Ukukhumbula uRudolf Diesel: iminyaka eyi-160 kusukela kwazalwa ubuhlakani

Indaba emayelana nesimo esijulile somphuphi kanye nomdali wenjini kadizili

Umklami ohlakaniphile u-Rudolf Diesel udale enye yezinto ezidaliwe ezinkulu emlandweni wesintu wezimboni. Nokho, umphefumulo wakhe odabukile uhlushwa incazelo yakho konke akudalile.

Ngosuku lweValentine, ngoFebhuwari 14, 1898, indodana yomuntu waseSweden, u-Emanuel Nobel, yafika ehhotela iBristol eBerlin. Ngemva kokushona kukayise, uLudwig Nobel, wazuza njengefa inkampani yakhe kawoyela, eyayiyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia ngaleso sikhathi. U-Emanuel ushubile futhi ukhathazekile ngoba isivumelwano azosenza sibaluleke kakhulu kuye. Ngemuva kokuthi umalume wakhe u-Alfred enqume ukunikela ngefa lakhe elikhulu, elihlanganisa inkampani enkulu yeziqhumane kanye nesabelo esikhulu enkampanini efanayo kawoyela yeNobel Foundation ayidalile, laba baqala ukuba nezinkinga ezinkulu zezimali, futhi wabheka zonke izinhlobo zezixazululo. . Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wanquma ukujwayelana nendoda kakade eyaziwa ngaleso sikhathi okuthiwa uRudolf Diesel. U-Nobel ufuna ukuthenga kuye amalungelo obunikazi bokukhiqiza e-Russia injini evuthayo yangaphakathi eyongayo yaseJalimane yomdabu waseJalimane. U-Emanuel Nobel ulungiselele amamaki egolide angu-800 ngale njongo, kodwa usacabanga ukuthi angakwazi ukuxoxisana ngokuncishiswa kwentengo.

Usuku lumatasa kakhulu ku-Diesel - uzodla isidlo sasekuseni noFriedrich Alfred Krupp, khona-ke uzoba nomhlangano nebhange laseSweden uMarkus Wallenberg, futhi ntambama uzonikezelwa ku-Emanuel Nobel. Ngakusasa, umnikazi webhange kanye nomsunguli osomabhizinisi basayine isivumelwano esaholela ekwakhiweni kwenkampani entsha yenjini yedizili yaseSweden. Kodwa-ke, izingxoxo noNobel zinzima kakhulu, naphezu kwesimangalo sika-Diesel sokuthi umSweden "uthanda kakhulu injini yakhe" kunaye. Ukungaqiniseki kuka-Emanuel akuhlobene nekusasa lenjini - njenge-technocrat akakungabazi, kodwa njengosomabhizinisi ukholelwa ukuthi injini ye-diesel izokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-petroleum. Imikhiqizo efanayo kawoyela ekhiqizwa izinkampani zikaNobel. Ufuna nje ukuthola imininingwane.

Kodwa-ke, uRudolph akazange afune ukulinda futhi watshela uNobel ngokungacabangi ukuthi uma iSweden ingayamukeli imigomo yakhe, uDiesel uzothengisa ilungelo lakhe lobunikazi kumbangi wakhe uJohn Rockefeller. Yini evumela lo njiniyela owayefuna ukuvelela waphendulela usomabhizinisi ukuba aphathe kabi uMklomelo kaNobel ngempumelelo futhi ngokuzethemba ame endleleni yabantu ababili abanamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni? Azikho izinjini zakhe ezingasebenza ngokuthembekile okwamanje, futhi usanda kusayina inkontileka nomenzi wobhiya u-Adolphus Busch wamalungelo okukhiqiza akhethekile e-United States. Kodwa-ke, ukukhwabanisa kwakhe kwaba nomphumela omuhle, futhi isivumelwano noNobel sashaywa.

Eminyakeni engu-15 kamuva ...

