Imikhawulo yethebula le-periodic lama-elementi. Sikuphi isiqhingi esijabulisayo sokuzinza?
Ingabe ithebula le-periodic lama-elementi linomkhawulo "ongaphezulu" - ngakho-ke ingabe ikhona inombolo ye-athomu yethiyori ye-elementi esindayo kakhulu okungeke kwenzeke ukuthi ifinyeleleke emhlabeni obonakalayo owaziwayo? Isazi sefilosofi saseRussia u-Yuri Oganesyan, okuqanjwe ngaye isici 118, ukholelwa ukuthi umkhawulo onjalo kufanele ube khona.
Ngokusho kuka-Oganesyan, inhloko yelebhu yaseFlerov eJoint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) eDubna, eRussia, ukuba khona komkhawulo onjalo kuwumphumela wemiphumela ehlobene. Njengoba inombolo ye-athomu ikhula, ukushaja okuhle kwe-nucleus kuyanda, futhi lokhu, futhi, kwandisa isivinini sama-electron azungeze i-nucleus, isondela emkhawulweni wejubane lokukhanya, isazi se-physics sichaza enkulumweni eyanyatheliswa kumagazini ka-April. . Usosayensi Omusha. “Ngokwesibonelo, ama-electron aseduze nenucleus engxenyeni 112 ahamba ngo-7/10 ijubane lokukhanya. Uma ama-electron angaphandle esondela ejubaneni lokukhanya, angashintsha izici ze-athomu, aphule izimiso zethebula le-periodic,” usho kanje.
Ukudala izakhi ezintsha ezinzima kakhulu kumalabhorethri efiziksi kuwumsebenzi okhathazayo. Ososayensi kufanele, ngokunemba okukhulu, balinganisele amandla okukhanga kanye nokwenyanya phakathi kwezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo. Okudingekayo inombolo "yomlingo" yamaphrothoni ne-neutron "enamathela ndawonye" kuyi-nucleus enenombolo ye-athomu efunwayo. Inqubo ngokwayo isheshisa izinhlayiya endaweni yeshumi yejubane lokukhanya. Kukhona ithuba elincane, kodwa hhayi elinguziro, lokwakheka kwenucleus ye-athomu esinda kakhulu yenombolo edingekayo. Khona-ke umsebenzi wezazi zefiziksi uwukupholisa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi “bawubambe” kumtshina ngaphambi kokuba ubole. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukuthola "izinto zokusetshenziswa" ezifanele - ama-isotopes angavamile, abiza kakhulu wezinto ezinemithombo ye-neutron edingekayo.
Empeleni, lapho into esindayo eqenjini le-transactinide, impilo yayo iba mfushane. I-elementi enenombolo ye-athomu engu-112 inohhafu wempilo yamasekhondi angu-29, 116 - 60 amamilliseconds, 118 - 0,9 amamillisecond. Kukholelwa ukuthi isayensi ifinyelela imingcele yento engenzeka ngokomzimba.
Nokho, u-Oganesyan akavumelani. Wethula umbono wokuthi usezweni lezinto ezinzima kakhulu. "Isiqhingi Sokuzinza". “Isikhathi sokubola kwezakhi ezintsha sifushane kakhulu, kodwa uma wengeza ama-neutron ku-nuclei yawo, ukuphila kwawo kuzokwanda,” uyaphawula. “Ukwengeza ama- neutron ayisishiyagalombili ezicini ezinombolo u-110, 111, 112 ngisho nangu-113 kwelula ukuphila kwawo ngeminyaka eyizi-100 XNUMX. kanye".
Iqanjwe ngo-Oganesyan, isici Oganesson ingeyeqembu lama-transactinides futhi inenombolo ye-athomu engu-118. Yaqala ukwenziwa ngo-2002 yiqembu lososayensi baseRussia nabaseMelika abavela kuJoint Institute for Nuclear Research eDubna. NgoZibandlela wezi-2015, yaqashelwa njengenye yezinto ezine ezintsha yi-IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Group (iqembu elakhiwe yi-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry kanye ne-International Union of Pure and Applied Physics). Ukuqanjwa kwegama okusemthethweni kwenzeke ngomhla zingama-28 kuLwezi wezi-2016. Oganesson ma inombolo ephezulu ye-athomu i ubukhulu be-athomu phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi ezaziwayo. Ngo-2002-2005, kwatholakala ama-athomu amane kuphela we-isotope angama-294.
Le elementi ingeyeqembu le-18 lethebula le-periodic, i.e. amagesi amahle (ngokuba ummeleli wayo wokuqala), nokho, ingabonisa ukusebenza kabusha okubalulekile, ngokungafani nawo wonke amanye amagesi ahloniphekile. Esikhathini esidlule, u-oganesson kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uyigesi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, kodwa izibikezelo zamanje zikhomba isimo esiqhubekayo sokuhlangana ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ngenxa yemiphumela ehlobene u-Oganessian eshiwo kungxoxo ecashunwe ngaphambili. Kuthebula le-periodic, iku-p-block, okuyimpande yokugcina yenkathi yesikhombisa.
Zombili izazi zaseRussia nezaseMelika ziye zahlongoza ngokomlando amagama ahlukene. Nokho, ekugcineni, i-IUPAC yanquma ukuhlonipha inkumbulo ka-Hovhannisyan ngokubona umnikelo wakhe omkhulu ekutholweni kwezinto ezinzima kakhulu kuthebula lezikhathi. Lesi sakhi singenye yezibili (eduze nendawo yolwandle) eziqanjwe ngomuntu ophilayo.
