Indaba yasePoland phakathi neMpi Enkulu, ingxenye yesi-4
"Polski's Treasures with the Baltic Sea", umdwebo kaWojciech Kossak obonisa izehlakalo ePuck, February 10, 19920. I-Pomeranian Rifle Division yaqala umsebenzi wayo ngoJanuwari 16 eTorun. Ijoyinwe yi-18th Wielkopolska Rifle Division (2nd Infantry Division). Ngo-February 15, 11, amasosha okugcina asuka eGdansk.
Ngo-1918 kwaletha inkululeko kubantu basePoland, kodwa umbuso wasePoland wamiswa ngo-1919. Kwakungonyaka we-1919 lapho kwathathwa khona izinqumo mayelana nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sombuso kanye nokuthungathwa kokusekelwa emazweni entando yeningi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Zisasebenza kuze kube namuhla. Ngo-1919, iRiphabhulikhi yasePoland yahileleka ezimpini eziningana zezikhali, kodwa zazinokubaluleka okulinganiselwe kuphela. Uvivinyo lwangempela lombuso osemusha kanye nebutho lawo lalizokwenzeka ngo-1920.
Emngceleni wenkululeko, iPoland yayinebutho lezempi lamathokheni kuphela. Umnyombo wabo wakhiwe amasosha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeButho lasePoland loMbuso wasePoland. Ngo-Okthoba, inani lamasosha laphindeka kabili futhi ladlula i-10 000. NgoNovemba, kwavela amasosha amasha: amayunithi ebutho langaphambili lase-Austro-Hungarian afakwa ipoloni e-Lesser Poland, futhi amayunithi e-Polish Military Organization (VOEN) adalwe eMbusweni wangaphambili. yasePoland. Abazange babe namakhono amakhulu okulwa: ukuxoshwa okuzenzakalelayo kwebutho lasebukhosini kwaholela ekuweni kwamayunithi akhona, kuyilapho eMbusweni wasePoland amayunithi eziboshwa zempi ngokuyinhloko ayeyizimo zokuhleleka komphakathi. Ukusungulwa kokuhleleka kwangaphakathi - ukuchithwa kwezikhali kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene namaqembu ezigebengu, ukuqedwa kwamaRiphabhulikhi ababezibiza ngabasebenzi nabalimi - kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kuka-1919.
Ubuthakathaka bezempi basePoland bufakazelwa yiqiniso lokuthi iqembu lokulwa labantu abangaphansi kuka-2000 1918 labelwe umsebenzi wokuqala wezempi omkhulu - ukukhululwa kweLviv. Ngakho-ke, uLvov kwadingeka alwe yedwa amasonto ambalwa. Ezimpini nesitha sangaphandle - ekuqaleni kuka-1919 no-1918 ikakhulukazi babengamaRusyns, amaCzech namaBolshevik baseRussia - kukhona isiqalo seqembu elikhethekile emgqeni ongaphambili. Ekupheleni kuka-50, la maqembu amane kwakusho ukuthi iButho LasePoland lalinamasosha angaba ngu-000 1919. Ingxenye yesihlanu yamabutho ahlomile kwakuyi-Greater Poland Army, eyahlelwa kusukela ngoJanuwari XNUMX, kanti eyesithupha yayiyi-"Blue" Army, okungukuthi, amabutho ahlelwe eFrance nase-Italy.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nokwandiswa kweButho lasePoland
Isisekelo sebutho kwakuyibutho elihamba ngezinyawo. Ibutho layo eliyinhloko lempi kwakuyibutho lamasosha angamakhulu amaningana. Ama-battalion ayeyingxenye ye-regiments, kodwa i-regiments yayinemisebenzi yokuphatha nokuqeqesha ngokuyinhloko: ibutho elinjalo lalinebutho lamasosha endaweni ethile phakathi nezwe, lapho laliqeqesha khona amasosha amaningi, liwagqokise futhi liwapha ukudla. Indima yebutho enkundleni yempi yayincane kakhulu, njengoba ukuhlukana kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Isigaba kwaba ukwakheka Tactical, uhlobo ibutho in miniature: wahlanganisa izimpi zezinsana, amabhethri wezikhali kanye namabutho amahhashi, sibonga ukuthi akwazi ukuqhuba ngokuzimela zonke izinhlobo zokulwa. Empeleni, ibutho elingahlelwanga ngokwehlukana alilutho ngaphandle kwesixuku esihlomile, empeleni inhlangano yamasosha ehlelekile.
