Umgomo wokusebenza kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo

I-dynamics yemoto incike ohlotsheni lokudluliswa okusetshenzisiwe. Abakhiqizi bemishini bahlala behlola futhi basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Nokho, abashayeli abaningi bezimoto basebenzisa izimoto komakhenikha, bekholelwa ukuthi ngale ndlela bangagwema izindleko eziphakeme zezimali zokulungisa ama-automatic transmissions. Noma kunjalo, i-automatic transmission ilula futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ibalulekile edolobheni elinabantu abaningi. Ukuba namaphedali angu-2 kuphela emotweni ezishintshayo kuyenza ibe indlela ehamba phambili yokuthutha kubashayeli abangenalwazi.

Iyini i-automatic transmission kanye nomlando wokudalwa kwayo

I-othomathikhi iwukudlulisela okuthi, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komshayeli, ikhetha isilinganiso segiya elilungile ngokwemibandela yokunyakaza. Umphumela uba ukuhamba kahle kwemoto nokunethezeka komshayeli ngokwakhe.

Isilawuli se-gearbox.

Umlando wokusungulwa

Isisekelo somshini i-gearbox yeplanethi kanye ne-torque converter, eyadalwa ngu-German Hermann Fittenger ngo-1902. Ukusungulwa kwakuhloselwe ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni wokwakha imikhumbi. Ngo-1904, abazalwane "Startevent" Boston wethula enye inguqulo othomathikhi, ehlanganisa 2 gearboxes.

Izimoto zokuqala lapho ama-gearbox eplanethi afakwe khona akhiqizwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi Ford T. Isimiso sokusebenza kwabo sasimi kanje: umshayeli washintsha imodi yokushayela esebenzisa ama-pedals angu-2. Omunye wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphakamisa nokwehlisa, omunye wayehlinzeka ngokunyakaza okubuyela emuva.

Ngawo-1930, abaklami bakwaGeneral Motors bakhipha ukudluliselwa kwe-semi-automatic. Imishini yayisahlinzekela i-clutch, kodwa ama-hydraulics ayelawula umshini weplanethi. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, onjiniyela bakwaChrysler bangeze i-hydraulic clutch ebhokisini. U-gearbox onamagiya amabili wathathelwa indawo yi-overdrive - i-overdrive, lapho isilinganiso segiya singaphansi kuka-1.

Ukuhanjiswa kokuqala okuzenzakalelayo kwavela ngo-1940 kwaGeneral Motors. Ihlanganise i-hydraulic clutch kanye ne-gearbox yeplanethi enezigaba ezine, nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwatholakala ngama-hydraulics.

Ubuhle nobubi bokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo

Uhlobo ngalunye lokudlulisela lunabalandeli. Kodwa umshini we-hydraulic awulahlekelwa ukuthandwa kwawo, ngoba unezinzuzo ngokungangabazeki:

• amagiya asebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, okufaka isandla ekugxilweni okugcwele emgwaqeni;
• inqubo yokuqala ukunyakaza kulula ngangokunokwenzeka;
• i-undercarage enenjini iqhutshwa ngendlela emnene;
• I-patency yezimoto ezine-othomathikhi zithuthuka njalo.

Naphezu kokuba khona kwezinzuzo, abashayeli bezimoto baveza ukungalungi okulandelayo ekusebenzeni komshini:

• ayikho indlela yokusheshisa imoto ngokushesha;
• impendulo ye-throttle yenjini iphansi kunaleyo yokudlulisa ngesandla;
• ukuthutha akukwazi ukuqalwa kuphusha;
• imoto kunzima ukuyidonsa;
• ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwebhokisi kuholela ekuqhekekeni;
• Ama-automatic transmissions ayabiza ukuwagcina nokuwalungisa.

Idivayisi yokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo

Kunezingxenye ezi-4 eziyinhloko emshinini wokugembula wakudala:

