Ithangi lempi elikhulu i-RT-91 Twardy IsiPolish Twardy - kanzima. Enkathini yangemva kwempi, iPoland yaba isikhungo sezimboni esibalulekile esazi kahle ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezihlomile ezilandelwa umkhondo. Ngaphambilini, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kokubambisana ngaphansi kwe-Warsaw Pact, amathangi akhiqizwa ePoland ngaphansi kwelayisensi enikezwe yiSoviet Union. Ngakho-ke, kwakungavunyelwe ukuphazamisa ukwakheka kwamathangi akhiqizwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe. Lesi simo saqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngawo-80, lapho ubuhlobo phakathi kwePoland ne-USSR ekugcineni buwohloka. Ukunqanyulwa kobudlelwane bezombangazwe, ezomnotho kanye nezempi kwaphoqa amaPoles ukuthi athathe izinyathelo ezizimele ukuze agcine izinga lobuchwepheshe elizuziwe lezinto ezitholakalayo. izimoto zokulwa, kanye nokusindiswa kwemboni yezempi yasekhaya. Inqubekelaphambili kulokhu yenziwe lula yintuthuko eyenziwe izikhungo zocwaningo zezinkampani zezempi ngazinye. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ePoland, ngesisekelo amathangi ekhona T-72, waqala umsebenzi ekudaleni ithangi yasekhaya, okwaholela ukuvela prototypes ithangi RT-91 "Twardy". Lezi zimoto zifakwe uhlelo olusha lokulawula umlilo, izinto ezintsha zokubuka (kuhlanganise nasebusuku) zomphathi kanye nesibhamu, isistimu yokucisha umlilo ehlukile kanye nesistimu yokuvikela ukuqhunyiswa kwezinhlamvu, kanye nenjini ethuthukisiwe. Cishe kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-80s, izitshalo zasePoland zokwakha umshini zakhiqiza izinjini zamathangi ochungechunge lwe- "T" ngesisekelo semibhalo elayisensi. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ukuxhumana phakathi kwabakhi bemishini kanye nohlangothi lwaseRussia kwaqala ukuba buthaka futhi ekugcineni kwagqashuka ngasekupheleni kwawo-80s nasekuqaleni kwawo-90s. Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi basePoland kwadingeka baxazulule ngokuzimela izinkinga ezihlobene nesimanje senjini, okwakudingeka ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwethangi le-T-72. Injini ethuthukisiwe, eqokwe i-512U, ifake uphethiloli othuthukisiwe nohlelo lokuphakelwa komoya futhi yathuthukisa amandla amahhashi angama-850. s., futhi ithangi enale injini yaziwa ngokuthi RT-91 "Tvardy". Ukwanda kwamandla enjini kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunxephezela ngokwengxenye ukwanda kwenqwaba yokulwa yethangi, okwakubangelwa ukufakwa kwezikhali ezisebenzayo (umklamo wasePoland). Enjinini ene-compressor engumshini, amandla angama-850 hp. nge. yayidlulele, ngakho-ke kwanqunywa ukusebenzisa i-compressor eqhutshwa amandla amagesi akhipha umoya. Isixazululo esinjalo esakhayo sisetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi ezimotweni zokulwa ezilandelwa kwamanye amazwe. Injini ene-compressor entsha ithole igama elithi 5-1000 (inombolo engu-1000 isho amandla amahhashi athuthukisiwe) futhi ihloselwe ukufakwa ku-RT-91A kanye ne-RT-91A1 amathangi. Uhlelo lokulawula umlilo, olwakhelwe ngokukhethekile ithangi le-RT-91, lucabangela ijubane lethagethi, uhlobo lwezinhlamvu, imingcele yezimo zomoya, izinga lokushisa le-propellant kanye nesimo esihlobene somugqa wokukhomba kanye ne-axis. yesibhamu. Ukuze kugadwe ebusuku, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okubona ebusuku. Ithangi linenzwa yokuma yesibuko sokubona ngokuhlobene ne-turret, indlela ye-servo yokunyakaza okuzenzakalelayo kophawu oluhlosiwe endizeni evundlile. Umphumela wokulinganisa ibanga eliya kwelitshe uboniswa ngokuzenzakalelayo endaweni yomphathi wethangi. Uhlelo lungasebenza ngezindlela ezizenzakalelayo, zemanuwali nezimo eziphuthumayo. Ithangi liphinde libe nesilayishi esizenzakalelayo se-DRAWA. Ukwenyuka kokuphepha kwamathangi kuzuzwe ngokusebenzisa izikhali ze-ERAWA ezisebenzayo, ezakhiwe e-Military-Technical Institute of Armaments. Lesi sikhali sitholakala ezinguqulweni ezimbili, ezihlukile ngenani leziqhumane. Izingxenye zezikhali ezincane ngokuqhathaniswa zinamathiselwe ku-turret, i-hull kanye nezikrini ezisemaceleni. Kumathangi e-T-72 (namanye afana nawo), amasegimenti angu-108 alengiswa ku-turret, angu-118 ku-hull angu-84 esikrinini ngasinye esiseceleni sensimbi.2. Izinto eziqhumayo ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwezingxenye zezikhali ezisebenzayo aziqhumi lapho zishaywa amakhatriji ohlobo lwe-7,62-14,5 mm nezingcezu zamagobolondo ezikhali ezifika ku-82 mm caliber. Izikhali ezisebenzayo futhi azisabeli ekushisweni kwe-napalm noma uphethiloli. Ngokusho kwabathuthukisi, izikhali zinciphisa ukujula kokungena kwe-cumulative jet ngo-50-70%, kanye nekhono lokungena le-sub-caliber projectile - ngo-30-40%. Izici Tactical kanye lobuchwepheshe ithangi RT-91 "Tvardy" Isisindo sokulwa, т 43,5 Abasebenzi, abantu 3 Ubukhulu, мм: ubude ngesibhamu phambili 9530 ububanzi 3460 ukuphakama 2190 imvume 470 Izikhali   projectile Izikhali:   125-mm smoothbore inganono 2A46; 12,7 mm isibhamu somshini we-NSV anti-aircraft; 7,62 mm isibhamu somshini we-PKT Isethi ye-Boek:   36 isibhamu Injini "Will" 5-1000, 12-cylinder, V-shaped, diesel, turbocharged, amandla 1000 hp Nge. ngo-2000 rpm. Ingcindezi yomhlabathi ethize, kg / cm   Ijubane lomgwaqo omkhulu km / h 60 Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi emgwaqeni omkhulu Km 400 Ukunqoba izithiyo: ukuphakama kodonga, м 0,80 ububanzi bomgodi, м 2,80 ukujula komkhumbi, м 1,20 Imithombo: G.L. Kholyavsky "The Complete Encyclopedia of Tanks World 1915 - 2000"; M. Baryatinsky "Amathangi aphakathi naphakathi amazwe angaphandle 1945-2000"; I-PT-91 Hard [GPM 310]; I-Czolg sredni PT-91 "Twardy" (ithangi eliyinhloko le-T-91); I-New Military Technique; Jerzy Kajetanowicz. I-PT-91 Twardy MBT. "Dlulisa".