Isiqhingi akulona ngempela uthando

Imibiko evela ezindlini zokucwaninga ezizama ukucacisa okuqukethwe ubuchopho bomuntu ngokuqinisekile iyabakhathaza abaningi. Uma ubheka ngokucophelela lezi zindlela, uzokwehlisa umoya kancane.

Ngo-2013, ososayensi baseJapane abavela eNyuvesi yaseKyoto baphumelela ngokunemba kwe-60% "funda amaphupho »ngokuqopha amasignali athile ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokulala. Ososayensi basebenzisa imaging resonance kazibuthe ukuqapha izifundo. Bakha isizindalwazi ngokuhlanganisa izinto zibe izigaba ezibonwayo ezibanzi. Emzuliswaneni wakamuva wokuhlolwa, abacwaningi bakwazi ukuhlonza izithombe amavolontiya azibona emaphusheni abo.

Ukwenza kusebenze izifunda zobuchopho ngesikhathi sokuskena kwe-MRI

Ngo-2014, iqembu labacwaningi abavela eYunivesithi yaseYale, eliholwa ngu-Alan S. Cowen, ncamashi. izithombe ezenziwe kabusha zobuso bomuntu, ngokusekelwe ekurekhodweni kobuchopho okwenziwe kubaphenduli ngokuphendula izithombe ezibonisiwe. Abacwaningi babe sebefaka imephu umsebenzi wobuchopho babahlanganyeli base bedala umtapo wezincwadi wezibalo wezimpendulo zezifundo ezihlolwayo kubantu ngabanye.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, iMillennium Magnetic Technologies (MMT) yaba inkampani yokuqala ukunikeza le nkonzo "ukuqopha imicabango ». Ukusebenzisa ezethu, ezinelungelo lobunikazi, okuthiwa. , i-MMT ihlonza amaphethini engqondo afana nomsebenzi wobuchopho besiguli namaphethini okucabanga. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa i-imaging magnetic resonance (fMRI) esebenzayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwevidiyo ye-biometric ukubona ubuso, izinto, ngisho nokukhomba iqiniso namanga.

Ngo-2016, isazi sezinzwa u-Alexander Huth waseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley nethimba lakhe bakha "i-atlas ye-semantic" ukucacisa imicabango yabantu. Uhlelo lusize, phakathi kokunye, ukuhlonza izindawo ezisebuchosheni ezihambisana namagama anezincazelo ezifanayo. Abacwaningi benze ucwaningo besebenzisa i-fMRI, futhi ababambiqhaza balalela ukusakazwa kuxoxa izindaba ezahlukene ngesikhathi sokuskena. I-MRI esebenzayo yembula izinguquko ezicashile ekugelezeni kwegazi ebuchosheni ngokulinganisa umsebenzi wezinzwa. Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi okungenani ingxenye yesithathu ye-cerebral cortex yayihileleke ezinqubweni zolimi.

Ngemva konyaka, ngo-2017, ososayensi baseCarnegie Mellon University (CMU), eholwa nguMarcel Just, bathuthukiswa. indlela yokubona imicabango enzimaisibonelo, "ufakazi waklabalasa phakathi necala." Ososayensi basebenzise ama-algorithms okufunda komshini kanye nobuchwepheshe be-imaging yobuchopho ukukhombisa ukuthi izindawo ezihlukene zobuchopho zibandakanyeka kanjani ekwakheni imicabango efanayo.

Ngo-2017, abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yasePurdue basebenzisa ukufunda ingqondo ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela. Babeka iqembu lezihloko emshinini we-fMRI, owaskena ubuchopho babo futhi wabuka amavidiyo ezilwane, abantu, nezigcawu zemvelo. Lolu hlobo lohlelo lube nokufinyelela kudatha ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kwasiza ukufunda kwakhe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, wafunda ukubona imicabango, amaphethini okuziphatha kobuchopho ezithombeni ezithile. Abacwaningi baqoqe inani lamahora angu-11,5 wedatha ye-fMRI.

NgoJanuwari walo nyaka, iScientific Reports ishicilele imiphumela yocwaningo lukaNima Mesgarani waseColumbia University eNew York, olwakha kabusha amaphethini obuchopho - kulokhu hhayi amaphupho, amagama nezithombe, kodwa wezwa imisindo. Idatha eqoqiwe yahlanzwa futhi yahlelwa ngama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa alingisa ukwakheka kwe-neural yobuchopho.

