Ukucutshungulwa kwemithombo yamandla amakhemikhali

Isimo esijwayelekile kuwo wonke amakhaya ukuthi amabhethri asanda kuthengwa awasekho mahle. Noma mhlawumbe, ukunakekela imvelo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo - mayelana nengcebo yesikhwama sethu semali, sithole amabhethri? Ngemva kwesikhashana, nabo bayokwenqaba ukubambisana. Ngakho kudoti? Lutho neze! Ukwazi mayelana nezinsongo ezibangelwa amaseli endaweni ezungezile, sizobheka indawo yomhlangano.

Collection

Singakanani isikali senkinga esibhekene nayo? Umbiko ka-2011 woMhloli Omkhulu Wezemvelo wabonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwalokho Amaseli namabhethri ayizigidi ezingama-400. Cishe inani elifanayo lizibulele.

Ilayisi. 1. Ukwakheka okumaphakathi kwezinto zokusetshenziswa (amaseli asetshenzisiwe) asuka kumaqoqo kahulumeni.

Ngakho sidinga ukuthuthukisa cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-92 emfucumfucu eyingozi equkethe izinsimbi ezinzima (i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-nickel, isiliva, i-lead) kanye nenani lamakhemikhali amakhemikhali (i-potassium hydroxide, i-ammonium chloride, i-manganese dioxide, i-sulfuric acid) (Fig. 1). Lapho sizilahla - ngemva kokuba ukugqoka sekugqwalile - kungcolisa inhlabathi namanzi (Fig. 2). Masingenzi "isipho" esinjalo emvelweni, ngakho-ke kithi ngokwethu. Kule mali, ama-34% abalwa ngabaprosesa abakhethekile. Ngakho-ke, kusekuningi okufanele kwenziwe, futhi akuyona induduzo ukuthi akukhona ePoland kuphela?

Ilayisi. 2. Ama-cell coatings agqwalile.

Asisenazo izaba zokungayi ndawo amaseli asetshenzisiwe. Yonke indawo ethengisa amabhethri nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo kuyadingeka ukuze izamukele kithi (kanye nezinto zikagesi ezindala nezasendlini). Futhi, izitolo eziningi nezikole zineziqukathi esingafaka kuzo amakheji. Ngakho-ke ‘masingazilahli’ futhi singawalahli amabhethri asetshenzisiwe nama-accumulators kudoti. Ngesifiso esincane, sizothola iphuzu le-rally, futhi izixhumanisi ngokwazo zinesisindo esincane kangangokuthi isixhumanisi ngeke sisikhathaze.

Ukuhlunga

Njengabanye izinto ezigaywa kabusha, ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo kunengqondo ngemva kokuhlunga. Imfucuza evela ezitshalweni zezimboni ivamise ukufana ngekhwalithi, kodwa imfucuza evela eqoqweni lomphakathi iyingxube yezinhlobo zamaseli atholakalayo. Ngakho, umbuzo oyinhloko uba ukuhlukaniswa.

E-Poland ukuhlunga kwenziwa ngesandla, kanti amanye amazwe aseYurophu asevele enemigqa yokuhlela ezenzakalelayo. Basebenzisa izisefo ezinosayizi abafanelekile be-mesh (ukuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli osayizi abahlukene) kanye ne-x-ray (ukuhlunga okuqukethwe). Ukwakheka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa eziqoqweni ePoland nakho kuhluke kancane.

Kuze kube muva nje, amaseli ethu e-Leclanche ane-acidic yakudala egcwele. Muva nje ukuthi inzuzo yamaseli e-alkaline yesimanje, anqoba izimakethe zaseNtshonalanga eminyakeni eminingi edlule, iye yabonakala. Kunoma yikuphi, zombili izinhlobo zamaseli alahlwayo zenza ngaphezu kuka-90% wamabhethri aqoqiwe. Okusele amabhethri enkinobho (amawashi anika amandla (Fig. 3) noma izibali), amabhethri angashajwa kanye namabhethri e-lithium amafoni namalaptop. Isizathu sesabelo esincane kangaka inani eliphezulu nempilo yesevisi ende uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezilahlwayo.