Kwaze kwaba sentwasahlobo ka-1919, kwakungekho ukwehlukana eButhweni Lezempi LasePoland. Amaqembu ezempi ahlukahlukene alwa phambili, futhi kwamiswa ibutho lamavolontiya asemasha aqeqeshiwe ezweni. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, uhlaka aluzange lwenziwe ezinyangeni zokuqala. Omakadebona abaqinile beMpi Enkulu Yokushisekela Izwe babefuna ukubuyela emindenini yabo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ukubiza kwabo ezingalweni kwakungase kuphele ekuhlakazweni okukhulu ngisho nasekuvukeleni. Kuwo womathathu amabutho ahlukanisayo kwakukhona ukuvubela okuguquguqukayo, kwakudingeka ukulinda kuze kube yilapho umoya usuzolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo zombuso osemusha wasePoland azikwazanga ukubhekana nokubuthwa: ukulungisa uhlu lwababuthiwe, ukuzibeka, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphoqa labo abangafuni ukugqoka iyunifomu. Kodwa inkinga enkulu kwakuwukuntuleka ngokuphelele kwemali. Ibutho libiza imali, ngakho okokuqala bekufanele uhlole ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza onazo, umise uhlelo lwezezimali, futhi wakhe uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuqoqa intela. Ukubuthelwa ebuthweni kwethulwa ngo-January 15, 1919 ngomthetho weNhloko Yezwe.
Ekuqaleni, kwakufanele kwakhiwe izigaba ezingu-12 zezingane, kodwa ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi isimo sombuso wasePoland sivumela le nombolo ukuba yande. Ukuhlukana kwaqala ukwakha kuphela ekuqaleni kuka-March no-April 1919. Nakuba amayunithi amancane nangahlomile alwa nabahlaseli izinyanga ezimbalwa, ukuzinikela kwawo eyedwa kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukulungiselela amasosha aqinile nalungele ukulwa, ukufika kwawo kwashintsha ngokushesha nje inkambo yezenzakalo. isiphetho sokulwa. Futhi nakuba, ngaphezu kwamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, abagibeli bamahhashi babuye bahlelwa ngendlela ezimele ezizimele - izikhali, ama-sappers, izindiza ezinamandla kakhulu kanye nezikhali ezihlotshaniswayo eziqinile - ukuguquguquka kokwakhiwa kwesigaba samasosha kubonisa ngokucacile izinkinga zezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezempi zezwe elincane lasePoland.
Izigaba ezintathu zokuqala zahlelwa ngenxa yama-legionnaires. Ababili babo balwa namaBolshevik aseRussia futhi bakhulula uVilnius entwasahlobo ka-1919. Amavolontiya okuzivikela emngceleni wangaphambili ukusuka eKaunas kuya eMinsk alwa nawo. Ngo-Okthoba 1919, kwakhiwa izigaba ezimbili, okuthiwa yiLithuanian-Belarusian. Bahlala behlukanisiwe ngokomfanekiso namanye amayunithi ahlakaniphile eButho Lebutho LasePoland, futhi amasosha abo aba ithonya lezenzo zikaJenene Żeligowski eVilnius. Ngemva kwempi, baba yi-19th and 20th Rifle Divisions.
Isigaba sesi-3 samasosha alwa namaRusyns nama-Ukraine. Kwakhiwe ezinye ezimbili ngaphambili: i-4th Rifle Regiment yayiyingxenye yosizo lwangaphambili lwe-Lviv, futhi i-5th Rifle Regiment yayiyingxenye ye-Lvov brigade. Lokhu okulandelayo kwakhiwe kusuka ezinhlakeni zombuso wangaphambili kanye ne-Galicia yangaphambili: I-6th Infantry Regiment e-Krakow, I-7th Infantry Regiment e-Częstochowa, I-8th Infantry Regiment e-Warsaw. NgoJuni, i-9th Rifle Division yasungulwa e-Polesie futhi i-10th Rifle Division yasungulwa ngokuhlanganisa i-Lodz regiments ne-Polish 4th Rifle Division, eyayisanda kufika ezweni.