Ukuhambisana kuyalinganiselwa futhi kungokwezibalo

Uchungechunge olungenhla lwemibiko yentuthuko elandelanayo ezindleleni zokufunda ingqondo luzwakala njengochungechunge lwempumelelo. Nokho, intuthuko inqubo ye-neuroformation ilwa nobunzima obukhulu nokulinganiselwa okusenza sisheshe siyeke ukucabanga ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba ibunqobe.

Okokuqala, ukuhlela ubuchopho ihlaya inqubo ende futhi ebizayo. "Abafundi bamaphupho" baseJapan okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla badinga imizuliswano yesivivinyo engamakhulu amabili umhlanganyeli ngamunye wocwaningo. Okwesibili, ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, imibiko yokuphumelela "ekufundeni kwengqondo" ihaba futhi idukisa umphakathi, ngoba icala liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi alibukeki sengathi livezwa kwabezindaba.

URussell Poldrack, isazi sezinzwa sase-Stanford kanye nombhali we-New Mind Readers, manje usengomunye wabagxeki abakhulu begagasi lomdlandla wemidiya wokuthwebula izithombe. Ubhala ngokucacile ukuthi umsebenzi endaweni ethile yobuchopho awusitsheli ukuthi yini umuntu abhekana nayo ngempela.

Njengoba u-Poldrack ebonisa, indlela engcono kakhulu yokubuka ubuchopho bomuntu busebenza, noma i-fMRI, ilungile indlela engaqondile ngokulinganisa umsebenzi wama-neurons, njengoba ikala ukugeleza kwegazi, hhayi ama-neurons ngokwawo. Idatha ewumphumela iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi idinga umsebenzi omningi ukuyihumushela emiphumeleni engasho okuthile kumbukeli wangaphandle. futhi azikho izifanekiso ezijwayelekile - ubuchopho bomuntu ngamunye buhluke kancane futhi kufanele kuthuthukiswe uhlaka oluhlukile lwereferensi ngayinye yazo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwedatha kuhlala kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi kube nenkulumompikiswano enkulu emhlabeni wochwepheshe we-fMRI mayelana nokuthi idatha isetshenziswa, ihunyushwa kanjani, futhi ingaphansi kwephutha. Yingakho kudingeka izivivinyo eziningi kangaka.

Ucwaningo luwukuthola ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukusebenza kwezindawo ezithile. Isibonelo, kunendawo yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuthi "ventral striatum". Isebenza lapho umuntu ethola umklomelo onjengemali, ukudla, uswidi, noma izidakamizwa. Uma umvuzo ubuwukuphela kwento evule le ndawo, besingaba nesiqiniseko sokuthi isiphi isikhuthazo esisebenzile futhi kube namuphi umphumela. Nokho, empeleni, njengoba uPoldrack esikhumbuza, ayikho ingxenye yobuchopho engahlotshaniswa ngokukhethekile nesimo esithile sengqondo. Ngakho, ngokusekelwe kulokho okwenziwa endaweni ethile, akunakwenzeka ukuphetha ngokuthi kukhona obhekene nakho ngempela. Umuntu akanakusho ngisho nokuthi njengoba “sibona ukwanda komsebenzi esiqhingini sobuchopho (isiqhingi), khona-ke umuntu oqashiwe kufanele athole uthando.”

Ngokusho komcwaningi, ukuchazwa okulungile kwazo zonke izifundo ezicatshangelwayo kufanele kube isitatimende: "senze i-X, futhi lesi esinye sezizathu ezibangela umsebenzi we-islet." Yebo, sinokuphindaphinda, amathuluzi ezibalo nokufunda komshini onakho ukuze silinganise ubudlelwano bento eyodwa kwenye, kodwa bangasho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ubhekene nesimo esingu-X.

"Ngokunemba okuphezulu, ngiyakwazi ukubona isithombe sekati noma indlu engqondweni yomuntu, kodwa noma yimiphi imicabango eyinkimbinkimbi nethakazelisayo ayikwazi ukuchazwa," uRussell Poldrack akashiyi inkohliso. “Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi ezinkampanini, ngisho nokuthuthukiswa okungu-1% kwempendulo yezikhangiso kungasho inzuzo enkulu. Ngakho-ke, inqubo akudingeki ukuba iphelele ukuze ibe usizo ngokombono othile, nakuba singazi nokuthi inzuzo ingaba nkulu kangakanani.

Yiqiniso, ukucatshangelwa okungenhla akusebenzi. izici zokuziphatha nezomthetho izindlela ze-neuroimaging. Izwe lokucabanga komuntu mhlawumbe liyindawo ejulile yokuphila kwangasese esingakucabanga. Kulesi simo, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi amathuluzi okufunda ingqondo asekude nokuphelela.

Iskena umsebenzi wobuchopho eNyuvesi yasePurdue: