Ukukhuphuka kwamabutho aseJalimane ahlomile

Ukukhuphuka kwamabutho aseJalimane ahlomile. Amandla amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II ayengalele kangako izinga lemishini, kodwa enhlanganweni nokuqeqeshwa kwezikhulu namasosha.

I-genesis ye-Panzerwaffe ayisona isihloko esiqondwa ngokugcwele. Naphezu kwamakhulu ezincwadi nezinkulungwane zezindatshana ezibhalwe ngalesi sihloko, kusenemibuzo eminingi okufanele icaciswe ekubunjweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamabutho ahlomile aseJalimane. Lokhu kungenxa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, egameni likaColonel General Heinz Guderian kamuva, indima yakhe evame ukulinganiswa ngokweqile.

Imikhawulo yeSivumelwano SaseVersailles, isivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa ngoJuni 28, 1919, esasungula umyalo omusha eYurophu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kwaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwebutho laseJalimane. Ngokuvumelana ne-Articles 159-213 yalesi sivumelwano, iJalimane yayingaba nebutho elincane lezokuvikela kuphela, elingadluli izikhulu eziyi-100 15, izikhulu ezingathunywanga namasosha (okuhlanganisa angekho ngaphezu kuka-000 6 embuthweni wasolwandle), ehlelwe yaba izigaba eziyisikhombisa zamasosha futhi izigaba ezintathu zabagibeli bamahhashi. kanye nemikhumbi enesizotha (imikhumbi yempi emidala engu-6, ama-cruisers angu-12, ababhubhisi abangu-12, izikebhe ze-torpedo ezingu-77). Kwakungavunyelwe ukuba nezindiza zezempi, amathangi, izikhali ezinezinga elingaphezu kuka-12 mm, imikhumbi-ngwenya nezikhali zamakhemikhali. Kwezinye izindawo zaseJalimane (ngokwesibonelo, eSigodini SaseRhine), izinqaba zayalwa ukuba zidilizwe, futhi ukwakhiwa kwezintsha kwenqatshelwe. Umsebenzi wezempi ojwayelekile wavinjelwa, amasosha kanye nezikhulu ezingagunyaziwe kwadingeka zisebenze ebuthweni okungenani iminyaka engama-25, kanye nezikhulu okungenani iminyaka eyi-XNUMX. I-General Staff yaseJalimane, eyayibhekwa njengengqondo yebutho elilungele ukulwa, nayo yayizohlakazwa.

Ngo-1925, kwasungulwa isikole sokuqala samaJalimane eWünsdorf eduze kwaseBerlin ukuze siqhube izifundo ezikhethekile zabaphathi bamathangi.

Umbuso omusha waseJalimane wadalwa esimweni sezinxushunxushu zangaphakathi nokulwa empumalanga (namasosha aseSoviet nawasePoland azama ukuzitholela indawo enhle kakhulu), kusukela ngoNovemba 9, 1918, lapho uMbusi uWilhelm II ephoqeleka ukuthi ahoxe, kuya ku-6 February 1919 - okuthiwa. I-Weimar Republic. Isisekelo esisha esisemthethweni seRiphabhulikhi sokusebenza kombuso, okuhlanganisa nomthethosisekelo omusha, sathuthukiswa e-Weimar kusukela ngoDisemba 1918 kuya ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 1919, lapho uMkhandlu Kazwelonke wesikhashana wawusebenza. Ngo-February 6, iRiphabhulikhi YaseJalimane yamenyezelwa e-Weimar, igcina igama elithi Deutsches Reich (uMbuso WaseJalimane, ongahunyushwa nangokuthi uMbuso WaseJalimane), nakuba umbuso owawusanda kuhlelwa wawubizwa ngokungekho emthethweni ngokuthi i-Weimar Republic.

Kuyafaneleka ukunezela lapha ukuthi igama loMbuso WaseJalimane lisuka ekhulwini le-962, ngesikhathi soMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma (owasungulwa ngo-1032), owawuhlanganisa imibuso elinganayo ngokombono yaseJalimane nombuso wase-Italy, kuhlanganise nezindawo. hhayi kuphela eJalimane yanamuhla nasenyakatho ye-Italy, kodwa futhi Switzerland, Austria, Belgium kanye Netherlands (kusukela 1353). Ngo-1648, abantu abahlubukayo baseFranco-German-Italian bengxenye encane emaphakathi nentshonalanga yoMbuso bathola ukuzimela, bakha izwe elisha - iSwitzerland. Ngo-1806, uMbuso wase-Italy wazibusa, futhi ingxenye esele yoMbuso manje yayihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izifunda zaseJalimane ezazihlakazekile, ngaleso sikhathi ezazibuswa abakwaHabsburg, okuwuhlanga lwakamuva olwalubusa i-Austria-Hungary. Ngakho-ke, uMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma owawususuliwe manje waqala ukubizwa ngokwethukela ngokuthi uMbuso WaseJalimane. Ngaphezu koMbuso WasePrussia, lonke elaseJalimane lalihlanganisa othishanhloko abancane, ababephishekela inqubomgomo ezimele futhi ikakhulukazi ezimele ngokwezomnotho, ezazibuswa umbusi wase-Austrian. Ngesikhathi sezimpi zikaNapoleon, uMbuso WamaRoma Ongcwele owahluliwe wahlakazwa ngo-1815, kwathi iConfederation of the Rhine (ngaphansi kwesivikelo sikaNapoleon) yasungulwa engxenyeni yayo esentshonalanga, eyathathelwa indawo yiNhlangano YaseJalimane ngo-1701 - futhi ngaphansi kwesivikelo se uMbuso Wase-Austria. Yayihlanganisa izikhulu zasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeJalimane, kanye nemibuso emibili esanda kwakhiwa - iBavaria neSaxony. I-Kingdom of Prussia (eyasungulwa ngo-1806) yahlala iyizwe elizimele ngo-1866 neBerlin njengenhloko-dolobha yayo. Ngakho, inhloko-dolobha yenhlangano eyaziwa ngokuthi iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene YaseJalimane kwakuyiFrankfurt am Main. Kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18 lapho inqubo yokuhlanganisa amaJalimane kabusha yaqala khona, futhi ngo-1871, ngemva kwempi ne-Austria, iPrussia yagwinya yonke ingxenye esenyakatho yeJalimane. NgoJanuwari 1888, 47, ngemva kwempi neFrance, uMbuso WaseJalimane wadalwa nePrussia njengengxenye yawo enamandla kakhulu. UWilhelm I waseHohenzollern wayengumbusi wokuqala waseJalimane (ababusi bangaphambili babenesiqu sababusi baseRoma), futhi u-Otto von Bismarck wayengushansela, noma undunankulu. Lo mbuso omusha wabizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iDeutches Reich, kodwa ngokungekho emthethweni wabizwa ngokuthi i-Second German Reich. Ngo-1918, uFrederick III waba uMbusi wesibili waseJalimane izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi ngokushesha walandelwa uWilhelm II. Ukudlondlobala kombuso omusha kwathatha iminyaka engu-XNUMX kuphela, futhi ngo-XNUMX ukuziqhenya namathemba amaJalimane kwaphinde kwangcwatshwa. IRiphabhulikhi ye-Weimar yabonakala eJalimane elizikhukhumezayo iwumfanekiso wezwe elikude nesikhundla samandla amakhulu, ngokungangabazeki okwakunguMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX (ngekhulu le-XNUMX laqala ukuhlukana libe izikhulu ezixhumene ngokuxekethile) ukubusa kobukhosi base-Ottonian, kwase kuba uHohenstaufen futhi kamuva imibuso yobukhosi baseJalimane

Gaugencollern (1871-1918).

Isikole sokushayela ku-chassis yethangi elikhanyayo i-Panzer I (Panzerkampfwagen), ithangi lokuqala lokukhiqiza le-Third Reich.

Ezikhulwini zaseJalimane, ezakhuliswa izizukulwane eziningana ngomoya wobukhosi namandla amakhulu, ukuvela kweriphabhulikhi yezombangazwe nebutho elilinganiselwe kwakungaseyona into ehlazisayo, kodwa inhlekelele ephelele. IJalimane yalwela amakhulu eminyaka ukubusa ezwenikazi laseYurophu, izibheka njengengxenye enkulu yokuphila kwayo njengendlalifa yoMbuso WaseRoma, umbuso ohamba phambili waseYurophu, lapho amanye amazwe eyindawo yasendle, kangangokuthi kwakunzima ngabo ukucabanga ukwehliswa okuhlazisayo endimeni yesimo esithile esimaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukugqugquzelwa kwezikhulu zaseJalimane zokwandisa amandla okulwa amabutho abo ahlomile kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo yezikhulu zezikhulu zakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

I-Reichswehr

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, amabutho ahlomile aseJalimane (iDeutsche Heer neKaiserliche Marine) ahlakazeka. Amanye amasosha kanye nezikhulu babuyela emakhaya ngemuva kwesimemezelo sokumisa, beshiya inkonzo, abanye bajoyina i-Freikorps, i.e. ukwakheka kokuzithandela, okushisekayo okwazama ukusindisa izinsalela zombuso obhidlika lapho zazikwazi khona - empumalanga, ekulweni namaBolshevik. Amaqembu angahlelekile abuyela ezikhungweni zezempi eJalimane, futhi empumalanga, amaPoles aphuca izikhali kancane futhi anqoba ibutho laseJalimane eliphelelwe amandla ezimpini (ngokwesibonelo, ekuVuselweni kweWilkopolska).

Ngo-March 6, 1919, amasosha ombuso ahlakazwa ngokomthetho, futhi esikhundleni sawo, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uGustav Noske wamisa ibutho elisha lezempi leRiphabhulikhi, iReichswehr. Ekuqaleni, iReichswehr yayinamadoda angaba ngu-400. indoda, okuyinto noma kunjalo kwaba isithunzi amabutho wangaphambili uMbusi, kodwa ngokushesha kwadingeka ukuba kuncishiswe 100 1920 abantu. Lesi sifundazwe safinyelelwa yiReichswehr maphakathi no-1872. Umphathi weReichswehr (Chef der Heeresleitung) kwakunguMajor General Walter Reinhardt (1930-1920), owalandela uColonel General Johannes Friedrich "Hans" von Seeckt (1866-1936) Ngo-March XNUMX.

Ngo-1928, kwasayinwa inkontileka noDaimler-Benz, uKrupp kanye noRheinmetall-Borsig ukwakha ithangi lokukhanya eliyisibonelo. Inkampani ngayinye kwakufanele yenze amakhophi amabili.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, uGeneral Hans von Seeckt wasebenza njengeNhloko Yezisebenzi Zebutho Le-11 likaMarshal August von Mackensen, elwa ngo-1915 e-Eastern Front esifundeni saseTarnow naseGorlice, wabe esebhekana neSerbia kwase kuba yiRomania - wayinqoba yomibili le mikhankaso. Ngokushesha ngemva kwempi, wahola ekuhoxisweni kwamasosha aseJalimane ePoland, eyayiphinde yathola inkululeko. Ngemva kokuqokwa kwakhe esikhundleni esisha, uColonel-General Hans von Seeckt wahlanganyela ngentshiseko enkulu inhlangano yamasosha ahlomile alungele ukulwa, ebheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthola amandla amakhulu okulwa amabutho atholakalayo.

Isinyathelo sokuqala kwaba ubungcweti bezinga eliphezulu - ukugxila ekutholeni izinga eliphezulu lokuqeqeshwa labo bonke abasebenzi, kusukela kwabazimele kuya kojenene. Ibutho kwadingeka lifundiswe ngomoya wendabuko, wamaPrussia wokuhlasela, njengoba, ngokuka-von Seeckt, isimo sengqondo esicasulayo, esinolaka kuphela esasingaqinisekisa ukunqoba ngokunqoba amabutho omhlaseli okungenzeka ahlasele iJalimane. Okwesibili kwakuwukuhlomisa amasosha ngezikhali ezingcono kakhulu, njengengxenye yesivumelwano, "ukugoba" noma kuphi lapho kungenzeka khona. Kuphinde kwaba nengxoxo ebanzi kuReichswehr mayelana nezimbangela zokunqotshwa kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye neziphetho ezingathathwa kulokhu. Kwaba kuphela ngemuva kwalezi zingxoxo lapho izingxoxo zavela khona mayelana nemibono emisha yempi emazingeni amaqhinga nawokusebenza, okuhloswe ngawo ukuthuthukisa imfundiso yezempi entsha, eguquguqukayo eyayizonikeza i-Reichswehr inzuzo ewujuqu phezu kwabaphikisi abanamandla kodwa abalandela imithetho.

Isithombe silungiswe ngu-Krupp. Zombili izinkampani zadalwa ngemodeli ye-German LK II light tank (1918), okwakuhlelwe ukuthi ifakwe ekukhiqizeni kwe-serial.

