alkenes ngesimo se-polymer).
- Ama-polymers ane-halogenated.
Amaqembu afanayo amakhompiyutha enza kufika ku-90% ngesisindo somkhiqizo oqediwe futhi anikeze izimfanelo zokugcoba, okokuhlanza nokuhlanza. Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zamafutha e-petroleum azihlangabezani ngokugcwele nezidingo zokusebenza. Ngakho, upharafini ogcwele emazingeni okushisa aphezulu akha amadiphozithi e-coke ebusweni benjini. Ama-Ester athola i-hydrolysis ukuze akhe ama-asidi, aholela ekugqwaleni. Ukuze ukhiphe imiphumela enjalo, izilungisi ezikhethekile ziyethulwa.
Iphakheji yokwengeza - ukwakheka nokuqukethwe
Isabelo sezishintshi kuwoyela wezimoto singu-10%. Kunamaphakheji amaningi asele enziwe ngomumo ahlanganisa isethi yezingxenye zokwandisa imingcele edingekayo ye-lubricant. Sibala izixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu:
- I-calcium alkylsulfonate enesisindo esiphezulu se-molecule iyisihlanzi. Yabelana: 5%.
- I-Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (Zn-DADTP) - ivikela ingaphezulu lensimbi ekungeneni kwe-oxidation kanye nokulimala kwemishini. Okuqukethwe: 2%.
- I-Polymethylsiloxane - i-heat-stabilizing (anti-foam) isengezo esinesabelo esingu-0,004%
- I-Polyalkenylsuccinimide iyisengezo se-detergent-dispersant, esethulwa kanye nama-anti-corrosion agents ngenani elifika ku-2%.
- I-Polyalkyl methacrylates izithasiselo ezicindezelayo ezivimbela ukuna kwama-polymers lapho izinga lokushisa lehliswa. Yabelana: ngaphansi kuka-1%.
Kanye nama-modifiers achazwe ngenhla, amafutha okwenziwa aqediwe kanye ne-semi-synthetic angase aqukathe i-demulsifying, ingcindezi enkulu kanye nezinye izithasiselo. Iphesenti eliphelele lephakheji yezilungisi alidluli u-10-11%. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zamafutha okwenziwa zivunyelwe ukuqukatha izithasiselo ezifika ku-25%.