September 29, 1913. Usuku lwekwindla olujwayelekile. Inkungu ewugqinsi yavala umlomo we-Scheldt eNetherlands, futhi izinjini zesitimu zomkhumbi i-Dresden zaphahlazeka endaweni yokugcina izinto, zawela i-English Channel ziya eNgilandi. Esikebheni kukhona uRudolf Diesel ofanayo, owathumelela umkakhe ucingo olubonisa ithemba lokuthi uhambo oluzayo lwaluzophumelela maduze nje. Kubonakala kunjalo. Cishe ngehora leshumi ebusuku, yena nasebenza nabo, uGeorge Cares no-Alfred Luckman, banquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokulala, baxhawulana futhi bazulazula emakamelweni abo. Ekuseni, akekho ongathola uMnu. Diesel, futhi lapho izisebenzi zakhe ezikhathazekile zimfuna endlini encane, umbhede osegumbini lakhe awuguquki. Kamuva, umgibeli, okwavela ukuthi wayengumzala kaMongameli waseNdiya uJawaharlal Nehru, uzokhumbula ukuthi izinyathelo zomuntu zaziqondiswe kanjani ekugayweni komkhumbi. USomandla kuphela owazi kahle ukuthi kwenzekani ngokulandelayo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ekhasini lika-September 29 encwadini kaRudolf Diesel, isiphambano esincane sibhalwe ngokucophelela ngepensela ...

Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nanye kamuva, amatilosi aseDashi athola isidumbu sowesilisa ominzayo. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwalo okwesabisayo, ukaputeni uludlulisa ukuze kuzuze ulwandle, alondoloze lokho akuthola kulo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, enye yamadodana kaRudolf, u-Eugen Diesel, yababona njengabakayise.

Ebumnyameni obujulile benkungu iphela umsebenzi othembisayo womdali wendalo ehlakaniphile, ebizwa ngegama lakhe "injini ye-diesel". Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka ngokujulile emvelweni womdwebi, sithola ukuthi umphefumulo udwengulwa ukuphikisana nokungabaza, okunikeza isizathu esihle sokuqaphela njengegunya hhayi kuphela inkolelo-mbono yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wayeyisisulu sama-agent aseJalimane efuna ukuvimbela. ukudayiswa kwamalungelo obunikazi eMbusweni WaseBrithani. ngobusuku bempi ebonakala ingenakugwenywa, kodwa lo Dizili wazibulala. Ukuhlushwa okujulile kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezwe langaphakathi lomklami ohlakaniphile.

Ukudala okuhlakaniphile kwengcweti

URudolph wazalwa ngo-March 18, 1858 enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance eParis. Ukwanda kwemizwa ye-chauvinistic eFrance phakathi neMpi YaseFranco-Prussia kwaphoqa umndeni wakhe ukuba uthuthele eNgilandi. Nokho, imali yabo ayanele ngokwedlulele, futhi uyise uphoqeleka ukuba athumele uRudolph osemncane kumfowabo womkakhe, ongeyena umuntu owenze iphutha. Umalume kaDiesel ngaleso sikhathi wayenguProfesa Barnikel owaziwayo, futhi ngokusekelwa kwakhe waphumelela eSikoleni Sezimboni (ngaleso sikhathi esasiyi-Technical School, manje eyi-University of Applied Sciences) e-Augsburg, wabe eseba seTechnical University of Munich, ethola iziqu ze-honours. eke yaphumelela. Ukusebenza kwethalenta elincane kuyamangalisa, futhi ukuphikelela alwela ukufeza imigomo yakhe kumane kubamangaze labo abamzungezile. Udizili unamaphupho okudala injini yokushisa efanelekile, kodwa okuxakayo, igcina isendaweni yesiqandisi. Ngo-1881, wabuyela eParis ngesimemo sowayengumeluleki wakhe, uProfesa Karl von Linde, umsunguli womenzi weqhwa oqanjwe ngaye, futhi wabeka izisekelo zesimiso esikhulu sanamuhla seziqandisi saseLinde. Lapho uRudolph waqokwa njengomqondisi walesi sikhungo. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinjini zikaphethiloli zazisanda kuqalisa, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwasungulwa enye injini yokushisa. Kuyi-turbine yesitimu, esanda kusungulwa i-French Swede De Leval kanye ne-Englishman Parsons, futhi iphakeme kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kunenjini yesitimu.

Ngokufana nokwakhiwa kukaDaimler noBenz nabanye ososayensi, bazama ukwakha izinjini ezisebenza ngophalafini. Ngaleso sikhathi, bebengakabazi kahle ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali nokuthambekela kwawo ekuqhumeni (ukuthungela okuqhumayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile). Udizili uqaphelisisa le micimbi futhi uthola imininingwane mayelana nale micimbi futhi ngemuva kokuhlaziywa okuningi ubone ukuthi wonke amaphrojekthi entula okuthile okuyisisekelo. Uqhamuke nomqondo omusha owehluke kakhulu kwezinjini ezisuselwa e-Otto.