Emkhakheni wemfundiso yempi, uJenene von Seeckt waphawula ukuthi ukwakheka okukhulu, okusindayo okudalwe ibutho elinamandla elibuthiwe akusebenzi futhi kudinga ukunikezwa okuqhubekayo, okuqinile. Ibutho elincane, eliqeqeshwe kahle lanikeza ithemba lokuthi lingase lihambe kakhulu, futhi izinkinga zokusekela izinto kuzoba lula ukuzixazulula. Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaVon Seeckt eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala emikhawulweni lapho ukusebenza kwakulawuleka kancane kunasemngceleni waseNtshonalanga eqandisiwe endaweni eyodwa kwamshukumisela ukuba afune izindlela zokuxazulula inkinga yokunquma ukuphakama kwezinombolo zesitha ekuhambeni ezingeni lamaqhinga kanye nokusebenza. . Ukuqondisa okusheshayo, okunqumayo bekufanele kunikeze inzuzo yendawo futhi kusetshenziswe amathuba - amaphuzu abuthakathaka esitha, okuvumela ukuphumelela kwemigqa yaso yokuzivikela, bese kuba nezenzo eziwujuqu ekujuleni kokuzivikela okuhloswe ukukhubaza ingemuva lesitha. . Ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni zokuhamba okuphezulu, amayunithi kuwo wonke amazinga kufanele alawule ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhali (ama-infantry, amahhashi, ama-artillery, ama-sappers kanye nokuxhumana). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha kufanele ahlome ngezikhali ezisekelwe entuthukweni yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe. Naphezu kwe-conseratism ethile ekucabangeni (u-von Seeckt wayengeyena umsekeli wezinguquko ezishintsha kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhleleka kwamasosha, wayesaba ubungozi bezinqumo ezingahloliwe), kwakungu-von Seeckt owabeka izisekelo zezinkombandlela zesikhathi esizayo zentuthuko. amabutho ahlomile aseJalimane. Emuva ngo-1921, ngaphansi kokusekelwa kwakhe eReichswehr, umyalo othi “Yala futhi ulwe nezikhali ezihlanganisiwe zezikhali” (Führung und Gefecht der Verbundenen Waffen; FuG) wakhishwa. Kulo myalelo, ukugcizelelwa kwakusezenzweni ezicasulayo, ezinqumayo, ezingalindelekile futhi ezisheshayo, ezihloswe ekukhipheni isitha esinezinhlangothi ezimbili noma uhlangothi olulodwa ukuze zimnqamule ezimpahleni futhi zikhawulele ikamelo lakhe ukuze likwazi ukuhamba. Kodwa-ke, u-von Seeckt akazange angabaze ukunikezela ngokuhambisa lo msebenzi ngokusebenzisa izikhali ezintsha ezifana namathangi noma izindiza. Kulokhu, wayengumuntu ojwayelekile. Kunalokho, wayethambekele ekutholeni izinga eliphezulu lokuqeqeshwa, ukuzimela kwamaqhinga kanye nokubambisana okuphelele njengabaqinisekisi bokuqondisa okuphumelelayo, okunqumayo kwamaqhinga nokusebenza kusetshenziswa izindlela zendabuko zempi. Imibono yakhe yabelwa izikhulu eziningi zeReichswehr, njengoGeneral Friedrich von Theisen (1866-1940), izindatshana zakhe zisekela imibono kaGeneral von Seeckt.

UGeneral Hans von Seeckt wayengeyena umsekeli wezinguquko zobuchwepheshe futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengafuni ukudalula iJalimane ekuziphindiseleni kwe-Allied uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa okucacile kwezinhlinzeko zeSivumelwano SaseVersailles, kodwa kakade ngo-1924 wayala isikhulu esinomthwalo wemfanelo. ukufunda nokufundisa amaqhinga ezikhali.

Ngokungeziwe ku-von Seeckt, kufanelekile ukubalula abanye abefundisi ababili be-Weimar Republic ababa nomthelela ekwakhiweni komcabango wamasu waseJalimane wangaleso sikhathi. U-Joachim von Stülpnagel (1880-1968; akufanele adidaniswe namagama aziwa kangcono - oJenene u-Otto von Stülpnagel noKarl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, abazala abalandela ngokulandelana amasosha aseJalimane ekuthatheni iFrance ngo-1940-1942 nango-1942) - Ngo-1944 - Ngo-1922, wahola uMkhandlu Wokusebenza weTruppenamt, i.e. Umyalo we-Reichswehr, futhi kamuva wabamba izikhundla ezihlukene zokulawula: kusukela kumkhuzi webutho lezinsana ngo-1926 kuya kumkhuzi webutho le-Wehrmacht reserve kusukela ngo-1926 enezinga lika-lieutenant general. Exoshwa ebuthweni ngemuva kokugxeka izinqubomgomo zikaHitler ngo-1938, u-Joachim von Stülpnagel, ummeli wezempi yeselula, wethula emcabangweni wamasu waseJalimane umqondo wokufundisa wonke umphakathi ngomoya wokulungiselela impi. Waya ngisho nangokwengeziwe - wayengumsekeli wokuthuthukiswa kwamabutho kanye nezindlela zokwenza imisebenzi yeqembu ngemuva kwemigqa yesitha eyayizohlasela iJalimane. Waphakamisa lokho okubizwa ngeVolkkrieg - impi "yabantu", lapho zonke izakhamizi, ezilungiselelwe ngokuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuthula, zizobhekana nesitha ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile - ngokujoyina ukushushiswa kweqembu. Kuphela ngemva kokuba amabutho ezitha esekhathele yizimpi zabashokobezi, kufanele kwenzeke ukuhlasela okujwayelekile kwamabutho avamile, okuthi, kusetshenziswa ukuhamba, isivinini kanye namandla omlilo, kwakufanele kunqobe amayunithi esitha abuthaka, kokubili endaweni yawo kanye nasezindaweni zezitha, ngesikhathi sokuphishekela isitha esibalekayo. Isici sokuhlasela okuwujuqu emabuthweni esitha abuthaka sasiyingxenye ebalulekile yomqondo ka-von Stulpnagel. Nokho, lo mbono awuzange uthuthukiswe ku-Reichswehr noma ku-Wehrmacht.

UWilhelm Gröner (1867-1939), isikhulu saseJalimane, wakhonza emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezisebenzi phakathi nempi, kodwa ngo-March 1918 waba umkhuzi we-26th Army Corps, eyathatha i-Ukraine, futhi kamuva waba isikhulu samasosha. Ngo-October 1918, 1920, lapho u-Erich Ludendorff exoshwa esikhundleni sokuba iPhini LeNhloko Yezisebenzi Ezivamile, esikhundleni sakhe kwathathwa uJenene Wilhelm Groener. Akazange abe nezikhundla eziphakeme e-Reichswehr futhi ngo-1928 washiya ibutho lezempi nesikhundla sika-lieutenant general. Ungene kwezombusazwe, enza, ikakhulukazi, imisebenzi kaNgqongqoshe wezokuThutha. Phakathi kukaJanuwari 1932 noMeyi XNUMX, wayenguNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela we-Weimar Republic.

U-Wilhelm Groener wabelane ngemibono yangaphambilini ka-von Seeckt yokuthi izenzo eziwujuqu nezisheshayo kuphela ezingaholela ekubhujisweni kwamasosha ezitha futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ekunqobeni. Ukulwa kwakufanele kube okulawulekayo ukuze kuvinjwe isitha ekwakheni ukuzivikela okuqinile. Nokho, uWilhelm Groener futhi wethula isici esisha sokuhlela amasu amaJalimane - lokhu kuhlelwa kwakusekelwe ngokuqinile emandleni omnotho wombuso. Ukholelwa ukuthi isenzo sezempi kufanele sicabangele namathuba omnotho wasekhaya ukuze kugwenywe ukuqedwa kwezinsiza. Izenzo zakhe, okuhloswe ngazo ukulawula okuqinile kwezezimali ekuthengeni amasosha, noma kunjalo, azizange zihlangane nokuqonda kwamasosha, ayekholelwa ukuthi konke okusembusweni kufanele kube ngaphansi kwamandla ayo okuvikela futhi, uma kunesidingo, izakhamizi kufanele zilungele ukuthwala. umthwalo wezikhali. Abangene esikhundleni sakhe eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela abazange babe nemibono yakhe kwezomnotho. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uWilhelm Gröner ubuye wethula umbono wakhe webutho laseJalimane lesikhathi esizayo elinabagibeli bamahhashi abanezimoto ngokugcwele namabutho ahlomile, kanye namasosha ahamba ngezinyawo ahlome ngezikhali zanamuhla zokulwa namathangi. Ngaphansi kwakhe, ukuqondisa kokuhlola kwaqala ukwenziwa ngokusetshenziswa okukhulu (nakuba kufanisiwe) kokwakheka kwesivinini esikhulu. Enye yalezi zivivinyo yenziwa ngemuva kokuthi uGroener eshiye isikhundla sakhe, ngoSepthemba 1932, esifundeni saseFrankfurt an der Oder. Uhlangothi "oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", umvikeli, lwalulawulwa uLieutenant General Gerd von Rundstedt (1875-1953), umkhuzi we-3rd Infantry Division evela eBerlin, kuyilapho uhlangothi oluhlaselayo, luhlomele kakhulu amahhashi, amabutho ahamba ngezimoto kanye nezikhali (ngaphandle kwabagibeli bamahhashi. , ikakhulukazi enziwe imodeli, emelwe amayunithi amancane anezimoto) - ULieutenant General Fedor von Bock, umkhuzi we-2nd Infantry Division wase-Szczecin. Lezi zivivinyo zibonise ubunzima bokuqondisa amabutho amahhashi ahlangene kanye namayunithi anezimoto; ngemva kokuqedwa kwawo, amaJalimane akazange azame ukwakha amayunithi amahhashi-mechanized, adalwe e-USSR, futhi ngokwengxenye e-USA.

UKurt von Schleicher (1882–1934), naye ongujenene owahlala eReichswehr kwaze kwaba ngu-1932, wasebenza njengoNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela kusukela ngoJuni 1932 kuya kuJanuwari 1933, futhi isikhathi esifushane (ngoZibandlela 1932–Januwari 1933) wayebuye abe nguShansela waseJalimane. Ikholwa eliqinile ezikhalini eziyimfihlo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubiza malini. UNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela wokuqala "wamaNazi" kuphela (uNgqongqoshe Wezempi kusukela ngo-1935), u-Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg, wengamele ukuguqulwa kweReichswehr ibe yi-Wehrmacht, eqondisa ukwanda okukhulu kwamabutho ahlomile aseJalimane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindleko inqubo. . UWerner von Blomberg wahlala esikhundleni sakhe kusukela ngoJanuwari 1933 kuya kuJanuwari 1938, lapho iHhovisi Lezempi liqedwa ngokuphelele, kwathi ngo-February 4, 1938, kwaqokwa i-Wehrmacht High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht), eholwa uGeneral Artillery uWilhelm Keitel. (kusukela ngoJulayi 1940 - i-field marshal).

I-theorists yokuqala yaseJalimane yezikhali

Isazi saseJalimane esidume kakhulu sempi yesimanje yeselula nguColonel General Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (1888-1954), umbhali wencwadi edumile ethi Achtung-Panzer! die Entwicklung der Panzerwaffe, ihre Kampftaktik und ihre operan Möglichkeiten” (Ukunakwa, amathangi! Ukuthuthukiswa kwamabutho ahlomile, amaqhinga awo namandla okusebenza), eyanyatheliswa eStuttgart ngo-1937. Nokho, empeleni umqondo wamaJalimane wokusebenzisa amabutho ahlomile empini. yathuthukiswa njengomsebenzi ohlangene abaningi abangaziwa kakhulu nabasebekhohliwe amathiyori. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini sokuqala - kuze kube ngu-1935 - baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile kunokaputeni wangaleso sikhathi, futhi kamuva uMajor Heinz Guderian. Wabona ithangi okokuqala ngo-1929 eSweden futhi ngaphambi kwalokho wayengenandaba nebutho lezikhali. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi Reichswehr kakade wayala ngasese amathangi ayo amabili okuqala, futhi iqhaza Guderian kule nqubo kwaba zero. Ukuhlolwa kabusha kwendima yakhe cishe kuhlobene ikakhulukazi nokufunda izinkumbulo zakhe ezifundwa kabanzi "Erinnerungen eines Soldaten" ("Izinkumbulo Zesosha"), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1951, futhi ngezinga elithile zingaqhathaniswa nezikhumbuzo zikaMarshal Georgy Zhukov "Izikhumbuzo". kanye ne-Reflections ”(Izinkumbulo Zesosha) ngo-1969 - ngokukhazimulisa impumelelo yabo. Futhi nakuba u-Heinz Guderian ngokungangabazeki waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile, kubalulekile ukusho labo abasithwe yinganekwane yakhe evuthayo futhi baxoshwa enkumbulweni yezazi-mlando.

Amathangi asindayo ayefana ngokubukeka, kodwa ayehluka ekwakhiweni komshini wokudlulisela, ukumiswa kanye nohlelo lokuqondisa. Isithombe esiphezulu yi-prototype ye-Krupp, isithombe esingezansi yi-Rheinmetall-Borsig.

Umbhali wokuqala owaziwayo waseJalimane wokusebenza kwezikhali kwakunguLieutenant (kamuva owaba uLieutenant Colonel) u-Ernst Volkheim (1898-1962), owakhonza ebuthweni leKaiser kusukela ngo-1915, wenyukela esikhundleni sokuqala sezikhulu ngo-1916. Kusukela ngo-1917 wasebenza ebuthweni lezikhali, futhi kusukela ngo-April 1918 wangena enkonzweni yokuqala yezempi yaseJalimane. Ngakho waba umkhumbi wamathangi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi Reichswehr entsha wabelwa inkonzo yezokuthutha - Kraftfahrtruppe. Ngo-1923 wadluliselwa e-Inspectorate of the Transport Service, lapho afundela khona ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi ezimpini zesimanje. Kakade ngo-1923, incwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi, Die deutschen Kampfwagen im Weltkriege (amathangi aseJalimane eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala), yanyatheliswa eBerlin, lapho akhuluma khona ngolwazi lokusebenzisa amathangi enkundleni yempi, kanye nolwazi lwakhe siqu njengomphathi wenkampani. futhi kwaba usizo. amathangi ngo-1918. Ngemva konyaka, kwanyatheliswa incwadi yakhe yesibili ethi, Der Kampfwagen in der heutigen Kriegführung (Amathangi ezimpini zanamuhla), engabhekwa njengomsebenzi wokuqala waseJalimane ophathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezimpini zanamuhla. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, e-Reichswehr, izinsana zazisabhekwa njengamandla amakhulu, futhi amathangi - indlela yokusekela nokuvikela izenzo ze-infantry ngokulingana namasosha onjiniyela noma ukuxhumana. U-Ernst Volkheim wagomela ngokuthi amathangi ayebukelwa phansi eJalimane kakade phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala nokuthi amabutho ahlomile angakha amandla amakhulu, kuyilapho amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo elandela amathangi, athatha indawo futhi ahlanganisa lokho okuzuziwe. UVolkheim wabuye wasebenzisa impikiswano yokuthi uma amathangi ayengabalulekile kangako enkundleni yempi, kungani-ke ama-Allies enqabela amaJalimane ukuba abe nawo? Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwamathangi kungamelana nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamasosha ezitha emhlabeni futhi kungasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokusho kwakhe, uhlobo oluyinhloko lwemoto yokulwa ehlomile kufanele kube ithangi elinesisindo esiphakathi, okuthi, ngenkathi ligcina ukuhamba kwalo enkundleni yempi, lizophinde lihlome kakhulu ngenganono ekwazi ukucekela phansi noma yiziphi izinto enkundleni yempi, kuhlanganise namathangi ezitha. Mayelana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamathangi namasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, u-Ernst Volkheim washo ngesibindi ukuthi amathangi kufanele abe amandla abo aphambili futhi amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo kufanele kube isikhali sabo sesibili esiyinhloko. E-Reichswehr, lapho amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo kwakufanele alawule inkundla yempi, umbono onjalo - mayelana nendima yokusiza yamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo maqondana nezakhiwo zezikhali - wahunyushwa njengokuhlubuka.

Ngo-1925, uLieutenant Volkheim wamukelwa esikoleni samaphoyisa eDresden, lapho afundisa khona ngamasu ezikhali. Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwanyatheliswa incwadi yakhe yesithathu, i-Der Kampfwagen und Abwehr dagegen (Amathangi ne-anti-tank defense), eyayixoxa ngamaqhinga amayunithi amathangi. Kule ncwadi, uphinde waveza umbono wokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kuzovumela ukukhiqizwa kwamathangi asheshayo, athembekile, ahlomile futhi ahlomile anekhono eliphezulu lokuwela izwe. Njengoba ihlonyiswe ngemisakazo ukuze iwalawule ngokuphumelelayo, azokwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwamabutho amakhulu, athathe impi yokuqondisa impi iye ezingeni elisha ngokuphelele. Wabuye wabhala ukuthi esikhathini esizayo kuzokwazi ukuthuthukisa umugqa wonke wezimoto ezihlomile eziklanyelwe ukuxazulula imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Kwakudingeka bavikele izenzo zamathangi, isibonelo, ngokuthutha amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, abe nekhono elifanayo lokuwela izwe kanye nesivinini esifanayo sokusebenza. Encwadini yakhe entsha, ubuye waveza isidingo sokuthi "amasosha ajwayelekile" ahlele ukuzivikela okusebenzayo kwamathangi - ngokuthatha iqembu elifanele, ukufihla kanye nokufakwa kwezibhamu ezikwazi ukucekela phansi amathangi eziqondisweni ezihlosiwe zamathangi ezitha. Uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqeqeshwa kwezingane ezincane mayelana nokugcina ukuzola nokuziphatha okuhle lapho uhlangana namathangi ezitha.

Ngo-1932-1933, uCaptain Volkheim wayengumfundisi esikoleni sezempi sase-Kazan-German eKazan, lapho aqeqesha khona izikhulu zezikhali zaseSoviet. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waphinde wanyathelisa izihloko eziningi "Tygodnik Wojskowy" (Militär Wochenblatt). Ngo-1940 wayengumkhuzi we-Panzer-Abteilung zbV 40 tank battalion esebenza eNorway, futhi ngo-1941 waba umkhuzi wesikole sasePanzertruppenschule eWünsdorf, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1942, lapho ethatha umhlalaphansi.

Naphezu kokuphikiswa kokuqala, imibono kaVolkheim yaqala ukuthola indawo evundile ngokwengeziwe eReichswehr, futhi phakathi kwalabo okungenani ingxenye ethile babelane ngemibono yakhe kwakukhona uColonel Werner von Fritsch (1888-1939; kusukela ngo-1932 omkhulu wamasosha, kusukela ngoFebhuwari 1934 umkhuzi webutho lezempi). i-Land Forces (Obeerkommando des Heeres; OKH) esikhundleni sokuba uLieutenant General, futhi ekugcineni uColonel General General, kanye noMajor General Werner von Blomberg (1878-1946; kamuva owaba i-field marshal), ngaleso sikhathi owayephethe ukuqeqeshwa kweReichswehr, kusukela ngo-1933 UNgqongqoshe Wezempi, futhi kusukela ngo-1935 futhi uMkhuzi Ophakeme Wokuqala Wezempi YaseJalimane (Wehrmacht, OKW) Imibono yabo, yebo, yayingeyona eqinile, kodwa bobabili basekela ukuthuthukiswa kwamabutho ahlomile - njengelinye lamathuluzi amaningi. ukuqinisa iqembu elishaqisayo lamasosha aseJalimane Kwesinye sezindatshana zakhe ku-Militär Wochenblatt, uWerner von Fritsch wabhala ukuthi amathangi kungenzeka abe yisikhali esiwujuqu ezingeni lokusebenza futhi ngokombono wokusebenza azosebenza kakhulu uma ehlelwa amayunithi amakhulu njengama-armored brigades. Ngokulandelayo, uWerner von Blomberg ngo-Okthoba 1927 walungiselela iziyalezo zokuqeqesha amabutho ezikhali ayengekho ngaleso sikhathi. UGuderian encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo usola bobabili ojenene abangenhla nge-conservatism uma kuziwa ekusetshenzisweni kwamasosha asheshayo, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso - nje isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi sikaGuderian, ukunethezeka kwakhe kanye nokugxeka okuphakade kwabaphathi bakhe ukuthi kulo lonke ubudlelwano bakhe bezempi abaphathi bakhe okungenani babecindezelekile. Noma ubani owayengavumelani naye ngokugcwele, uGuderian wamangalela ezincwadini zakhe zokuhlehla nokungaqondi kahle izimiso zempi yanamuhla.

UMajor (kamuva owaba nguMajor General) uRitter Ludwig von Radlmeier (1887-1943) wayeyisikhulu se-10th Bavarian Infantry Regiment kusukela ngo-1908, futhi ekupheleni kwempi futhi waba yisikhulu emayunithi ezikhali aseJalimane. Ngemva kwempi, wabuyela emasosheni, kodwa ngo-1924 wabelwa omunye wamabutho eziyisikhombisa zokuthutha Reichswehr - 7th (Bayerischen) Kraftfahr-Abteilung. Lezi zimpi zakhiwe ngokuvumelana namashadi enhlangano e-Reichswehr, adwetshwe ngokuhambisana neSivumelwano SaseVersailles, ngenjongo yokuhlinzeka ngezigaba zezingane. Kodwa-ke, eqinisweni, baba yizimo zezimoto zomhlaba wonke, njengoba imikhumbi yabo yezimoto ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emalolini anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kuya ezithuthuthu futhi ngisho nezimoto ezimbalwa (ezivunyelwe isivumelwano) izimoto ezihlomile, zazisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kokuqala ngemishini yemishini. ibutho. Kwakungalezi zimpi ezazibonisa amamodeli amathangi asetshenziswa eReichswehr ukuze aqeqeshelwe ukuvikela amathangi, kanye nokwenza amaqhinga amabutho ahlomile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhulu ezinokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini kwemishini (kuhlanganise nemikhumbi yangaphambili yombuso) zangena kulawa mabutho, kanti ngakolunye, izikhulu zakwamanye amagatsha ezempi, ukuze zijeziswe. Emqondweni womyalo omkhulu waseJalimane, izimpi zokuthutha izimoto, ngokwezinga elithile, zingabalandeli bezinsizakalo ze-Kaiser's rolling stock. Ngokomoya wezempi wasePrussia, isikhulu kufanele senze inkonzo ehloniphekile ezinhlwini, futhi amakharavani athunyelwe njengesijeziso, lokhu kwakuhunyushwa njengokuthile phakathi kwesigwebo esivamile sokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe kanye nenkantolo yezempi. Ngenhlanhla ye-Reichswehr, isithombe salezi zimpi zokuthutha izimoto sasishintsha kancane kancane, kanye nesimo sengqondo esibhekiswe kulawa mayunithi angemuva njengembewu yemishini yesikhathi esizayo yebutho.

Ngo-1930, uMajor von Radlmayer wadluliselwa ku-Inspectorate of the Transport Service. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okungukuthi, ngo-1925-1933, waya e-United States ngokuphindaphindiwe, ejwayelana nezimpumelelo zaseMelika emkhakheni wokwakha amathangi nokudala amayunithi okuqala ahlomile. U-Major von Radlmeier waqoqa ulwazi lwe-Reichswehr mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwamabutho ahlomile phesheya, wabanikeza iziphetho zakhe mayelana nentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yamabutho ahlomile aseJalimane. Kusukela ngo-1930, u-Major von Radlmayer wayengumkhuzi we-Kama School of Armored Force e-Kazan e-USSR (Direktor der Kampfwagenschule "Kama"). Ngo-1931 wathathelwa indawo umphathi omkhulu. UJosef Harpe (umkhuzi Webutho Lesihlanu LasePanzer phakathi neMpi Yezwe II) futhi "wasuswa" abaphathi bakhe ku-Inspectorate of the Transport Service. Kuphela ngo-5 wamiswa umkhuzi we-1938 bese kuba 6 brigade armored, futhi ngo-February 5 waba umkhuzi we-Armored Division 1940. Wasuswa egunyeni ngoJuni 4 ngenkathi isigaba sakhe siboshwa yi-French Defences eLille; wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1940 futhi wafa

ngenxa yokugula ngo-1943.

U-Major Oswald Lutz (1876-1944) kungenzeka ukuthi wayengeyena i-theorist ngomqondo oqinile wegama, kodwa empeleni kwakunguye, hhayi uGuderian, empeleni owayengu "yise" wamabutho aseJalimane ahlomile. Kusukela ngo-1896, isikhulu se-sapper, phakathi neMpi Yezwe yama-21 wakhonza emabuthweni wesitimela. Ngemva kwempi, wayeyinhloko yenkonzo yezokuthutha ye-7th Infantry Brigade, futhi ngemva kokuhlelwa kabusha kweReichswehr, ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zeSivumelwano saseVersailles, waba umkhuzi webutho lezokuthutha le-1927, lapho ( ngendlela, njengenhlawulo) futhi cap. Heinz Guderian. Ngo-1, uLutz wathuthela endlunkulu ye-Army Group No. 1931 eBerlin, futhi ngo-1936 waba umhloli wamasosha ezokuthutha. Umphathi wakhe kwakunguMajor Heinz Guderian; bobabili bakhushulelwa esikhundleni: u-Oswald Lutz waba ujenene omkhulu, kwathi uGuderian waba ngu-lieutenant colonel. U-Oswald Lutz wabamba isikhundla sakhe kwaze kwaba nguFebruwari 1938, lapho eqokwa ukuba abe umkhuzi weqembu lokuqala le-Wehrmacht, i-1936 Army Corps. Uthathe umhlalaphansi enonyaka owodwa ubudala. Lapho ngo-1 uColonel Werner Kempf eba umlandeli wakhe esikhungweni sokuhlola, isikhundla sakhe sase sibizwa ngokuthi Inspekteur der Kraftfahrkampftruppen und für Heeresmotorisierung, okungukuthi, umhloli wezokuthutha kanye nezimoto zamasosha. U-Oswald Lutz waba ujenene wokuqala owathola isikhundla "sombutho wamasosha" (November 1935 XNUMX), futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu kuphela angathathwa "njengomkhumbi wamathangi wokuqala we-Wehrmacht". Njengoba sesishilo kakade, uLutz wayengeyena i-theoretician, kodwa umhleli nomqondisi - kwakungaphansi kobuholi bakhe obuqondile ukuthi izigaba zokuqala zamathangi zaseJalimane zadalwa.