Ilayisi. 3. Isixhumanisi esiyisiliva esisetshenziselwa ukunika amandla amawashi esihlakala.

Iyacubungula

Ngemva kokuhlukana, sekuyisikhathi sento ebaluleke kakhulu ukucubungula isigaba - ukubuyiswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ohlotsheni ngalunye, imikhiqizo etholiwe izohluka kancane. Nokho, izindlela zokucubungula ziyefana.

ukucutshungulwa komshini kuhlanganisa ukugaya imfucuza ezigayweni. Izingxenye eziwumphumela zihlukaniswa kusetshenziswa ama-electromagnets (insimbi nama-alloys ayo) kanye nezinhlelo ezikhethekile ze-sieve (ezinye izinsimbi, izakhi zepulasitiki, iphepha, njll.). Ukuphuma kwelanga indlela ilele eqinisweni lokuthi asikho isidingo sokuhlunga ngokucophelela izinto zokusetshenziswa ngaphambi kokucubungula, isici - udoti omningi ongasebenziseki odinga ukulahlwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza.

I-Hydrometallurgical recycling ukuhlakazeka kwamaseli kuma-asidi noma izisekelo. Esigabeni esilandelayo sokucubungula, izixazululo ezitholakalayo ziyahlanzwa futhi zihlukaniswe, isibonelo, usawoti wensimbi, ukuthola izakhi ezihlanzekile. Okukhulu inzuzo indlela ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi kanye nenani elincane lemfucuza edinga ukulahlwa. Yenza Le ndlela yokuvuselela idinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela kwamabhethri ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kwemikhiqizo ewumphumela.

Ukucubungula okushisayo kuqukethe ukudubula amaseli kuhhavini womklamo ofanele. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-oxides awo ayancibilika futhi atholakala (izinto zokusetshenziswa zokugaya insimbi). Ukuphuma kwelanga indlela ihlanganisa ithuba lokusebenzisa amabhethri angahlungiwe, isici kanye - ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo evuthayo eyingozi.

ngaphandle okugaywa kabusha Amaseli agcinwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza ngemva kokuvikelwa kokuqala ekungeneni kwezingxenye zawo endaweni ezungezile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyisilinganiso esiyingxenye kuphela, ukuhlehlisa isidingo sokubhekana nalolu hlobo lwemfucuza kanye nokuchithwa kwezinto eziningi ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa.

Singakwazi futhi ukubuyisela ezinye izakhamzimba kulebhu yethu yasekhaya. Lezi yizingxenye zezakhi zakudala ze-Leclanche - i-zinc ehlanzekile evela ezinkomishini ezizungeze i-elementi, nama-electrode e-graphite. Ngaphandle kwalokho, singahlukanisa i-manganese dioxide engxubeni engaphakathi kwengxube - umane ubilise ngamanzi (ukususa ukungcola okuncibilikayo, ikakhulukazi i-ammonium chloride) kanye nesihlungi. Izinsalela ezinganyibiliki (ezingcoliswe uthuli lwamalahle) zifanele ukusabela okuningi okubandakanya i-MnO.₂.

Kodwa akuzona kuphela izakhi ezisetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izinto zikagesi zasendlini ezingagaywa kabusha. Amabhethri ezimoto ezindala nawo angumthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa. Kukhishwa umthofu kuwo, bese usetshenziswa lapho kwakhiwa imishini emisha, bese kulahlwa amakesi nokugcwalisa i-electrolyte.

Akekho odinga ukukhunjuzwa ngomonakalo wemvelo ongabangelwa isixazululo sensimbi enobuthi esindayo ne-sulfuric acid. Ngempucuko yethu yobuchwepheshe ethuthuka ngokushesha, isibonelo samaseli namabhethri siyimodeli. Inkinga ekhulayo ayikona ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo ngokwawo, kodwa ukulahlwa kwawo ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Ngithemba ukuthi abafundi bakamagazini "Young Technician" bazogqugquzela abanye ukuthi baphinde basebenzise isibonelo sabo.