“Umoya enjinini yami uzoshuba kakhulu, bese kuthi ukujova kukaphethiloli kuqale ngomzuzu wokugcina,” kusho unjiniyela waseJalimane. "Amazinga okushisa aphakeme azobangela uphethiloli ukuthi uzithungele, futhi isilinganiso esiphezulu sokucindezela siyowenza wonge kakhulu uphethiloli." Ngemva konyaka ethole ilungelo lobunikazi lombono wakhe, u-Diesel washicilela incwajana enesihloko esikhulu nesidelelayo "Ithiyori nokwakhiwa kwenjini yokushisa enengqondo, okufanele ithathele indawo injini yesitimu kanye nezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezaziwayo manje."

Ithiyori yamaphupho

Amaphrojekthi kaRudolf Diesel asekelwe ezisekelweni zethiyori ze-thermodynamics. Nokho, ithiyori ingenye futhi umkhuba uhlukile. Udizili akazi ukuthi uzoziphatha kanjani uphethroli ezowufaka emasilindani ezinjini zayo. Okokuqala, wanquma ukuzama uphalafini, owawusetshenziswa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakamuva akusona isixazululo senkinga - emzameni wokuqala, injini yokuhlola eyakhiwe embonini yemishini yase-Augsburg (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi isikhungo samaloli asindayo i-MAN) yahlukaniswa, futhi igeji yokulinganisa umfutho yacishe yabulala umsunguli. amasentimitha endizayo. kusukela ekhanda lakhe. Ngemva kwemizamo eminingi ehlulekile, u-Diesel wakwazi ukwenza umshini wokuhlola usebenze, kodwa kuphela ngemva kokwenza izinguquko ezithile zokuklama futhi kuphela lapho eshintshela ekusebenziseni ingxenyena kawoyela esindayo, kamuva eyaqanjwa ngokuthi "uphethiloli wedizili" ngaye.

Osomabhizinisi abaningi sebeqala ukuba nentshisekelo ngentuthuko ka-Diesel, futhi amaphrojekthi akhe asezoguqula umhlaba wezinjini ezishisayo, ngoba injini yakhe empeleni iphenduka inokonga kakhulu.

Ubufakazi balokhu banikezwa ngo-1898 ofanayo lapho umlando wethu waqala, eMunich, lapho kwavulwa khona uMbukiso weMishini, owaba yisisekelo sempumelelo eyengeziwe ye-Diesel nezinjini zayo. Kukhona izinjini ezivela e-Augsburg, kanye nenjini engu-20 hp. isitshalo i-Otto-Deutz, esishayela umshini ukuze uncibilikise umoya. Ikakhulukazi isithakazelo isithuthuthu ekhiqizwa ezimbonini Krupp - has 35 hp. futhi izungezisa i-hydraulic pump shaft, idale ijethi lamanzi ukuphakama ngamamitha angama-40. Le njini isebenza ngomgomo wenjini kadizili, futhi ngemuva kombukiso, izinkampani zaseJalimane nezakwamanye amazwe ziwuthengela amalayisensi, okuhlanganisa noNobel, othola amalungelo okukhiqiza. injini eRussia. .

Nakuba kungase kubonakale kungenangqondo, ekuqaleni injini kadizili yabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu ezweni lakubo. Izizathu zalokhu ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa zihlobene neqiniso lokuthi izwe linezinqolobane zamalahle ezibalulekile futhi cishe awekho amafutha. Iqiniso liwukuthi nakuba kulesi sigaba injini kaphethiloli ithathwa njengehamba phambili ezimotweni, engenakho enye indlela, uphethiloli kadizili uzosetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini, okungenziwa nangezinjini ezibaswa ngamalahle. Njengoba ebhekene nabaphikisi abaningi eJalimane, u-Diesel uphoqeleka ukuthi axhumane nabakhiqizi abaningi baseFrance, eSwitzerland, e-Austria, eBelgium, eRussia naseMelika. E-Russia, uNobel, kanye nenkampani yaseSweden i-ASEA, bakha ngempumelelo imikhumbi yokuqala yabathengisi kanye namathangi ngenjini yedizili, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kwavela imikhumbi-ngwenya yokuqala yaseRussia iMinoga neShark. Eminyakeni eyalandela, u-Diesel uye wenza intuthuko enkulu ekuthuthukiseni injini yakhe, futhi akukho lutho olungavimba indlela yokunqoba yendalo yakhe - ngisho nokufa komdali wakhe. Izoguqula ezokuthutha futhi ingenye into esunguliwe yenkathi ebingakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli.