U-Heinz Guderian - isithonjana samabutho aseJalimane ahlomile

Хайнц Вильгельм Гудериан родился 17 июня 1888 г. в Хелмно на Висле, в тогдашней Восточной Пруссии, в семье профессионального офицера. В феврале 1907 г. стал кадетом 10-го ганноверского Егровского батальона, которым командовал его отец, лейтенант. Фридрих Гудериан, через год он стал вторым лейтенантом. В 1912 г. он хотел поступить на пулеметные курсы, но по совету отца – в то время уже ген. майор и командиры 35. Пехотные бригады – закончил курс радиосвязи. Радиостанции представляли собой вершину военной техники того времени, и именно так Хайнц Гудериан приобрел полезные технические знания. В 1913 году начал обучение в Военной академии в Берлине, как самый молодой курсант (среди которых был, в частности, Эрик Манштейн). В академии на Гудериана большое влияние оказал один из лекторов — полковник принц Рюдигер фон дер Гольц. Начавшаяся Первая мировая война прервала обучение Гудериана, которого перевели в 5-е подразделение радиосвязи. Кавалерийская дивизия, принимавшая участие в первоначальном наступлении Германии через Арденны на Францию. Небольшой опыт высших командиров имперской армии означал, что подразделение Гудериана практически не использовалось. Во время отступления после битвы на Марне в сентябре 1914 г. Гудериан чуть не попал во французский плен, когда весь его отряд потерпел крушение в деревне Бетенвиль. После этого события см. он был прикомандирован к отделу связи 4. армии во Фландрии, где он был свидетелем применения немцами иприта (дымящегося газа) в Ипре в апреле 1914 года. Следующее его назначение — разведывательный отдел 5-го штаба. Армейские бои под Верденом. Битва на уничтожение (materialschlacht) произвела на Гудериана большое негативное впечатление. В его голове сложилось убеждение о превосходстве маневренных действий, которые могли бы способствовать разгрому противника более эффективным способом, чем окопная бойня. В середине 1916 г. от. Гудериан был переведен в Штаб 4. армии во Фландрии, также в разведывательную дивизию. Здесь он был в сентябре 1916 года. свидетель (хотя и не очевидец) первого применения англичанами танков в битве на Сомме. Однако на него это не произвело большого впечатления — тогда он не обращал внимания на танки как на оружие будущего. В апреле 1917 г. в битве при Эне в качестве разведчика наблюдал за использованием французских танков, но снова не привлек к себе особого внимания. В феврале 1918 г. от. Гудериан после окончания соответствующего курса стал офицером Генерального штаба, а в мае 1918 г. – квартирмейстер XXXVIII резервного корпуса, с которым он принимал участие в летнем наступлении немецких войск, вскоре остановленном союзниками. С большим интересом Гудериан наблюдал за применением новой немецкой штурмовой группировки — штурмовиков, специально обученной пехоты для прорыва вражеских линий малыми силами, при минимальной поддержке. В середине сентября 1918 г. капитан Гудериан был назначен на миссию связи немецкой армии с австро-венгерскими войсками, сражающимися на итальянском фронте.

Ngo-1928, ibutho lamathangi lakhiwa kusukela ku-Strv m / 21 ethengiwe. UGuderian wayeka lapho ngo-1929, mhlawumbe ukuxhumana kwakhe kokuqala okuqondile namathangi.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwempi, uGuderian wahlala ebuthweni, kwathi ngo-1919 wathunyelwa - njengommeleli weGeneral Staff - "e-Iron Division" Freikorps (inhlangano yamavolontiya yaseJalimane eyalwa empumalanga ukuze kusungulwe imingcele evumayo kunazo zonke. Germany) ngaphansi komyalo kaMajor Rüdiger von der Goltz, owayengumfundisi wakhe eSikhungweni Sezempi. Leli qembu lalwa namaBolshevik eBaltic, lathumba iRiga futhi laqhubeka nokulwa eLatvia. Lapho uhulumeni we-Weimar Republic wamukela iSivumelwano SaseVersailles ehlobo lika-1919, wayala amasosha akwaFreikorps ukuba ahoxe eLatvia naseLithuania, kodwa i-Iron Division ayizange ilalele. UCaptain Guderian, esikhundleni sokufeza imisebenzi yakhe yokulawula egameni lomyalo we-Reichswehr, wasekela u-von Goltz. Ngenxa yalokhu kungalaleli, wadluliselwa ku-10 brigade ye-Reichswehr entsha njengomphathi wenkampani, kwathi ngo-January 1922 - njengengxenye "yokuqina" okuqhubekayo - wathunyelwa e-7th Bavarian motor transport battalion. UCaptain Guderian wayiqonda imiyalelo ngesikhathi sokuketula umbuso ngo-1923 eMunich (indawo yebutho)

kude nepolitiki.

Ngenkathi esebenza ebutho elilawulwa yisikhulu futhi kamuva u-lieutenant. Oswald Lutz, Guderian waba nesithakazelo kwezokuthutha ngomshini njengendlela yokwandisa ukuhamba kwamasosha. Ezihlokweni eziningana zeMilitär Wochenblatt, wabhala mayelana nokwenzeka kokuthutha amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo namaloli ukuze andise ukuhamba kwawo enkundleni yempi. Ngesinye isikhathi, waze wasikisela ukuguqula izigaba ezikhona zabagibeli bamahhashi zibe izigaba ezinezimoto, okuyinto, yiqiniso, ayizange ithandeke kubagibeli bamahhashi.

Ngo-1924, uCaptain Guderian wabelwa e-2nd Infantry Division eSzczecin, lapho ayefundisa khona amaqhinga nomlando wezempi. Isabelo esisha saphoqa uGuderian ukuthi afunde zombili lezi ziqondiso ngokucophelela, okuholele emsebenzini wakhe wakamuva. Ngalesi sikhathi, waba umgqugquzeli okhulayo wokwenziwa kwemishini, ayekubona njengendlela yokwandisa amandla amasosha. Ngo-January 1927, uGuderian wakhushulelwa esikhundleni esiphakeme, futhi ngo-October wabelwa emnyangweni wezokuthutha woMnyango Wokusebenza weTruppenamt. Ngo-1929, wavakashela eSweden, lapho okokuqala ekuphileni kwakhe wahlangana ithangi - Swedish M21. AbaseSweden baze bamvumela ukuthi ayihole. Ngokunokwenzeka, kusukela kulo mzuzu kwaqala intshisekelo kaGuderian emathangini.

Lapho entwasahlobo ka-1931, uMajor General Oswald Lutz eba inhloko yezokuthutha, waqasha umphathi omkhulu. UGuderian njengenduna yakhe yabasebenzi, ngokushesha wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba u-lieutenant colonel. Yileli qembu elahlela izigaba zokuqala zezikhali zaseJalimane. Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ubani owayengumphathi nokuthi ubani owayengaphansi.

Ngo-Okthoba 1935, ngenkathi kwakhiwa izigaba zokuqala zezikhali, I-Transport Service Inspectorate yaguqulwa yaba yi-Transport and Mechanization Inspectorate (Inspektion der Kraftfahrkampftruppen und für Heeresmotorisierung). Lapho kwakhiwa izigaba ezintathu zokuqala zePanzer, uMajor General Heinz Guderian waqokwa njengomphathi we-2nd Armored Division. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, okungukuthi, ngo-1931-1935, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zezigaba ezintsha zezikhali kanye nokulungiswa kwama-charter azosetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kwakuwumsebenzi kaMajor General (kamuva owaba uLieutenant General) u-Oswald Lutz, yebo ngosizo lukaGuderian. .

Ekwindla ka-1936, u-Oswald Lutz wancenga uGuderian ukuba abhale incwadi ngomqondo othuthukiswe ngokuhlanganyela wokusetshenziswa kwamabutho ahlomile. U-Oswald Lutz wayengenaso isikhathi sokuzibhala ngokwakhe, wabhekana nezindaba eziningi zenhlangano, izinsiza kanye nabasebenzi, yingakho ebuze uGuderian ngakho. Ukubhala incwadi ebeka isimo esithuthukisiwe ngokuhlanganyela mayelana nomqondo wokusetshenziswa kwamandla asheshayo ngokungangabazeki kwakuzoletha udumo kumlobi, kodwa uLutz wayekhathazeke kuphela ngokusabalalisa umqondo wokusebenzisa imishini kanye nokulwa impi yeselula eyimishini njengendlela ephikisayo ukuphakama kwamanani kwesitha. Lokhu bekuwukuthuthukisa amayunithi emishini u-Oswald Lutz ayehlose ukuwadala.

U-Heinz Guderian usetshenziswe encwadini yakhe ngaphambilini amanothi ezinkulumo zakhe e-2nd Infantry Division e-Szczecin, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni ephathelene nomlando wokusetshenziswa kwamabutho ezikhali phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Wabe esekhuluma ngempumelelo ekuthuthukisweni kwamabutho ahlomile ngemva kwempi kwamanye amazwe, ehlukanisa le ngxenye ibe impumelelo yobuchwepheshe, impumelelo yamaqhinga kanye nentuthuko emelene nethangi. Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, wethula - engxenyeni elandelayo - ukuthuthukiswa kwamasosha emishini eJalimane kuze kube manje. Engxenyeni elandelayo, uGuderian uxoxa ngesipiliyoni sokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwamathangi ezimpini ezimbalwa zeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Amathangi ePanzer I abhapathizwa phakathi neMpi Yombango YaseSpain (1936-1939). Zasetshenziswa kumayunithi angaphambili kwaze kwaba ngu-1941.

Ingxenye yokugcina yayibaluleke kakhulu, ephathelene nezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwamasosha anemishini ezimpini zanamuhla ezihlomile. Esahlukweni sokuqala sokuzivikela, u-Guderian wathi noma yikuphi ukuzivikela, ngisho nokuqiniswa, kunganqotshwa ngenxa yokuqondisa, ngoba ngayinye inamaphuzu ayo abuthakathaka lapho kungenzeka khona ukuphumelela kwemigqa yokuzivikela. Ukuya ngemuva kwesivikelo esimile kukhubaza amabutho ezitha. U-Guderian akazange abone ukuzivikela njengesenzo sanoma yikuphi ukubaluleka ezimpini zanamuhla. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izenzo kufanele zenziwe ngendlela eguquguqukayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Waze wancamela ukuhlehla okuneqhinga ukuze ahlukane nesitha, ahlanganise amabutho akhe futhi abuyele emisebenzini ehlaselayo. Lo mbono, ngokusobala unephutha, wawuyimbangela yokuwa kwawo ngo-December 1941. Lapho ukuhlasela kwamaJalimane kumiswa emasangweni aseMoscow, uHitler wayala amasosha aseJalimane ukuba aqhubekele phambili ayovikela unomphela, esebenzisa amadolobhana nezindawo zokuhlala njengezindawo ezinezivikelo eziqinile okwakuzokwakhiwa kuzo. Lesi kwakuyisinqumo esilungile kunazo zonke, njengoba senza kube nokwenzeka ukopha isitha ngezindleko eziphansi kunesimo sokungaphumeleli "sokushaya ikhanda odongeni". Amasosha aseJalimane awakwazanga ukuqhubeka nokuhlasela ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwangaphambili, ukuncipha okukhulu kwabasebenzi kanye nemishini, ukuncipha kwezinsiza ezingemuva nokukhathala okulula. Ukuzivikela kwakuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukulondoloza izinzuzo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakuzonikeza isikhathi sokugcwalisa abasebenzi kanye nemishini yamasosha, ukubuyisela izimpahla, ukulungisa imishini eyonakele, njll. Wonke lo myalelo wenziwa yiwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle komkhuzi wezempi. i-2nd Panzer Army, uColonel General Heinz Guderian, owaqhubeka nokuhlehla ngokumelene nemiyalo. Umkhuzi we-Army Group Center, u-Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, u-Guderian ayenengxabano eshubile kusukela ngomkhankaso wasePoland ngo-1939, wayethukuthele. Ngemva kwenye ingxabano, uGuderian wesula, elindele isicelo sokuhlala esikhundleni, okwathi nokho, samukelwa u-von Klug futhi samukelwa uHitler. Emangele, uGuderian wahlala eminye iminyaka emibili ngaphandle kokuqokwa futhi akaphindanga wabamba noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuyala, ngakho wayengenalo ithuba lokukhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ngumashali.

Esahlukweni esimayelana nokuhlasela, u-Guderian ubhala ukuthi amandla okuzivikela esimanje avimbela izinsana ukuba zinqamule imigqa yesitha nokuthi amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo alahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwawo enkundleni yempi yesimanje. Amathangi ahlome kahle kuphela akwazi ukufohla izivikelo zesitha, anqobe ucingo oluhlabayo kanye nemisele. Amanye amagatsha ezempi azodlala indima yezikhali ezisizayo ngokumelene namathangi, ngoba amathangi ngokwawo anemikhawulo yawo. I-Infantry ithatha futhi ibambe indawo, izikhali zicekela phansi amaphuzu aqinile esitha futhi zisekela izikhali zamathangi ekulweni namabutho ezitha, ama-sappers asusa izinkundla zamabhomu nezinye izithiyo, ukwakha ukuwela, futhi amayunithi esiginali kumele anikeze ukulawula okusebenzayo ekuhambeni, njengoba izenzo kufanele hlala ushesha. . Wonke la mabutho asekelayo kufanele akwazi ukuhambisana namathangi ekuhlaseleni, ngakho-ke kufanele abe nemishini efanele. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zamaqhinga okusebenza kwethangi ukumangala, ukuhlanganisa amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwendawo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uGuderian akazange akunake ukuqashelwa kabusha, mhlawumbe ekholelwa ukuthi uquqaba lwamathangi lungachoboza noma yisiphi isitha. Akabonanga ukuthi nomdlali wasemuva angamangaza umhlaseli ngokuzifihla ahlele

abaqamekeli abafanelekile.

Принято считать, что Гудериан был сторонником комбинированного вооружения, состоящего из команды «танки — мотопехота — мотострелковая артиллерия — мотосаперы — моторизованная связь». На самом деле, однако, Гудериан причислял танки к основному роду войск, а остальным отводил роль вспомогательного оружия. Это привело, как и в СССР и Великобритании, к перегрузке тактических соединений танками, что было исправлено уже во время войны. Практически все перешли от системы 2+1+1 (две бронетанковых части к одной пехотной части и одной артиллерийской части (плюс более мелкие разведывательные, саперные, связи, противотанковые, зенитные и обслуживающие части) к соотношению 1+1 + 1. Например, в измененной структуре бронетанковой дивизии США насчитывалось три танковых батальона, три мотопехотных батальона (на бронетранспортерах) и три самоходно-артиллерийских эскадрильи. У англичан в дивизиях была бронетанковая бригада (дополнительно с одним мотострелковым батальоном на БТР), мотопехотная бригада (на грузовиках) и две артиллерийские дивизии (традиционно называемые полками), так что в батальонах это выглядело так: три танка , четыре пехотных, две эскадрильи полевой артиллерии (самоходная и моторизованная), разведывательный батальон, противотанковая рота, зенитная рота, саперный батальон, батальон связи и обслуживания. Советы в своем бронетанковом корпусе имели девять танковых батальонов (в составе трех танковых бригад), шесть мотопехотных батальонов (один в танковой бригаде и три в механизированной бригаде) и три самоходно-артиллерийских эскадрона (называемых полками) плюс разведывательно-саперный , связь, рота батальона армии и службы. Однако в то же время они сформировали механизированные корпуса с обратной пропорцией пехоты и танков (от XNUMX до XNUMX на батальон, причем каждая механизированная бригада имела танковый полк батальонной численности). Гудериан же предпочел создание дивизий с двумя танковыми полками (два батальона по четыре роты в каждом, по шестнадцать танковых рот в каждой дивизии), моторизованным полком и мотоциклетным батальоном — всего девять пехотных рот на грузовиках и мотоциклов, артиллерийский полк с двумя дивизионами — шесть артбатарей, батальон саперов, батальон связи и обслуживания. Пропорции между танками, пехотой и артиллерией были – по рецепту Гудериана – следующие (по ротам): 16 + 9 + 6. Даже в 1943-1945 годах, будучи генеральным инспектором бронетанковых войск, он по-прежнему настаивал на увеличении количества танков в бронетанковых дивизиях и бессмысленном возврате к старым пропорциям.

Umbhali unikeze isigaba esifushane kuphela embuzweni wobudlelwane phakathi kwamathangi nezindiza (ngoba kunzima ukukhuluma ngokubambisana kulokho uGuderian abhala), okungafushaniswa kanje: izindiza zibalulekile ngoba zingakwazi ukwenza uphenyo futhi zibhubhise izinto. ekuhlaselweni kwamayunithi ahlomile, amathangi angakwazi ukukhubaza umsebenzi wezindiza zesitha ngokuthatha ngokushesha izinkundla zezindiza zaso emgqeni ongaphambili, ngeke sandise i-Douai, indima yamasu yendiza iyindima yokusiza kuphela, futhi ayinqumanga. Yilokho kuphela. Akushiwo lutho ngokulawulwa komoya, akushiwo lutho ngokuvikela emoyeni kwamayunithi ahlomile, akushiwo lutho ngokusekelwa komoya okuseduze kwamasosha. U-Guderian wayengathandi izindiza futhi akazange abonise indima yayo kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi nangale kwalokho. Ngenkathi, esikhathini sangaphambi kwempi, kwenziwa izivivinyo ekuxhumaneni kwamabhomu e-dive asekela ngokuqondile ukuhlukana kwezikhali, lokhu bekuyisinyathelo seLuftwaffe, hhayi i-Ground Forces. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, okungukuthi, kusukela ngoNovemba 1938 kuya ku-August 1939, lapho umkhuzi oyinhloko wamasosha asheshayo (Chef der Schnellen Truppen) wayenguPanzer General Heinz Guderian, futhi kufanelekile ukungeza ukuthi lesi kwakuyisikhundla esifanayo. eyabanjwa u-Oswald Lutz kwaze kwaba ngu-1936. - I-Inspectorate of Transport and Automobile Troops yashintsha igama layo ngo-1934 yaba yiNdlunkulu Yamasosha Asheshayo (igama le-Command of the Fast Troops nalo lasetshenziswa, kodwa lena yindlunkulu efanayo). Ngakho-ke, ngo-1934, kwagunyazwa ukwakhiwa kohlobo olusha lwamasosha - amasosha asheshayo (kusukela ngo-1939, amasosha asheshayo futhi ahlomile, aguqula iziphathimandla zaba umyalo). I-Command of Rapid and Armored Forces yasebenza ngaphansi kwaleli gama kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempi. Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka phambili kancane, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi i-oda lendabuko laseJalimane laphazamiseka kakhulu ngaphansi kokubusa kukaHitler, kusukela ngoFebhuwari 28, 1943, kwasungulwa i-General Inspectorate of the Armored Forces (Generalinspektion der Panzertruppen), esebenza ngokuzimele. iCommand of the Supreme and Armored Forces enamandla acishe afane. Ngesikhathi sikhona kuze kube nguMeyi 8, 1945, iGeneral Inspectorate yayinenkosi eyodwa kuphela - uColonel General S. Heinz Guderian kanye nenduna eyodwa kuphela, uLieutenant General Wolfgang Thomale. Ngaleso sikhathi, uGeneral of the Armored Forces u-Heinrich Eberbach wayesenhloko ye-High Command kanye ne-Command of the Armored Forces, futhi kusukela ngo-August 1944 kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi, uJenene Webutho Lezempi u-Leo Freiherr Geir von Schweppenburg. Isikhundla somhloli jikelele cishe sadalelwa uGuderian ngokukhethekile, uHitler owayenobuthakathaka obungavamile, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuthi ngemva kokuxoshwa kwakhe esikhundleni sokuba umkhuzi we-2nd Panzer Army, wathola inkokhelo yokuhlukaniswa engakaze ibonwe elingana neminyaka engama-50. womholo jikelele esikhundleni sakhe (okulingana namaholo enyanga angaba ngu-600).

Amathangi okuqala aseJalimane

Omunye wabanduleli bekholoneli. U-Lutz njengenhloko Yesevisi Yezokuthutha kwakunguGeneral Artillery u-Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg (1874-1945), umsekeli wokuyiguqula ibe ingalo entsha, yokulwa. Wayengumhloli Wenkonzo Yezokuthutha kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1926 kuya kuMeyi 1929, kamuva walandelwa uLieutenant General Otto von Stülpnagel (angadideki noJoachim von Stülpnagel oshiwo ngenhla), kwathi ngo-April 1931 wangena esikhundleni sika-Oswald Lutz, okwathi ngesikhathi sika-von Stülpnagel Ukuhlolwa kweChief of Staff. Ngokukhuthazwa ngu-Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg, izivivinyo zenziwa kusetshenziswa amathangi e-dummy emalolini. Lezi zinhlobo zafakwa emalolini e-Hanomag noma ezimotweni ze-Dixi, futhi kakade ngo-1927 (kulo nyaka i-International Control Commission isuka eJalimane) izinkampani eziningana zalezi zinhlobo zamathangi zakhiwe. Ayesetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukuqeqeshwa anti-tank ukuzivikela (ikakhulukazi wezikhali), kodwa futhi izivivinyo kwamanye amagatsha amabutho ahlomile ngokubambisana amathangi. Ukuhlolwa kwamaqhinga kwenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwabo ukuze kutholakale ukuthi kungcono kanjani ukusebenzisa amathangi enkundleni yempi, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi iReichswehr yayingakabi nawo amathangi.

Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-Ausf. c, i-Panzer II yamukela ukubukeka okujwayelekile. Umqondo wokumiswa kwesitayela sePanzer I ulahliwe lapho kwethulwa amasondo amakhulu omgwaqo angu-5.

Nokho, ngokushesha, naphezu kwemingcele yeSivumelwano SaseVersailles, iReichswehr yaqala ukuyifuna. Ngo-April 1926, i-Reichswehr Heereswaffenamt (Reichswehr Heereswaffenamt), eholwa ngumdlali wezikhali u-Major General Erich Freiherr von Botzheim, yalungiselela izidingo zethangi eliphakathi ukuze libhodloze izivikelo zesitha. Ngokusho komqondo we-tank waseJalimane we-15s, owakhiwe ngu-Ernst Volkheim, amathangi asindayo kwakufanele ahole ukuhlasela, alandelwe yibutho elihamba ngezinyawo elisekela eduze amathangi okukhanya. Izidingo zicacise imoto enesisindo esingamathani angu-40 nesivinini esingama-75 km/h, ihlome inganono engu-XNUMX-mm yamasosha ophiko oluzungezayo kanye nezibhamu ezimbili zemishini.

Ithangi elisha labizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Armeewagen 20, kodwa imibhalo eminingi yokufihla yasebenzisa igama elithi “ugandaganda omkhulu” - Großtraktor. Ngo-March 1927, inkontileka yokwakhiwa kwayo yanikezwa izinkampani ezintathu: uDaimler-Benz waseMarienfelde eBerlin, uRheinmetall-Borsig waseDüsseldorf noKrupp wase-Essen. Ngayinye yalezi zinkampani yakha ama-prototypes amabili, aqanjwe (ngokulandelana) i-Großtraktor I (nos. 41 kanye no-42), i-Großtraktor II (nos. 43 kanye ne-44) ​​kanye ne-Großtraktor III (nos. 45 kanye ne-46). Bonke babenezici ezifanayo zokuklama, njengoba balingiswa ngemuva kwethangi elikhanyayo laseSweden iStridsvagn M / 21 ngu-AB Landsverk waseLandskrona, okuyinto, ngendlela, eyasetshenziswa umakhi wethangi waseJalimane u-Otto Merker (kusukela ngo-1929). AmaJalimane athenga amathangi ayishumi alolu hlobo, futhi i-M / 21 ngokwayo empeleni yayiyiJalimane LK II eyakhiwe ngo-1921, kodwa, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacile, ayikwazi ukukhiqizwa eJalimane.

Amathangi e-Großtraktor enziwe ngensimbi evamile, hhayi ngensimbi enezikhali ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe. I-turret ene-75 mm L/24 cannon kanye ne-7,92 mm Dreyse machine gun yayifakwe phambi kwayo. Isibhamu sesibili esinjalo safakwa embhoshongweni wesibili ngemuva kwethangi. Yonke le mishini yalethwa endaweni yokuqeqesha i-Kama e-USSR ehlobo lika-1929. Ngo-September 1933 babuyela eJalimane futhi bafakwa ophikweni lokuhlola nokuqeqeshwa eZossen. Ngo-1937, lamathangi akhishwa emsebenzini futhi ikakhulukazi abekwa njengezikhumbuzo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezikhali zaseJalimane.

Nakuba ithangi elikhanyayo le-Panzer II lathola i-undercarriage eqinile, izikhali zayo nezikhali zayeka ngokushesha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zenkundla yempi (ekuqaleni kwempi, amathangi angu-1223 akhiqizwa).

Olunye uhlobo ithangi Reichswehr kwaba infantry-ehambisanayo VK 31, eyayibizwa ngokuthi "ugandaganda ukukhanya" - Leichttraktor. Izimfuneko zaleli tank zabekwa phambili ngo-March 1928. Bekumele ihlome ngenganono engu-37 mm L / 45 ku-turret kanye nesibhamu somshini esingu-7,92 mm Dreyse esibekwe eduze, nesisindo esingamathani angu-7,5. Ijubane eliphezulu elidingekayo ngu-40 km/h emigwaqeni kanye no-20 km/h off-road. Kulokhu, uDaimler-Benz wenqaba lo myalo, ngakho u-Krupp noRheinmetall-Borsig (ezimbili ngayinye) bakhe imifanekiso emine yale moto. Ngo-1930, lezi zimoto nazo zaya eKazan, zabe sezibuyela eJalimane ngo-1933, ngokuqedwa kwesikole sezempi sase-Kama Soviet-German.