1. I-hydraulic transformer. Ngomongo, kubukeka njenge-bagel, lapho ithole khona igama elihambisanayo. Isiguquli se-torque sivikela u-gearbox uma kwenzeka ukushesha nokubhuleka kwenjini. Ngaphakathi kukhona uwoyela wegiya, ukugeleza kwawo okunikeza ukuthambisa kusistimu futhi kudale ingcindezi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa i-clutch phakathi kwe-motor kanye nokudluliselwa, i-torque idluliselwa ku-chassis.
2. Isinciphisi seplanethi. Iqukethe amagiya nezinye izici zokusebenza ezishayelwa endaweni eyodwa (ukuzungeziswa kwamaplanethi) kusetshenziswa isitimela segiya. Amagiya anikezwa amagama alandelayo: central - solar, intermediate - satellites, yangaphandle - umqhele. U-gearbox unomshini wokuthwala amaplanethi, oklanyelwe ukulungisa amasathelayithi. Ukushintsha amagiya, amanye ayakhiywa kanti amanye asuke enyakaze.
3. Ibhande lebhuleki elinesethi yama-clutches akhukhulayo. Lezi zindlela zinesibopho sokufakwa kwamagiya, ngesikhathi esifanele zivimba futhi zimise izakhi zegiya leplanethi. Abaningi abaqondi ukuthi kungani i-brake band idingeka emshinini ozenzakalelayo. I-clutch yona kanye ne-clutch kuvuleka kuphinde kucishwe ngokulandelana, okuholela ekusabalaliseni kabusha kwe-torque enjinini nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amagiya ashintshwa abushelelezi. Uma i-tape ingalungiswanga kahle, ama-jerks azozwakala ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.
4. Isistimu yokulawula. Iqukethe iphampu yegiya, i-oil sump, i-hydraulic unit kanye ne-ECU (i-electronic control unit). I-hydroblock inemisebenzi yokulawula nokuphatha. I-ECU ithola idatha evela kuzinzwa ezihlukahlukene mayelana nesivinini sokunyakaza, ukukhetha imodi elungile, njll., ngenxa yalokhu, ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kulawulwa ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komshayeli.

Umklamo we-gearbox.

Isimiso sokusebenza nempilo yesevisi yokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo

Lapho injini iqala, uwoyela wokudlulisela ungena ku-converter ye-torque, ingcindezi ngaphakathi iyanda, futhi ama-centrifugal pump blades aqala ukujikeleza.

Le modi ihlinzeka ngokunyakaziswa okuphelele kwesondo le-reactor kanye ne-turbine eyinhloko.

Lapho umshayeli eshintsha i-lever futhi ecindezela i-pedal, isivinini se-vanes sepompo siyakhula. Ijubane lokugeleza kukawoyela aphenduphendukayo liyakhula futhi ama-turbine blades aqala. Uketshezi ludluliselwa ngokunye ku-reactor bese lubuyiselwa ku-turbine, okunikeza ukwanda ekusebenzeni kahle kwalo. I-torque idluliselwa emasondweni, imoto iqala ukuhamba.

Ngokushesha nje lapho isivinini esidingekayo sifinyelelwa, i-vane central turbine kanye nesondo lepompo kuzoqala ukuhamba ngendlela efanayo. Izivunguvungu zamafutha zishaya isondo le-reactor ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ukunyakaza kungaba ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Iqala ukuphotha. Uma imoto ikhuphuka, isondo liyama futhi lidlulisele i-torque eyengeziwe empompini ye-centrifugal. Ukufinyelela ijubane oyifunayo kuholela ekushintsheni kwegiya kusethi yegiya leplanethi.

Ngomyalo weyunithi yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi, ibhande lokubhuleka elinama-friction clutches linciphisa igiya eliphansi, okuholela ekwandeni kokuhamba kwamafutha ageleza ku-valve. Khona-ke i-overdrive iyasheshisa, ukuguqulwa kwayo kwenziwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla.

Uma umshini uyeka noma ijubane layo liyancipha, khona-ke ingcindezi yoketshezi olusebenzayo nayo iyancipha, futhi igiya liyashintsha. Ngemuva kokuthi injini icishiwe, ingcindezi ku-converter torque iyanyamalala, okwenza kube nzima ukuqala imoto kusuka ku-pusher.

Isisindo sokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo sifinyelela ku-70 kg esimweni esomile (ayikho i-hydraulic transformer) kanye ne-110 kg lapho igcwele. Ukuze umshini usebenze ngokujwayelekile, kuyadingeka ukulawula izinga loketshezi olusebenzayo kanye nengcindezi efanele - kusuka ku-2,5 kuya ku-4,5 bar.

Insiza yebhokisi ingahluka. Kwezinye izimoto, isebenza cishe ku-100 km, kwezinye - ngaphezu kuka-000 km. Isikhathi sesevisi sincike ekutheni umshayeli usiqapha kanjani isimo seyunithi, ukuthi ithatha indawo yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngesikhathi.

Izinhlobonhlobo zokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, i-hydromechanical automatic transmission imelelwa kuphela ingxenye yeplanethi yomhlangano. Phela, inesibopho sokushintsha amagiya futhi, kanye nesiguquli se-torque, iyidivayisi eyodwa ezenzakalelayo. I-automatic transmission ihlanganisa i-classic hydraulic transformer, irobhothi kanye ne-variator.

Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-Classic

Inzuzo yomshini wakudala ukuthi ukudluliswa kwe-torque ku-chassis kunikezwa uketshezi olunamafutha ku-converter ye-torque.

Lokhu kugwema izinkinga ze-clutch ezivame ukutholakala uma kusetshenziswa imishini efakwe ezinye izinhlobo zama-gearbox. Uma isevisi yebhokisi ngesikhathi esifanele, ungayisebenzisa cishe unomphela.

Indawo yokuhlola iRobotic

Uhlobo lwe-robotic gearbox.

Kuwuhlobo oluhlukile kumakhenikha, kuphela ekwakhiweni kukhona i-clutch ephindwe kabili elawulwa yi-electronics. Inzuzo enkulu yerobhothi ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Idizayini ifakwe isoftware, umsebenzi wayo ukucacisa ngokunengqondo i-torque.

Ibhokisi libizwa ngokuthi i-adaptive, ngoba. iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesitayela sokushayela. Ngokuvamile, i-clutch iphuka erobhothini, ngoba. ayikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo, njengalapho igibele endaweni enzima.

I-CVT

Idivayisi inikeza ukudluliswa okubushelelezi kwe-torque ye-chassis yemoto. I-variator inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli futhi ikhulise amandla, inikeza injini ngokusebenza okumnene. Ibhokisi elinjalo elizenzakalelayo alihlali isikhathi eside futhi alimelani nemithwalo esindayo. Ngaphakathi kweyunithi, izingxenye zihlala zigudlana, okunciphisa impilo ye-variator.

Isetshenziswa kanjani i-othomathikhi

Abakhi bemishini yokukhiya bathi ngokuvamile ukuwohloka kokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo kuvela ngemva kokusetshenziswa budedengu kanye nokushintsha kukawoyela okufika ngesikhathi.

Izindlela zokusebenzisa

Kunenkinobho kusivikelo okufanele umshayeli ayicindezele ukuze akhethe imodi ayifunayo. Isikhethi sinezikhundla ezimbalwa okungenzeka:

• ukupaka (P) - i-axle yokushayela ivinjiwe kanye ne-gearbox shaft, kuyisiko ukusebenzisa imodi ezimeni zokupaka isikhathi eside noma ukufudumala;
• i-neutral (N) - i-shaft ayilungiswanga, umshini ungadonswa ngokucophelela;
• shayela (D) - ukuhamba kwezimoto, amagiya akhethwa ngokuzenzakalelayo;
• L (D2) - imoto ihamba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima (ngaphandle komgwaqo, ukwehla, ukukhuphuka), isivinini esiphezulu singama-40 km / h;
• I-D3 - ukuncishiswa kwegiya ngokwehla noma ukukhuphuka okuncane;
• hlehla (R) - hlehla;
• i-overdrive (O / D) - uma inkinobho isebenza, khona-ke lapho isivinini esikhulu sisethiwe, igiya lesine livuliwe;
• I-PWR - Imodi "yezemidlalo", inikeza ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe okuthuthukisiwe ngokukhuphula amagiya ngesivinini esikhulu;
• evamile - ukuhamba okubushelelezi futhi ukonga;
• manu - amagiya asetshenziswa umshayeli.

Ukushintsha izindlela zokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo.

Uyiqala kanjani imoto ezenzakalelayo

Ukusebenza okuzinzile kokudluliswa kwe-othomathikhi kuncike ekuqaleni okulungile. Ukuze kuvikelwe ibhokisi emthelela ongafundile kanye nokulungiswa okulandelayo, amadigri amaningana okuvikela athuthukisiwe.

Lapho uqalisa injini, isikhethi sokukhetha kufanele sibe sendaweni ethi "P" noma "N". Lezi zindawo zivumela uhlelo lokuvikela ukuthi lweqe isignali ukuqalisa injini. Uma i-lever isendaweni ehlukile, umshayeli ngeke akwazi ukuvula ukuthungela, noma akukho lutho oluzokwenzeka ngemva kokuvula ukhiye.

Kungcono ukusebenzisa imodi yokupaka ukuze uqale ukunyakaza ngendlela efanele, ngoba ngenani elithi "P", amasondo okushayela emoto avinjiwe, okuyivimbela ukuba ingagingqiki. Ukusetshenziswa kwemodi engathathi hlangothi kuvumela ukudonsa okuphuthumayo kwezimoto.

Izimoto eziningi ezine-othomathikhi aziqali nje ngokumisa kahle i-lever, kodwa futhi ngemva kokucindezela i-pedal ye-brake. Lezi zenzo zivimbela ukuhlehliswa kwemoto ngengozi uma i-lever isethwe ku-"N".