Isilingo 1 - ibhethri ye-lithium

amaseli e-lithium zisetshenziswa zokubala kanye nokugcina amandla ku-BIOS yamabhodi womama wekhompyutha (Fig. 4). Ake siqinisekise ubukhona be-metallic lithium kuzo.

Ilayisi. 4. Iseli ye-lithium-manganese esetshenziselwa ukugcina amandla ku-BIOS yebhodi lomama lekhompyutha.

Ngemva kokuhlakaza isici (isibonelo, uhlobo oluvamile lwe-CR2032), singabona imininingwane yesakhiwo (Fig. 5): ungqimba olumnyama olucindezelwe lwe-manganese dioxide MnO₂, i-electrode eyisihlukanisi enezimbotshana ehlanganiswe nesisombululo se-electrolyte ephilayo, evala indandatho yepulasitiki kanye nezingxenye ezimbili zensimbi ezakha indlu.

Ilayisi. 5. Izingxenye zeseli ye-lithium-manganese: 1. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba enongqimba lwensimbi ye-lithium (i-electrode engeyiyo). 2. Isihlukanisi esifakwe ngesixazululo se-organic electrolyte. 3. Ungqimba olucindezelwe lwe-manganese dioxide (i-electrode enhle). 4. Indandatho yePlastiki (i-electrode insulator). 5. Izindlu ezingaphezulu (i-electrode terminal enhle).

Encane (i-electrode engalungile) imbozwe ungqimba lwe-lithium, oluba mnyama ngokushesha emoyeni. I-elementi ikhonjwa ngokuhlolwa kwelangabi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thatha insimbi ethambile ekugcineni kocingo lwensimbi bese ufaka isampula elangabini lokushisa - umbala we-carmine ubonisa ukuba khona kwe-lithium (Fig. 6). Silahla izinsalela zensimbi ngokuzincibilikisa emanzini.

Ilayisi. 6. Isampula ye-lithium elangabini lokushisa.

Faka i-electrode yensimbi ngesendlalelo se-lithium ku-beaker bese uthela ama-cm ambalwa³ amanzi. Ukusabela okunobudlova kwenzeka emkhunjini, okuhambisana nokukhululwa kwegesi ye-hydrogen:

I-Lithium hydroxide iyisisekelo esiqinile futhi singayihlola kalula ngephepha lenkomba.

Isipiliyoni 2 - isibopho se-alkaline

Sika i-alkaline elahlayo, isibonelo, thayipha i-LR6 ("umunwe", AA). Ngemva kokuvula inkomishi yensimbi, isakhiwo sangaphakathi siyabonakala (Fig. 7): ngaphakathi kukhona inqwaba ekhanyayo eyenza i-anode (i-potassium noma i-sodium hydroxide kanye nothuli lwe-zinc), kanye nongqimba olumnyama lwe-manganese dioxide MnO oluzungezile.₂ ngothuli lwe-graphite (i-cell cathode).

Ilayisi. 7. Ukusabela kwe-alkaline kwesisindo se-anode kuseli le-alkaline. Isakhiwo seselula esibonakalayo: i-anode-forming mass (KOH + zinc dust) kanye ne-manganese dioxide emnyama enothuli lwe-graphite njenge-cathode.

Ama-electrode ahlukaniswa komunye nomunye nge-diaphragm yephepha. Faka inani elincane lezinto ezikhanyayo emgqeni wokuhlola bese uwuthambisa ngethonsi lamanzi. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukhombisa ukusabela kwe-alkaline kokunamathisela kwe-anode. Uhlobo lwe-hydroxide esetshenzisiwe luqinisekiswa kangcono ngokuhlolwa kwelangabi. Isampula likasayizi wezinhlamvu ze-poppy linamathiselwe ocingweni lwensimbi olucwiliswe emanzini bese lufakwa emlilweni ovuthayo.