Ngo-1933, kwaphinde kwenziwa umzamo wokwakha ithangi elisindayo (ngezindinganiso zanamuhla) ukuze linqamule ukuzivikela, umlandeli weGroßtraktor. Amaphrojekthi wamathangi athuthukiswe ngabakwaRheinmetall noKrupp. Njengoba kudingekile, amathangi, okuthiwa i-Neubaufahrzeug, ayene-turret eyinhloko enezibhamu ezimbili - i-short-barreled universal 75 mm L / 24 kanye nesibhamu se-anti-tank esingu-37 mm L / 45 caliber. U-Rheinmetall wawabeka ku-turret eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye (37 mm ukuphakama), futhi u-Krupp wawabeka eduze kwenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzo zombili izinguqulo, kufakwe imibhoshongo emibili eyengeziwe enesibhamu somshini esingu-7,92 mm ngayinye yafakwa kumkhumbi. Izimoto ze-Rheinmetall zaziqokwe i-PanzerKampfwagen NeubauFahrzeug V (PzKpfw NbFz V), i-Krupp ne-PzKpfw NbFz VI. Ngo-1934, i-Rheinmetall yakha i-PzKpfw NbFz V emibili nge-turret yayo eyenziwe ngensimbi evamile, futhi ngo-1935-1936, ama-prototypes amathathu e-PzKpfw NbFz VI ane-turret yensimbi ehlomile ka-Krupp. Izimoto ezintathu zokugcina zasetshenziswa emkhankasweni waseNorway wango-1940. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Neubaufahrzeug kwaqashelwa njengengaphumelelanga futhi imishini ayizange ingene ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi.

I-Panzerkampfwagen I ibe ithangi lokuqala elafakwa kakhulu ekusebenzeni namayunithi ezikhali zaseJalimane. Kwakuyithangi elikhanyayo okwakufanele libe umgogodla wamayunithi ahlomile ahleliwe ngenxa yamathuba okukhiqiza ngobuningi. Izidingo zokugcina zeveni, ekuqaleni eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Kleintraktor (ugandaganda omncane), zakhiwa ngoSepthemba 1931. Kakade ngaleso sikhathi, u-Oswald Lutz no-Heinz Guderian bahlela ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezimoto zokulwa ukuze zihlukanise izikhali zesikhathi esizayo, ukwakheka kwalo uLutz aqala ukuphoqelela ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe ngo-1931. U-Oswald Lutz wayekholelwa ukuthi umnyombo. kwezigaba ezihlomile kufanele kube amathangi aphakathi ahlome ngenganono engu-75 mm, asekelwe izimoto ezisheshayo zokuhlola kanye ne-anti-tank ehlome ngezibhamu ezingama-50 mm anti-tank. izibhamu zethangi. Njengoba imboni yaseJalimane kwakudingeka iqale ithole ulwazi olufanele, kwanqunywa ukuthenga ithange lokukhanya elishibhile elizovumela izisebenzi zokuqeqesha izigaba zezikhali ezizayo, kanye namabhizinisi ezimboni ukulungisa izindawo zokukhiqiza ezifanele zamathangi nochwepheshe. Isinqumo esinjalo kwakuyisimo esiphoqelelwe, ngaphandle kwalokho, kwakukholelwa ukuthi ukubonakala kwethangi elinamandla okulwa aphansi kwakungeke kuxwayise ama-Allies mayelana nokuhlehla okukhulu kwamaJalimane ezinhlinzekweni zeSivumelwano saseVersailles. Ngakho-ke izidingo ze-Kleintraktor, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-Landwirtschaftlicher Schlepper (LaS), ugandaganda wezolimo. Ngaphansi kwaleli gama, ithangi lalaziwa kuze kube ngu-1938, lapho uhlelo lokumaka oluhlanganisiwe lwezimoto ezihlomile lwethulwa e-Wehrmacht futhi imoto yathola igama elithi PzKpfw I (SdKfz 101). Ngo-1934, ukukhiqizwa kwemoto ngobuningi kwaqala ngesikhathi esisodwa emafektri amaningana; inguqulo eyisisekelo ye-Ausf A yakhiwe ngezingu-1441, kanye nenguqulo ethuthukisiwe ye-Ausf B ngaphezu kuka-480, okuhlanganisa eziningana ezakhiwe kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-Ausf A's ezasuswa i-superstructure yazo ne-turret, zasetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha abashayeli kanye nezinsimbi zokunakekela. Yilawa mathangi okwathi engxenyeni yesibili yawo-1942 kwavumela ukwakhiwa kwezigaba zezikhali futhi, ngokuphambene nezinhloso zabo, asetshenziselwa ukulwa - alwa kwaze kwaba ngu-XNUMX eSpain, ePoland, eFrance, eBalkan, e-USSR naseNyakatho Afrika. . Nokho, izinga labo lokulwa laliphansi, njengoba babenezibhamu ezimbili kuphela nezikhali ezibuthakathaka, ezazivikela kuphela izinhlamvu zezikhali ezincane.

I-Panzer I kanye ne-Panzer II bekumancane kakhulu ukuthwala umsakazo omkhulu webanga elide. Ngakho-ke, ithangi lomyalo ladalwa ukusekela izenzo zabo.

Isikole se-Kama armored

Ngo-April 16, 1922, izifunda ezimbili zaseYurophu ezazinomuzwa wokuthi zikhishwa inyumbazane—iJalimane ne-USSR—zasayina eRapallo, e-Italy, isivumelwano sokubambisana kwezomnotho. Okuncane okwaziwayo ukuthi lesi sivumelwano naso besinesicelo sezempi esiyimfihlo; ngesisekelo salo, engxenyeni yesibili ye-XNUMXs, izikhungo eziningana zakhiwe e-USSR, lapho ukuqeqeshwa kwenziwa khona futhi kwashintshwa ulwazi oluhlangene emkhakheni wezikhali ezingavunyelwe eJalimane.

Ngokombono wesihloko sethu, isikole se-Kama tank, esisendaweni yokuqeqesha yaseKazan, eMfuleni i-Kama, sibalulekile. Ngemva kokuphothulwa ngempumelelo kwezingxoxo zokusungulwa kwayo, uLieutenant Colonel Wilhelm Malbrandt (1875-1955), owayengumkhuzi webutho lezokuthutha le-2nd (Preußische) Kraftfahr-Abteilung waseSzczecin, waqala ukufuna indawo efanelekile. Idalwe ekuqaleni kuka-1929, isikhungo sathola igama lekhodi elithi "Kama", elingaveli egameni lomfula, kodwa kusukela kwisifinyezo esithi Kazan-Malbrandt. Izisebenzi zesikole zaseSoviet zivela ku-NKVD, hhayi ibutho, futhi amaJalimane athumela izikhulu esikoleni ngolwazi oluthile noma ulwazi ekusetshenzisweni kwamathangi. Mayelana nemishini yesikole, bekucishe kube ngamaJalimane kuphela - amathangi e-Großtraktor ayisithupha kanye namathangi e-Leichttraktor amane, kanye nezimoto eziningi ezihlomile, amaloli nezimoto. AmaSoviet wona ahlinzeka ngamathangi amathathu kuphela enziwe eBritish Carden-Loyd (okuthe kamuva akhiqizwa e-USSR njenge-T-27), kanye namanye amathangi okukhanya amahlanu e-MS-1 avela ku-3rd Kazan Tank Regiment. Izimoto esikoleni zahlanganiswa zaba izinkampani ezine: enkampanini yokuqala - izimoto ezihlomile, enkampanini yesibili - amamodeli amathangi nezimoto ezingahlosiwe, inkampani yesithathu - anti-tank, inkampani yesi-1 - isithuthuthu.

Ezifundweni ezintathu ezilandelanayo, ezaqhutshwa kusukela ngo-March 1929 kuya ehlobo lika-1933, amaJalimane aqeqesha ingqikithi yezikhulu ezingu-30. Isifundo sokuqala sasihanjelwe izikhulu eziyishumi ezivela kuwo womabili la mazwe, kodwa abaseSoviet bathumela ingqikithi yabafundi abangaba yikhulu ezifundweni ezimbili ezalandela. Ngeshwa, iningi labo alaziwa, kusukela imibhalo Soviet izikhulu zathatha izifundo Ossoaviakhim (Defense League). Ngasohlangothini lwe-USSR, umkhuzi wezifundo kwakunguColonel Vasily Grigorievich Burkov, kamuva uLieutenant General wamabutho ahlomile. USemyon A. Ginzburg, kamuva ongumklami wezimoto ezihlomile, wayephakathi kwezisebenzi zezobuchwepheshe zesikole ngasohlangothini lwaseSoviet. Ngasohlangothini lwaseJalimane, uWilhelm Malbrandt, uLudwig Ritter von Radlmayer kanye noJosef Harpe babe ngabakhuzi besikole sase-Kama tank - ngendlela, umhlanganyeli wonyaka wokuqala. Phakathi kwabathweswe iziqu e-Kama kwalandela uLieutenant General Wolfgang Thomale, iNhloko yeGeneral Staff of the Inspectorate of the Armored Forces ngo-10-100, uLieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Thoma, kamuva owaba uGeneral General of the Armored Forces kanye nomkhuzi wama-Afrika Korps, owayengumkhuzi. bathunjwa abaseBrithani eMpini yase-El Alamein ngoNovemba 1943, kamuva uLieutenant General Viktor Linnarts, owayephethe i-1945th Panzer Division ekupheleni kwempi, noma uLieutenant General Johann Haarde, umkhuzi we-1942nd Panzer Division ngo-26-1942. Umhlanganyeli wonyaka wokuqala, uKaputeni uFritz Kühn ovela ebuthweni lezokuthutha le-1943th (Preußische) Kraftfahr-Abteilung esuka eHannover, kamuva owaba uGenerali we-Armored Forces, kusukela ngoMashi 25 kuya kuJulayi 6 wayala i-1941th Panzer Division.

Indima yesikole se-Kama armored e-Kazan ibhekwa kakhulu ezincwadini. Amaphoyisa angu-30 kuphela aqeda isifundo, futhi ngaphandle kukaJosef Harpe, uWilhelm von Thoma noWolfgang Thomale, akekho noyedwa kubo owaba umkhuzi wamathangi omkhulu, owayala ukwakhiwa kweqembu elingaphezu kweqembu. Kodwa-ke, ekubuyeleni kwabo eJalimane, laba bafundisi abangamashumi amathathu noma abayishumi yibo kuphela eJalimane ababenolwazi olusha ekusebenzeni kanye nokuzivocavoca ngamasu ngamathangi angempela.

Ukwakhiwa kwamayunithi okuqala ezikhali

Ibutho lokuqala lezempi elakhiwa eJalimane phakathi nenkathi yezimpi kwakuyinkampani yokuqeqesha esikhungweni sokuqeqesha i-Kraftfahrlehrkommando Zossen (eyalwe uMajor Josef Harpe), edolobheni eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-40 eningizimu yeBerlin. Phakathi kweZossen neWünsdorf kwakukhona inkundla enkulu yokuqeqesha, eyasiza ukuqeqeshwa kwemikhumbi yamathangi. Empeleni amakhilomitha ambalwa ukuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga kunenkundla yokuqeqesha i-Kummersdorf, inkundla yangaphambili yokuqeqesha izikhali zasePrussia. Ekuqaleni, inkampani yokuqeqesha eZossen yayinama-Grosstractors amane (izimoto ezimbili ze-Daimler-Benz zalimala kakhulu futhi cishe zahlala e-USSR) kanye ne-Leuchtractors ezine, ezabuya e-USSR ngo-September 1933, futhi ekupheleni konyaka nazo zathola i-LaS eziyishumi. i-chassis (uchungechunge lwesilingo kamuva i-PzKpfw I) ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esikhulu sezikhali kanye ne-turret, eyayisetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha abashayeli nokulingisa izimoto ezihlomile. Ukulethwa kwe-chassis entsha ye-LaS kwaqala ngoJanuwari futhi kwase kusetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa. Ekuqaleni kuka-1934, u-Adolf Hitler wavakashela inkundla yokuqeqesha iZossen futhi waboniswa imishini eminingana isebenza. Wawuthanda lo mbukiso, naphambi komkhulu. Lutz kanye noCol. UGuderian wakhetha: nakhu engikudingayo. Ukuqashelwa kukaHitler kwavula indlela yemishini ebanzi yebutho, eyafakwa ezinhlelweni zokuqala zokuguqula iReichswehr ibe ibutho elihlomile elivamile. Inani lezifundazwe ezinokuthula bekulindeleke ukuthi likhuphuke lifinyelele ku-700. (izikhathi eziyisikhombisa), nethuba lokuhlanganisa amabutho ayizigidi ezintathu nengxenye. Bekucatshangwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuthula kuzogcinwa izinhlaka eziyi-XNUMX zezidumbu kanye nezigaba eziyi-XNUMX.