Izinhlobo zesimanje zifakwe isingidi sesiteringi kanye nelokhi evikela ukweba. Uma umshayeli eseqedile zonke izinyathelo ngendlela efanele, futhi isondo lokuqondisa alihambisani futhi akunakwenzeka ukuvula ukhiye, khona-ke lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuvikelwa okuzenzakalelayo kuvuliwe. Ukuze uyivule, kufanele uphinde ufake futhi uphendule ukhiye, futhi uzungezisa isondo lokuqondisa nhlangothi zombili. Uma lezi zenzo zenziwa ngokuvumelanisa, ukuvikela kuyasuswa.

Uyishayela kanjani i-othomathikhi nokuthi yini okungafanele ukwenze

Ukufeza impilo ende yesevisi yebhokisi legiya, kuyadingeka ukusetha kahle imodi ngokuya ngezimo zamanje zokuhamba. Ukuze usebenzise umshini ngendlela efanele, le mithetho elandelayo kufanele ilandelwe:

• linda i-push eyazisa ngokuzibandakanya okugcwele kokudluliselwa, kuphela lapho udinga ukuqala ukunyakaza;
• lapho ushelela, kuyadingeka ukushintshela egiyeni eliphansi, futhi lapho usebenza ne-brake pedal, qiniseka ukuthi amasondo ajikeleza kancane;
• ukusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene kuvumela injini braking kanye ukusheshisa umkhawulo;
• ngenkathi udonsa izimoto ngenjini egijima, umkhawulo wejubane ofika ku-50 km / h kufanele ubhekwe, futhi ibanga eliphakeme kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-50 km;
• awukwazi ukudonsa enye imoto uma isindayo kunemoto ene-othomathikhi, lapho idonsa, kufanele ubeke i-lever ku- "D2" noma "L" futhi ushayele u-40 km / h.

Ukuze ugweme ukulungiswa okumba eqolo, abashayeli akufanele:

• hamba ngemodi yokupaka;
• yehla ngegiya elingathathi hlangothi;
• zama ukuqala injini ngokucindezela;
• faka i-lever ku- "P" noma "N" uma udinga ukuma isikhashana;
• vula ukuhlehla esikhundleni "D" kuze kube yilapho ukunyakaza kuma ngokuphelele;
• emthambekeni, shintshela kumodi yokupaka kuze kube yilapho imoto ibekwa phezu kwebhuleki lesandla.

Ukuze uqale ukwehla, kufanele uqale ucindezele i-pedal yebhuleki, bese ukhulula ibhuleki lesandla. Kulapho kuphela lapho kukhethwa khona imodi yokushayela.

Isebenza kanjani i-automatic transmission ebusika

Lapho kubanda, kuvame ukuba nezinkinga ngemishini. Ukuze ulondoloze insiza yeyunithi ezinyangeni zasebusika, abashayeli kufanele bahambisane nezincomo ezilandelayo:

1. Ngemva kokuvula injini, fudumeza ibhokisi imizuzu embalwa, futhi ngaphambi kokushayela, cindezela futhi ubambe i-pedal ye-brake bese ushintsha zonke izindlela. Lezi zenzo zivumela uwoyela wokudlulisela ukufudumala ngokushesha.
2. Phakathi ne-5-10 km yokuqala, awudingi ukusheshisa kakhulu futhi ushelele.
3. Uma udinga ukushiya indawo eneqhwa noma eneqhwa, kufanele ufake igiya eliphansi. Ngenye indlela, udinga ukusebenza ngawo womabili ama-pedals futhi ukhiphe ngokucophelela.
4. I-buildup ayikwazi ukwenziwa, ngoba ithinta kabi i-hydraulic transformer.
5. Indawo egandayiwe eyomile ikuvumela ukuthi wehle futhi usebenzise imodi ezenzakalelayo ukuze umise ukunyakaza ngokubhuleka injini. Uma ukwehla kushelela, kuzomele usebenzise i-brake pedal.
6. Emthambekeni oneqhwa, akuvunyelwe ukucindezela i-pedal ngokucijile futhi uvumele amasondo ukuthi ashelele.
7. Ukuze uphume ngobumnene ku-skid futhi uzinze umshini, kunconywa ukuthi ufake kafushane imodi engathathi hlangothi.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-automatic transmission in the rear-wheel drive kanye ne-front-wheel drive

Emotweni edonsa ngamasondo angaphambili, u-gearbox ozishintshayo unosayizi ohlangene kanye no-different, okuyindawo enkulu yamagiya. Kwezinye izici, uhlelo nokusebenza kwamabhokisi akunamehluko.