Umbala ophuzi ubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium hydroxide ngumenzi, futhi umbala opinki-nsomi ubonisa i-potassium hydroxide. Njengoba ama-sodium compounds angcolisa cishe zonke izinto, futhi ukuhlolwa kwelangabi kwalesi sakhi kuzwela kakhulu, umbala ophuzi welangabi ungavala imigqa ye-spectral ye-potassium. Isixazululo ukubuka ilangabi ngesihlungi se-blue-violet, esingaba ingilazi ye-cobalt noma isixazululo sikadayi eflaskini (i-indigo noma i-methyl violet etholakala kusibulala-magciwane esilonda, i-pyoctane). Isihlungi sizomunca umbala ophuzi, sikuvumela ukuthi uqinisekise ubukhona be-potassium kusampula.

Amakhodi okuqokwa

Ukuze kube lula ukuhlonza uhlobo lweseli, ikhodi ekhethekile yezinhlamvu nezinombolo yethulwe. Ezinhlotsheni ezivame kakhulu ezindlini zethu, kubukeka kanjena: inombolo-uhlamvu-inombolo-inombolo, lapho:

- idijithi yokuqala inombolo yamaseli; kuzitshiwe kumaseli awodwa.

– uhlamvu lokuqala lukhombisa uhlobo lweseli. Uma ingekho, iseli ye-Leclanche zinc-graphite (i-anode: zinc, i-electrolyte: ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl, zinc chloride ZnCl₂, cathode: MnO manganese dioxide₂). Ezinye izinhlobo zamaseli zibhalwe kanje (i-sodium hydroxide eshibhile nayo isetshenziswa esikhundleni se-potassium hydroxide):

A, P - izakhi ze-zinc-air (i-anode: i-zinc, i-oksijeni yasemkhathini iyancipha ku-graphite cathode);

B, C, E, F, G - amaseli e-lithium (i-anode: i-lithium, kodwa izinto eziningi zisetshenziswa njenge-cathodes ne-electrolyte);

H - Ibhethri ye-nickel-metal hydride ye-Ni-MH (i-metal hydride, KOH, NiOOH);

K - Ibhethri ye-Ni-Cd nickel-cadmium (cadmium, KOH, NiOOH);

L - i-alkaline element (zinc, KOH, MnO₂);

M - i-mercury element (zinc, KOH; HgO), ayisasetshenziswa;

S Isici sesiliva (zinc, KOH; Ag₂MAYELANA);

Z - i-nickel-manganese element (zinc, KOH, NiOOH, MnO₂).

- incwadi elandelayo ikhombisa ukuma kwesixhumanisi:

F - i-lamellar;

R - cylindrical;

S - unxande;

P - ukuqokwa kwamanje kwamaseli anomumo ngaphandle kwe-cylindrical.

- isibalo sokugcina noma izibalo zibonisa usayizi wereferensi (amanani ekhathalogi noma anikeza ubukhulu ngokuqondile).

Izibonelo zokumaka:

R03
 - iseli ye-zinc-graphite ubukhulu bomunwe omncane. Esinye isibizo sithi AAA noma micro.

LR6 - iseli le-alkaline elilingana nomunwe. Elinye igama elithi AA noma i-minion.

I-HR14  - Ibhethri ye-Ni-MH, uhlamvu C lusetshenziselwa usayizi.

KR20 – Ibhethri le-Ni-Cd, usayizi walo nalo omakwe ngohlamvu D.

3LR12 - ibhethri eyisicaba ene-voltage engu-4,5 V, ehlanganisa amaseli amathathu e-alkali.

6F22 Ibhethri ye-9V; amaseli e-planar zinc-graphite ayisithupha avalelwe ekesini elingunxande.

CR2032 Iseli ye-lithium-manganese (i-lithium, i-organic electrolyte, i-MnO₂) enobubanzi obungu-20 mm nogqinsi luka-3,2 mm.