Ngokweseluleko se-theorists, kwanqunywa ukuthi kuqale ngokushesha ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zezikhali. Ikakhulukazi uGuderian, owayesekelwa uHitler, wagcizelela kulokhu. NgoJulayi 1934, umyalo we-Fast Troops (i-Kommando der Schnelletruppen, owaziwa nangokuthi i-Inspektion 6, yingakho igama lezinduna) wasungulwa, owathatha imisebenzi ye-Inspectorate of Transport and Automobile Troops, ehlala cishe umyalo ofanayo. kanye nabasebenzi abaholwa uLutz noGuderian njengomphathi wabasebenzi. Ngo-Okthoba 12, 1934, kwaqala ukubonisana mayelana nephrojekthi eyakhiwe yilo myalo wohlelo olujwayelekile lweqembu lokuhlola elihlomile - i-Versuchs Panzer Division. Kwakuzoqukatha ibutho lezikhali ezimbili, ibutho lezibhamu ezinenjini, ibutho lezithuthuthu, ibutho lezikhali ezilula, ibutho elilwa namathangi, ibutho lokuhlola, ibutho lezokuxhumana kanye nenkampani ye-sapper. Ngakho kwakuyinhlangano efana kakhulu nenhlangano yesikhathi esizayo yezigaba zezikhali. Inhlangano enamabutho amabili yasungulwa emigomeni, ngakho-ke inani lamabutho okulwa kanye neqembu lezikhali lalingaphansi kwesigaba sezibhamu (izimpi eziyisishiyagalolunye zezibhamu, iziqephu ezine zezikhali, ibutho lokuhlola, i-anti-tank division - eziyishumi nanhlanu kuphela), futhi ingxenye yezikhali - izigaba ezine ezihlomile (ezithathu ezimbili emalolini neyodwa ezithuthuthu), ithimba lezikhali ezimbili, ibutho lokuhlola kanye nebutho elilwa nethangi - ishumi nanye sezizonke. Ngenxa yokubonisana, kwanezelwa amaqembu ama-brigades - amasosha ahlomile nahamba ngemoto.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngoNovemba 1, 1934, lapho kufika amathangi e-LaS (PzKpfw I Ausf A), kuhlanganise ne-chassis engaphezu kwekhulu ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, kanye nezimoto zokulwa ezine-turret enezibhamu ezimbili ze-7,92-mm, inkampani yokuqeqesha I-Zossen kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwenkampani yesikole samathangi esanda kwakhiwa e-Ohrdruf (idolobha eliseThuringia, amakhilomitha angama-30 eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Erfurt) kwanwetshwa kwaba yizigaba zamathangi agcwele - i-Kampfwagen-Regiment 1 kanye ne-Kampfwagen-Regiment 2 (ngokulandelana). amathangi ebutho, kanye nebutho ngalinye - izinkampani ezine zamathangi. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ekugcineni, izinkampani ezintathu e-battalion zizoba namathangi alula - kuze kube yilapho zithathelwa indawo ngamathangi aphakathi okuhlosiwe, futhi inkampani yesine izoba nezimoto zokusekela, i.e. amathangi okuqala ahlome ngezibhamu ezingama-75 mm L/24 nezibhamu ezilwa namathangi kwakuyizimoto zamathangi ezinezibhamu (njengoba kwakulindeleke ekuqaleni) zezinga lika-50 mm. Ngokuqondene nezimoto zakamuva, ukungabi khona kwenganono engu-50 mm kwaphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana kwezibhamu ezingama-37-mm anti-tank, okwabe sekuba isikhali esivamile se-anti-tank sebutho laseJalimane. Azikho zalezi zimoto ezazikhona kuma-prototypes, ngakho ekuqaleni izinkampani zesine zazifakwe amamodeli amathangi.

Amathangi aphakathi kwePanzer III kanye nePanzer IV ayeyisizukulwane sesibili sezimoto ezihlomile zaseJalimane ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Esithombeni ithangi lePanzer III.

Ngo-March 16, 1935, uhulumeni waseJalimane wethula inkonzo yezempi engokomthetho, lapho i-Reichswehr yashintsha igama layo yaba i-Wehrmacht - Defence Forces. Lokhu kwavula indlela yokubuyela ezikhalini ezicacile. Kakade ngo-August 1935, izivivinyo zokuhlola zenziwa kusetshenziswa division impromptu armored, "bebuthene" kusukela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene, ukuze kuhlolwe ukunemba kwepulani lenhlangano. Isigaba sokuhlola sasilawulwa ngu-Major General Oswald Lutz. Lo msebenzi wawubandakanya izikhulu namasosha angu-12, izimoto ezinamasondo ezingu-953 kanye nezimoto ezilandelwayo ezengeziwe ezingu-4025 (ngaphandle kwamathangi - ogandaganda bezikhali). Imibono yenhlangano ngokuvamile yaqinisekiswa, nakuba kwanqunywa ukuthi inkampani yama-sappers yeyunithi enkulu kangaka yayinganele - banquma ukuyithumela ebhetheni. Yiqiniso, uGuderian wayenamathangi ambalwa, ngakho-ke waphikelela ekuthuthukiseni i-armored brigade ibe yiziqephu ezimbili zama-battalion amabili noma ama-regimens amathathu ama-battalion amabili, kanye nezinhlobo ezingcono ezintathu zama-battalion regiments esikhathini esizayo. Bekufanele kube ibutho eliyinhloko lesiteleka sesigaba, kanye namanye amayunithi namayunithi amancane ukwenza imisebenzi yokusiza neyokulwa.

Izigaba ezintathu zokuqala zezikhali

Ngo-October 1, 1935, kwamiswa ngokusemthethweni indlunkulu yezigaba ezintathu zezikhali. Ukudalwa kwabo kwakuhlotshaniswa nezindleko ezinkulu zenhlangano, njengoba kwakudinga ukudluliselwa kwezikhulu eziningi, izikhulu ezingathunywanga namasosha ezikhundleni ezintsha. Abaphathi balezi zigaba kwakungalaba: ULieutenant General Maximilian Reichsfreiherr von Weichs zu Glon (1st Armored Division e-Weimar), uMajor General Heinz Guderian (2nd Division eWürzburg) kanye noLieutenant General Ernst Fessmann (3rd Division eWünsdorf eduze kwaseZossen). I-1st Armored Division yayilula kakhulu, njengoba ikakhulukazi yayihlanganisa amayunithi akha isigaba sokuhlola sezikhali ngesikhathi sokuqondisa ngo-Agasti 1935. Ibutho Lalo Lokuqala Lezempi lalihlanganisa i-1st Tank Regiment, eqanjwe kabusha kusukela ku-1nd Panzer Regiment Ohrdruf, yangaphambili ye-2st Panzer Regiment Zossen. Ibutho lamathangi laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-1th Tank Regiment futhi lafakwa ku-5rd Infantry Regiment of the 3rd Tank Division. Izinhlobo zamathangi ezisele zakhiwe kusuka ezintweni ezihlukene ezivela kwamanye amarejimeni amabili, kusukela kubasebenzi bezempi yezokuthutha kanye nezinhlaka zabagibeli bamahhashi, izigaba zabagibeli bamahhashi, ngakho-ke kwakuhlelwe ukuthi zihlakazwe. Kusukela ngo-3, lawa mabutho athole amathangi amasha, aziwa ngokuthi i-PzKpfw I, ngokuqondile emafektri awakhiqiza, kanye neminye imishini, ikakhulukazi yezimoto, ikakhulukazi emisha sha. Okokuqala, i-1938st and 1nd Panzer Divisions yaqedwa, okwakufanele ifinyelele ukulungela ukulwa ngo-April 2, futhi okwesibili, i-1936rd Panzer Division, ngakho-ke, kufanele isilungele ekwindla ka-3. kwathatha isikhathi eside ukuqasha izigaba ezintsha ngamadoda kanye nemishini, kuyilapho ukuqeqeshwa kwenziwa ngalezo zakhi ezazivele zihlomile.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo nezigaba ezintathu zezikhali, uLieutenant General Lutz uhlele ukwakha ama-brigade amathathu ahlukene ahlomile, okuhloswe ngokuyinhloko ukusekela imisebenzi yezingane. Nakuba lawa ma-brigades kwakufanele adalwe ngo-1936, 1937 no-1938, empeleni, imishini yokuqasha kanye nabantu bathatha isikhathi eside, futhi owokuqala wabo, ibutho lesine elivela eStuttgart (4th and 7th panzer), alizange lidalwe kuze kube nguNovemba. 8, 10. Ibutho le-1938 lethangi lale brigade lakhiwa ngo-Okthoba 7, 1 e-Ohrdruf, kodwa ekuqaleni kwakukhona izinkampani ezintathu kuphela ezimpini zayo esikhundleni sezine; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-1936th Panzer Regiment yasungulwa eZossen, ukuze kwakhiwe amandla kanye nezindlela ezivela emiphakathini esakhiwe yezigaba zezikhali.

Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwama-brigades alandelayo ahlukene ahlomile, ama-armored regiments e-armored aklanyelwe wona, ayezimele ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-Okthoba 12, 1937, kwasungulwa ibutho le-10 lethangi eZinten (manje eyiKornevo, esifundeni saseKaliningrad), ithangi le-11 ePadeborn (enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeKassel), ithangi le-15 e-Zhagan kanye nethangi lama-25 e-Erlangen. , eBavaria. Izinombolo ezingekho zerejimeni zisetshenziswe kamuva ekwakhiweni kwamayunithi alandelayo, noma ... neze. Ngenxa yezinhlelo ezihlala zishintsha, izikhulu eziningi zazingekho.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamabutho ahlomile

NgoJanuwari 1936, kwenziwa isinqumo sokuhamba ngezimoto ezine zezigaba ezikhona noma ezisafufusa zamasosha ukuze zihambisane nezigaba ze-panzer empini. Lezi zigaba zazingenawo amanye amayunithi ahlomile ngaphandle kwenkampani yezimoto ezihlomile embuthweni wokuhlola, kodwa izikhulu zabo zezempi, izikhali nezinye izinqola zathola amaloli, izimoto ezingekho emgwaqeni, ogandaganda bezikhali nezithuthuthu, ukuze bonke abasebenzi nemishini ye- ukuhlukana kungahamba ngamasondo, amasondo, hhayi ngezinyawo zabo, amahhashi noma izinqola. Okulandelayo kukhethelwe ukuqhutshwa kwezimoto: i-2nd Infantry Division yase-Szczecin, i-13th Infantry Division yaseMagdeburg, i-20th Infantry Division yase-Hamburg kanye ne-29th Infantry Division yase-Erfurt. Inqubo yemoto yabo yenziwa ngo-1936, 1937 futhi ngokwengxenye ngo-1938.

Ngo-June 1936, kwanqunywa ukuba kuthathelwe indawo izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezisele zamabutho amahhashi alabo okuthiwa. ukuhlukana okukhanyayo. Kwakufanele kube ukuhlukaniswa okulinganiselwe okulinganiselwe nebutho elilodwa lethangi, ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlangano yayo kwakufanele ibe seduze ne-tank division. Umehluko omkhulu wawuwukuthi e-battalion yakhe kuphela kufanele kube nezinkampani ezine zamathangi alula ngaphandle kwenkampani esindayo, futhi embuthweni wamahhashi anemoto, esikhundleni samabutho amabili, kufanele kube khona amathathu. Umsebenzi wezigaba zokukhanya kwakuwukuqhuba ukuhlonishwa ngesilinganiso sokusebenza, ukumboza izinhlangothi zamaqembu okuqondisa nokuphishekela isitha esihlehlayo, kanye nemisebenzi yokumboza, i.e. cishe imisebenzi efana ncamashi ne

eyenziwa ngamahhashi agibele amahhashi.

Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemishini, ama-brigade alula aqala ukwakhiwa ngamandla angaphelele. Ngalo lolo suku lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-armored regiments ahlukene - Okthoba 12, 1937 - eSennelager eduze kwasePaderborn, ibutho elihlukile le-armored 65 lasungulwa futhi le-1th light brigade.

Ngemva kokunwetshwa kwamayunithi ahlomile, kwenziwa umsebenzi ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zamathangi, okwakufanele zingene ezinkampanini ezinzima njengengxenye yamabutho ahlomile (inkampani yesine), futhi kamuva abe yimishini eyinhloko yezinkampani ezikhanyayo (amathangi ane-37). mm isibhamu, kamuva i-PzKpfw III) nezinkampani ezisindayo (amathangi anenganono engu-75 mm, kamuva i-PzKpfw IV). Izinkontileka zokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezintsha zasayinwa: Januwari 27, 1934 zokuthuthukiswa kwe-PzKpfw III (igama lasetshenziswa kusukela ngo-1938, ngaphambi kwalokho ZW - igama lokufihla elithi Zugführerwagen, imoto yomphathi weqembu, nakuba kwakungelona ithangi lomyalo. ) nango-February 25, 1935. ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-PzKpfw IV (kuze kube ngu-1938 BW - Begleitwagen - imoto yokuphelezela), kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-serial kwaqala (ngokulandelana) ngoMeyi 1937. kanye no-October 1937. gcwalisa igebe - i-PzKpfw II (kuze kube ngu-1938 Landwirtschaftlicher Schlepper 100 noma i-LaS 100), nayo yayala ngoJanuwari 27, 1934, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwaqala ngoMeyi 1936. Kusukela ekuqaleni, la mathangi okukhanya ayehlome nge-cannon engu-20 mm kanye neyodwa. isibhamu somshini sasibhekwa njengesengezo ku-PzKpfw I, futhi ngemva kokukhiqizwa kwenombolo ehambisanayo ye-PzKpfw III ne-IV kufanele ngabe yabelwe indima yezimoto zokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube uSepthemba 1939, i-PzKpfw I no-II yayibusa amayunithi ezikhali zaseJalimane, ngenani elincane lezimoto ze-PzKpfw III kanye ne-IV.

Ngo-Okthoba 1936, amathangi angu-32 e-PzKpfw I kanye nomphathi oyedwa we-PzBefwg I baya eSpain njengengxenye yebutho lethangi leCondor Legion. Umkhuzi webutho kwakunguLieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Thoma. Mayelana nokugcwaliswa kabusha kokulahlekelwa, ingqikithi ye-4 PzBefwg I kanye ne-88 PzKpfw I yathunyelwa eSpain, amanye amathangi adluliselwa eSpain ngemva kokuphela kwengxabano. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseSpain kwakungakhuthazi - amathangi anezikhali ezibuthakathaka, ehlome kuphela ngezibhamu zemishini futhi engakwazi ukuhamba kahle, ayengaphansi kwezimoto zokulwa nezitha, ikakhulukazi amathangi aseSoviet, amanye awo (BT-5) ayehlome ngenganono engu-45-mm. . I-PzKpfw I yayingafaneleki neze ukusetshenziswa enkundleni yempi yesimanje, kodwa yasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kuka-1942 - ngenxa yesidingo, engekho amanye amathangi anenani elanele.

Ngo-March 1938, i-General Guderian's 2nd Panzer Division yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Austria. NgoMashi 10, washiya ibutho elihlala unomphela futhi wafika emngceleni wase-Austrian ngoMashi 12. Kakade kulesi sigaba, uphiko lwalahlekelwa izimoto eziningi ngenxa yokuphahlazeka okungenakulungiseka noma ukudonsa (indima yokulungisa amayunithi ayizange yaziswa ngaleso sikhathi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amayunithi ngamanye axubene ngenxa yokusebenza okungalungile kokulawulwa nokulawulwa kwezimoto kule mashi. Lesi sigaba sangena e-Austria ngesiphithiphithi, siqhubeka nokulahlekelwa imishini ngenxa yezingqinamba; ezinye izimoto bezibhajwe ngenxa yokushoda kukaphethiloli. Zazingekho izinto zikaphethiloli ezanele, ngakho baqala ukusebenzisa amagalaji kaphethiloli ase-Austrian ezentengiselwano, bekhokha ngamamaki aseJalimane. Noma kunjalo, cishe isithunzi seqembu safinyelela eVienna, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi salahlekelwa ngokuphelele ukuhamba kwayo. Naphezu kwalokhu kushiyeka, impumelelo yakhanyiswa, futhi uJenene Guderian wathola ukuhalalisela ku-Adolf Hitler ngokwakhe. Kodwa-ke, uma ama-Austrian ezama ukuzivikela, umdansi we-2 angakhokha kakhulu ngokulungiselela kwakhe okubi.

Ngo-November 1938, kwaqala isigaba esilandelayo ekudalweni kwamayunithi amasha ahlomile. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukusungulwa kwe-10th Division e-Würzburg mhla ziyi-4 kuLwezi, okwakuhlanganisa i-5th Division ye-35th Panzer Battalion e-Bamberg kanye ne-36th Panzer Battalion e-Schweinfurt, nayo eyadalwa mhla ziyi-10 kuLwezi 1938. I-Panzer yesi-23 eSchwetzingen. I-1st, 2nd and 3rd light brigades nayo yadalwa, ehlanganisa i-brigade ekhona ye-65 kanye ne-66th kanye ne-67th brigades esanda kwakhiwa - e-Eisenach naseGross-Glinik, ngokulandelana. Kuyafaneleka ukunezela lapha ukuthi ngemva kokuthathwa kwe-Austria ngo-March 1938, isigaba seselula sase-Austrian safakwa ku-Wehrmacht, eyahlelwa kabusha futhi yahlonywa imishini yaseJalimane (kodwa nabasebenzi base-Austrian abasele), yaba yi-4th Light Division, nebutho lethangi lama-33. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekupheleni konyaka, ama-brigades okukhanya ayesephethwe ngokwanele ukuba aqanjwe kabusha ngokwehlukana; lapho atholakala khona: 1. DLek - Wuppertal, 2. DLek - Gera, 3. DLek - Cottbus kanye 4. DLek - Vienna.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngo-November 1938, kwaqala kumiswa brigades ezimbili ezimele armored - 6 no-8 BP. I-BNF yesi-6, emiswe e-Würzburg, yayihlanganisa amathangi we-11 kanye nama-25 (asevele akhiwe), i-BNR yesi-8 evela e-Zhagan yayihlanganisa amathangi we-15 kanye nama-31. U-Armored General Lutz wayehlose ngamabomu ukuthi lezi zihlakaniphi zisebenzise amathangi ekusekeleni eduze izinsana, ngokuphambene nezigaba ze-panzer ezihloselwe ukuhamba ngokuzimela. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1936, uJenene Lutz wayengasekho. Kusukela ngoMeyi 1936 kuya ku-Okthoba 1937, uColonel Werner Kempf wasebenza njengomphathi we-High-Speed ​​​​Forces, kwase kuthi, kuze kube nguNovemba 1938, uLieutenant General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, General Scheel. Ngo-November 1938, uLieutenant General Heinz Guderian waba umkhuzi wama-Fast Troops, futhi kwaqala izinguquko. Ukwakhiwa kwe-5th Light Division kwanqanyulwa ngokushesha futhi kwathathelwa indawo yi-5th Infantry Division (ekomkhulu e-Opole), eyayihlanganisa ne-8th Infantry Division eyayizimele ngaphambili evela e-Žagan.

Kusukela ngoFebhuwari 1939, uGeneral Guderian wabona ukuguqulwa kokuhlukaniswa kokukhanya kube ukuhlukaniswa kwamathangi kanye nokuqedwa kwamabutho asekela izingane. Enye yalezi zinhlangano "yamuncwa" yi-Dpanc yesi-5; Kusele ababili kuphela. Ngakho-ke akulona iqiniso ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kokukhanya kwahlakazwa ngenxa yesipiliyoni somkhankaso wasePoland wango-1939. Ngokohlelo lukaGuderian, isigaba sokuqala, sesi-1, sesi-2, sesi-3 kanye nesesi-4 kwakufanele sihlale singaguquki, 5st and 1nd. I-DLek bekufanele iguqulwe ibe (ngokulandelana): 2rd, 3th, 4th and 6th Dancers. Izigaba ezintsha, ngokwesidingo, zazinamabutho ahlomile njengengxenye yebutho kanye nebutho elihlukile lamathangi: I-7th Infantry Division - i-8th Polish Armored Division kanye ne-I. / 9. ibhulukwe (ibhulukwe langaphambili le-6), i-11th manor house - i-manor house yama-12 kanye ne-I./65. ibhulukwe (ibhulukwe langaphambili le-bpant lama-7), i-manor house yama-35 - i-manor house yama-34 kanye ne-I./66. bpank (yangaphambili ye-bpank yesi-8) kanye nesigaba se-15 - i-bpank engu-16 kanye ne-I./67. bpanc (kulokhu kwakudingeka ukwakha izimpi ezimbili zamathangi amasha), kodwa lokhu kwaqhutshwa ukumuncwa kwamathangi aseCzech, aziwa eJalimane ngokuthi i-PzKpfw 9 (t) kanye nomugqa wokukhiqiza olungiselelwe we-prototype yethangi ebizwa ngokuthi i-PzKpfw 33 (t. ). Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo zokuguqula ukuhlukaniswa kokukhanya zibe izingxenye zamathangi azizange zisetshenziswe kuze kube ngu-Okthoba-Novemba 32.

Kakade ngo-February 1936, kwamiswa umyalo we-XVI Army Corps (Armored General Oswald Lutz) eBerlin, okuhlanganisa 1st, 2nd and 3rd Dancers. Kwakufanele kube yibutho eliyinhloko le-Wehrmacht. Ngo-1938, umkhuzi waleli qembu kwaba uLieutenant General Erich Hoepner. Nokho, amasosha akuleli fomu awakwazanga ukumelana nokulwa.

Amasosha ahlomile ahlasela iPoland ngo-1939

Esikhathini sikaJulayi-August 1939, amasosha aseJalimane adluliselwa ezindaweni zawo zokuqala ukuhlasela ePoland. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngoJulayi, kwasungulwa umyalo webutho elisha elisheshayo, i-XNUMXth Army Corps, uGeneral Heinz Guderian njengomphathi walo. Indlunkulu yalezi zidumbu yamiswa eVienna, kodwa ngokushesha yaphelela eNtshonalanga Pomerania.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Panzer Division ye-10 yasungulwa ePrague ngokuthi "iphonswe ku-tape", okwakudingeka ibe nesakhiwo esingaphelele futhi iyingxenye ye-brigade emkhankasweni wasePoland ka-1939. 8th PPank, 86. PPZmot, II./29. Ibutho lokuhlola izikhali. Kuphinde kwaba nesigaba esithuthukisiwe sezikhali ze-DPanc "Kempf" (umphathi uMajor General Werner Kempf) esisekelwe endlunkulu ye-4th BPanc, lapho ingxenye yesi-8 yezikhali zasePoland yathathwa yayiswa esigabeni se-10 sabahamba ngezinyawo. Ngakho-ke, i-7th Polish Armored Division yahlala kulesi sigaba, okuhlanganisa ibutho lama-SS "eJalimane" kanye nebutho lezempi le-SS. Eqinisweni, lesi sigaba sasinobukhulu be-brigade.

Ngaphambi kokuhlukunyezwa kwePoland ngo-1939, izigaba zamathangi aseJalimane zahlukaniswa zaba yizindikimba zebutho ezihlukene; Kwakungekho ababili endlini eyodwa.

I-Army Group eNyakatho (uColonel-General Fedor von Bock) yayinamabutho amabili - i-3rd Army eMpumalanga Prussia (I-Artillery General Georg von Küchler) kanye ne-4th Army eWestern Pomerania (Artillery General Günther von Kluge). Njengengxenye ye-3rd Army, kwakukhona kuphela i-DPants "Kempf" ethuthukisiwe ye-11th KA, kanye nezigaba ezimbili "ezijwayelekile" zamasosha (ama-61 kanye nama-4). Ibutho lesi-3 lalihlanganisa i-2nd SA kaGeneral Guderian, okuhlanganisa ne-20th Panzer Division, i-10th kanye ne-8th Panzer Divisions (ehamba ngezimoto), futhi kamuva i-10th Panzer Division ethuthukisiwe yafakwa kuyo. I-Army Group South (uColonel General Gerd von Rundstedt) yayinamabutho amathathu. Ibutho le-17 (uJenene Johannes Blaskowitz), eliqhubekela ophikweni lwesokunxele lokuhlasela okukhulu, ku-SA ye-10 laliphethe ibutho le-SS elinenjini kuphela elithi "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" kanye nama-DP amabili "avamile" (1939 kanye nowoku-1) . I-4th Army (I-Artillery General Walther von Reichenau), isuka e-Lower Silesia ibheke ohlangothini olukhulu lwesiteleka saseJalimane, yayine-XVI SA edumile (uLieutenant General Erich Hoepner) enezigaba ezimbili zamathangi "agcwele igazi" (okuwukuphela kwezidumbu ezinjalo umkhankaso wasePoland wangonyaka we-14 AD) - Izigaba ezingama-31 nezi-2 zePanzer, kodwa zihlanjululwe ngezigaba ezimbili "ezijwayelekile" zamasosha (esi-3 nese-13). I-SA yama-29 (uGeneral of Armored Forces u-Hermann Goth) waba ne-DLek ye-10 neye-1, i-SA yama-65 (uJenene Ohamba Ngezinyawo u-Gustav von Wietersheim) kanye nama-DP amabili ahamba ngezimoto - owe-11 nowe-14. 2nd Dlek, eyaqiniswa ngokushintshwa kwebhange layo lesine yi-4rd Panzer Regiment. Embuthweni Wezempi wesi-3 (Uhlu Olungu-Colonel-General Wilhelm), kanye namasosha amabili amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, kwakuyi-5th SA (Infantry General Eugen Beyer) ne-8th Panzer Division, i-28th Dleck kanye ne-239th Mountain Infantry Division. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SA XNUMX ihlanganisa i-Infantry Division yesi-XNUMX kanye ne-SS Motorized Regiment "Germania", kanye nezigaba ezintathu "ezijwayelekile" zamasosha: i-XNUMXth, XNUMXth kanye ne-XNUMXth Infantry Division. Ngendlela, lesi sakamuva sakhiwa ezinsukwini ezine ngaphambi kwempi e-Opole, njengengxenye yegagasi lesithathu lokugqugquzela.

Eminyakeni emihlanu amaJalimane ayethumele izingxenye eziyisikhombisa ze-panzer eziqeqeshwe kahle futhi ezihlome kahle kanye nezigaba ezine zokukhanya.

Isithombe esingenhla sibonisa ukuthi ibutho eliyinhloko elishayayo kwakuyiButho Leshumi, elisuka e-Lower Silesia lidlula e-Piotrkow Trybunalski liya e-Warsaw, elalineqembu elilodwa elinezigaba ezimbili ezigcwele zezikhali emkhankasweni wasePoland ka-10; bonke abanye bahlakazeka phakathi kwamabutho ahlukahlukene amabutho ngamanye. Ukuze ahlasele iPoland, amaJalimane asebenzisa wonke amathangi awo ngaleso sikhathi, futhi akwenza kangcono kakhulu kunangesikhathi se-Anschluss yase-Austria.

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