Umshikashika womphefumulo ojulile

Kodwa, njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, kukhona ukuphikisana okuningi ngemuva kwalesi siphetho esibukeka kahle kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi yizici zesikhathi lapho izenzakalo zenzeka khona, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingqikithi kaRudolf Diesel. Naphezu kwempumelelo yakhe, phakathi nohambo lwango-1913 wazithola engasenamali ngokuphelele. Emphakathini jikelele, u-Diesel ungumsunguli ohlakaniphile futhi ohlakaniphile osevele waba usozigidi, kodwa empeleni akakwazi ukuthembela kuziqinisekiso zebhange ukuze aqedele ukuthengiselana. Naphezu kokuphumelela kwakhe, umklami wawela ekucindezelekeni okujulile, uma igama elinjalo lalikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Inani alikhokha ngendalo yakhe likhulu, futhi uya ngokuya ehlushwa ukucabanga ukuthi isintu siyakudinga yini. Esikhundleni sokulungiselela izethulo zakhe, ugxile emicabangweni ekhona futhi ufunda “umsebenzi onzima kodwa owanelisa ngokungenamkhawulo” (ngamazwi akhe). Incwadi yalesi sazi sefilosofi yatholakala ekamelweni lakhe emkhunjini waseDresden, lapho i-tape yokumaka kasilika yayibekwe emakhasini lapho kutholakala khona amagama alandelayo: "Abantu abazalelwa ebumpofu, kodwa ngenxa yethalenta labo ekugcineni bafinyelela" a isimo lapho behola kakhulu, cishe njalo ukufinyelela autosuggestion ukuthi ithalenta umgomo inviolable of capital yabo siqu, futhi impahla impahla amaphesenti nje impoqo. Laba bantu ngokuvamile bagcina bempofu kakhulu. ”…

Ingabe u-Diesel uyakubona ukuphila kwakhe ngomqondo wala mazwi? Lapho amadodana akhe u-Eugen noRudolf evula indlu yengcebo ekhaya e-Bogenhausen, athola amamaki ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili kuphela kuyo. Konke okunye kudonswa ukuphila komkhaya okuwubukhazikhazi. I-overhead yonyaka ye-90 Reichmarks ingena endlini enkulu. Amasheya ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene awakhiphi izabelo, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali emikhakheni kawoyela yaseGalician kuphenduka amabharaki angenasiphelo. Kamuva abantu besikhathi sikadizili baqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo yakhe yashabalala ngokushesha njengoba kwakubonakala, ukuthi wayengumuntu ohlakaniphile njengoba eqhosha futhi enobugovu kangangokuthi akazange akubone kudingekile ukuxoxisana nanoma yimuphi osozimali. . Ukuzethemba kwakhe kuphakeme kakhulu ukuthi angabonisana nanoma ubani. Udizili ubamba iqhaza ngisho nasekuhwebeni okucatshangelwayo, futhi lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu. Ubuntwana bakhe, futhi ikakhulukazi uyise ongaziwa, ohweba ngezinto ezincane ezihlukahlukene ekuhambeni, kodwa obhekwa njengommeleli wohlobo oluthile lwamabutho angaphandle, mhlawumbe waba nomthelela omkhulu kusimilo sakhe. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Diesel ngokwakhe, owaba ukuphikisana nalokhu kuziphatha (izizathu zokuziphatha okunjalo zilele emkhakheni we-psychoanalysis), wayethi: "Angisaqiniseki ukuthi ikhona yini inzuzo kulokho enginakho. okuzuzwe empilweni yami. Angazi noma izimoto zami zenze impilo yabantu yaba ngcono yini. Angiqiniseki ngalutho..."

I-oda lokuhamba unjiniyela waseJalimane alikwazi ukuhlela ukuzulazula nokuhlushwa okungachazeki emphefumulweni wakhe. Uma injini yayo ishisa wonke amaconsi, umdali wayo uzoshisa ...

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev