I-Leopard main battle tank

NgoJulayi 1963, i-Bundestag yanquma ukwethula ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yethangi elisha. Amathangi okuqala, okuthiwa "i-Leopard-1", angena emathangini e-Bundeswehr ngo-August 1963. Ithangi elithi "Ingwe" linesakhiwo sakudala. Ngakwesokunene phambi kwesikebhe kukhona isihlalo somshayeli, ku-turret - engxenyeni ephakathi ye-hull kufakwe izikhali eziyinhloko zethangi, amanye amalungu amathathu ezisebenzi nawo atholakala lapho: umkhuzi, umdubuli kanye nomlayishi. Ngemuva kukhona indawo kagesi enenjini kanye nogesi. Umzimba wethangi ushiselwe kusuka kumapuleti ezikhali ezigoqiwe. Ubukhulu obukhulu bezikhali zangaphambili zesikebhe bufinyelela ku-70 mm nge-engeli engu-60 °. Umbhoshongo we-cast wakhiwe ngokunakekela okungavamile. Ukuphakama kwayo okuphansi kuyisici - 0,82 m ukuya ophahleni kanye ne-1,04 m endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yemishini yokubuka yomkhuzi etholakala ophahleni. Nokho, ukuphakama okungabalulekile kombhoshongo akuzange kuholele ekunciphiseni ukuphakama kwendawo yokulwa yethangi le-Leopard-1, elingamamitha angu-1,77 no-1,77 m.

Kodwa isisindo se-Leopard turret - amathani angaba ngu-9 - sincane kakhulu kunamathangi afanayo (cishe amathani angu-15). Isisindo esincane se-turret sisiza ukusebenza kwesistimu yokuqondisa kanye nendlela endala ye-turret traverse, eyasetshenziswa ku-M48 Patton tank. Ngakwesokudla phambi kwecala kunesihlalo somshayeli. Ngaphezulu kwalo ophahleni lwe-hull kune-hatch, esembozweni lapho kufakwe khona ama-periscopes amathathu. Ephakathi isuswa kalula, futhi idivayisi yokubona ebusuku ifakwe endaweni yayo ukuze ishayele ithangi ezimeni zokungaboni kahle. Kwesokunxele sesihlalo somshayeli kunendawo yokubeka izinhlamvu nengxenye yomthwalo wezinhlamvu, enikeza umlayishi ukufinyelela okulula kumthwalo wezinhlamvu cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo ye-turret ehlobene nomkhumbi wethangi. Indawo yokusebenzela ye-loader itholakala ku-turret, kwesokunxele sesibhamu. Ukuze ufinyelele ithangi futhi uphume kulo, isilayishi sine-hatch ehlukile ophahleni lombhoshongo.

I-tank yempi enkulu "i-Leopard-1" ekusebenzeni

Ngakwesokudla se-turret eduze kwe-hatch ye-loader, kune-hatch yomlawuli wamathangi kanye ne-gunner's hatch. Indawo yokusebenza yesibhamu iphambi kwe-turret kwesokudla. Umkhuzi wamathangi utholakala ngenhla kancane nangemuva kwakhe. Izikhali eziyinhloko "Leopard" - English 105-mm rifled gun L7AZ. Umthwalo wezinhlamvu, ohlanganisa amashothi angu-60, uhlanganisa ukubhoboza izikhali, amagobolondo e-sub-caliber ane-pallet ehlukanisekayo, amagobolondo anqwabelene kanye ahlabayo aqhuma phezulu aneziqhumane zepulasitiki. Isibhamu somshini esisodwa esingu-7,62-mm sibhangqwe nenganono, kanti esesibili sigibele i-turret phambi kwe-hatch yesilayishi. Ezinhlangothini zombhoshongo kufakwe iziqhumane zamabhomu zokusetha izikrini zentuthu. Umdubuli usebenzisa i-stereoscopic monocular rangefinder kanye ne-telescopic sight, futhi umkhuzi usebenzisa i-panoramic sight, eshintshwa yi-infrared ebusuku.

Ithangi linokuhamba okuphakeme, okuqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa injini yedizili eyi-10-cylinder V enama-fuel MV 838 Ka M500 enamandla amalitha angama-830. Nge. ku-2200 rpm kanye ne-hydromechanical transmission 4NR 250. I-chassis ye-tank (ebhodini) ihlanganisa ama-roller amathrekhi angu-7 enziwe ngama-alloys alula ane-surpension emele ye-torsion bar, isondo elingemuva elifakwe ngemuva, isondo lokuqondisa elibekwe ngaphambili kanye nezimbili ezisekelayo. amarola. Ukunyakaza okuma mpo okubalulekile kwamasondo omgwaqo okuhlobene ne-tank hull kulawulwa yizikhawuli. Ama-absorber ama-Hydraulic shock axhunywe kuma-balancers okuqala, okwesibili, okwesithathu, kwesithupha kanye nokumiswa kwesikhombisa. Amathrekhi amathrekhi afakwe amaphedi enjoloba, avumela ithangi ukuthi lihambe kuthelawayeka ngaphandle kokulimaza ukunamathela kwawo. "I-Leopard-1" ifakwe isihlungi sokuphefumula umoya esiqinisekisa umsebenzi ojwayelekile wabasebenzi amahora angu-24, kanye nesistimu yemishini yokulwa nomlilo.

Ngosizo lwemishini yokushayela ngaphansi kwamanzi, kunganqotshwa izithiyo zamanzi ezifika ku-4 m ukujula. Ukuxhumana kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isiteshi somsakazo i-5EM 25, esisebenza ebangeni elibanzi (26-70 MHz) eziteshini ezingama-880, i-10 okuyizinto ezihlelekayo. Uma usebenzisa izinti ezijwayelekile, ububanzi bokuxhumana bufinyelela ku-35 km. Ekuqaleni kwawo-70 eJalimane, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimfanelo ukulwa ithangi Leopard-1, kwenziwa yesimanjemanje yayo ngezigaba. Imodeli yokuqala yesimanje yathola igama elithi "Leopard-1A1" (izimoto ezingu-1845 zakhiqizwa ochungechungeni olune). I-tank ifakwe i-armment stabilizer eyinhloko yezindiza ezimbili, umphongolo wesibhamu umbozwe nge-casing-insulating casing.

I-Leopard main battle tank

Ithangi lempi elikhulu "Leopard-1".

Ukuze uthole ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe kwezinhlangothi ze-hull, ama-side bulwarks afakiwe. Amaphedi enjoloba ayevela emizileni yesibungu. Amathangi "Leopard-1A1A1" ahlukaniswa ngezikhali ezengeziwe zangaphandle zombhoshongo, ezenziwe yinkampani "Blom und Voss". Iqukethe amapuleti ezikhali ezigobile anesendlalelo sokumboza okufakelwayo asetshenziswa kuwo, anamathiselwe embhoshongweni ngebhawudi. ukuxhumana. I-armor plate nayo ishiselwe ngaphambili kophahla lwe-turret. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekwandeni kwesisindo sokulwa sethangi cishe ngo-800 kg. Imishini yochungechunge lwe-A1A1 inesilhouette ehluke kakhulu okwenza kube lula ukuyibona.

Ngemva kwesigaba esilandelayo sesimanje, kwavela imodeli Leopard-1A2 (izimoto 342 zakhiqizwa). Zihlukaniswa ngezikhali eziqinisiwe ze-cast turret, kanye nokufakwa kwamadivayisi okubona ebusuku ngaphandle kokukhanya esikhundleni sangaphambili asebenzayo asetshenziswa umphathi wethangi nomshayeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlungi zomoya zenjini kanye nesistimu yokungenisa umoya yokuhlunga ukuze kuvikelwe izikhali ezibhubhisayo kuye kwathuthukiswa. Ngaphandle, amathangi ochungechunge lwe-A1 ne-A2 kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa. Ithangi le-Leopard-1AZ (amayunithi angu-110 akhiqiziwe) line-turret entsha ehlanganisiwe enezikhali ezihlukanisiwe. Umbhoshongo omusha awuvumelanga kuphela ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuvikela, kodwa futhi ukwandisa ubukhulu begumbi lokulwa ngenxa ye-niche enkulu ngemuva kwayo. Ukuba khona kwe-niche kwaba nomthelela omuhle ekulinganiseni wonke umbhoshongo. I-periscope ivele endaweni yokulayisha, evumela ukubuka okuyisiyingi. Imodeli ye-Leopard-1A4 (amathangi angu-250 akhiqiziwe) ifakwe uhlelo olusha lokulawula umlilo, okuhlanganisa ikhompiyutha ye-electronic ballistic, umbono ohlangene (imini nobusuku) womkhuzi onomugqa wokubona ozinzile we-P12, kanye nombono oyinhloko womdubuli onesibhamu. I-EMEZ 12A1 i-stereoscopic rangefinder ene-8- kanye ne-16x yokukhulisa.

Ngo-1992, i-Bundeswehr yathola izimoto ezingu-1300 ze-Leopard-1A5, okuyizinguqulo zesimanje ze-Leopard-1A1 ne-Leopard-1A2. Ithangi elithuthukisiwe lifakwe izinto zesimanjemanje zesistimu yokulawula umlilo, ikakhulukazi ukubona kwesibhamu esine-laser rangefinder eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye neshaneli yokuthwebula eshisayo. Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwenziwe ekuqiniseni isibhamu. Esigabeni esilandelayo sesimanje, kungenzeka ukubuyisela isibhamu esinesibhamu esingu-105 mm ngesilinganiso esibushelelezi esingu-120-mm.

Izici zokusebenza kwethangi lempi eliyinhloko "Ingwe-1" / "Ingwe-1A4"

Isisindo sokulwa, т	39,6/42,5
Abasebenzi, abantu	4
Ubukhulu, мм:
ubude ngesibhamu phambili	9543
ububanzi	3250
ukuphakama	2390
imvume	440
Izikhali, мм
ingquza ebunzini	550-600
uhlangothi lwe-hull	25-35
lukhuni	25
umbhoshongo ebunzini	700
ohlangothini, ngemuva kombhoshongo	200
Izikhali:
	105-mm isibhamu isibhamu L 7AZ; izibhamu ezimbili ezingu-7,62 mm
Isethi ye-Boek:
	60 isibhamu, 5500 imizuliswano
Injini	MV 838 Ka M500,10, 830-cylinder, udizili, amandla 2200 hp nge. ngo-XNUMX rpm
Ingcindezi yomhlabathi ethize, kg / cm	0,88/0,92
Ijubane lomgwaqo omkhulu km / h	65
Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi emgwaqeni omkhulu Km	600
Ukunqoba izithiyo:
ukuphakama kodonga, м	1,15
ububanzi bomgodi, м	3,0
ukujula komkhumbi, м	2,25

Ngesisekelo sethangi le-Leopard-1, kwasungulwa umndeni wezimoto ezihlomile ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-Gepard ZSU, imoto yokulungisa nokubuyisela izikhali ezijwayelekile, ungqimba lwebhuloho lethangi, kanye ne-Pioneerpanzer-2 sapper tank. Ukwakhiwa kwethangi le-Leopard-1 kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu embonini yezempi yaseJalimane. Amazwe amaningi a-ode le mishini eJalimane noma athola amalayisense okukhiqizwa kwawo ezizindeni zawo zezimboni. Njengamanje, amathangi alolu hlobo asebenza namabutho ase-Australia, eBelgium, eCanada, eDenmark, eGrisi, e-Italy, eHolland, eNorway, eSwitzerland, eTurkey kanye naseJalimane. Amathangi e-Leopard-1 abonakala ehle kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza, futhi lesi yisizathu sokuthi amazwe amaningi abhalwe ngenhla, eseqalile ukuvuselela amabutho awo aphansi, aphendulela amehlo eJalimane, lapho kwavela khona izimoto ezintsha - amathangi e-Leopard-2. Futhi kusukela ngo-February 1994, "Leopard-2A5".

I-Leopard main battle tank

Ithangi lempi elikhulu "Leopard-2"

Ukuthuthukiswa kwethangi lesithathu lesizukulwane sangemva kwempi kwaqala ngo-1967 njengengxenye yephrojekthi ye-MBT-70 ngokuhlanganyela ne-United States. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kwaba sobala ukuthi ngenxa yokungavumelani okuhlala kuvela kanye nezindleko ezilokhu zikhuphuka njalo, lo msebenzi wawungeke uqaliswe. Ngemva kokulahlekelwa isithakazelo ekuthuthukisweni okuhlangene, amaJalimane agxilisa imizamo yawo ethangini lawo lokuhlola i-KRG-70, elibizwa ngokuthi "Kyler". Kule moto, ochwepheshe baseJalimane basebenzisa izixazululo eziningi zokuklama ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi ehlangene. Ngo-1970, iJalimane ne-United States ekugcineni baqhubekela phambili ekwakheni amathangi abo kazwelonke.

EJalimane, kwanqunywa ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezimbili zemoto yokulwa - ngezikhali zenganono ( "Leopard-2K") kanye nezikhali ezicitshwayo ezilwa nethangi ( "Leopard-2RK"). Ngo-1971, ukuthuthukiswa kwethangi le-Leopard-2RK kwamiswa, futhi ngo-1973, ama-hulls angu-16 nama-turrets angu-17 ethangi le-Leopard-2K akhiqizwa ukuze ahlolwe. Ama-prototypes ayishumi ayehlome ngesibhamu esingu-105 mm, kanti amanye ane-smoothbore engu-120 mm. Izimoto ezimbili zazine-hydropneumatic suspension, kodwa ekugcineni kwakhethwa imigoqo ye-torsion.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwaphethwa isivumelwano phakathi kwe-FRG ne-USA mayelana nokumiswa kwezinhlelo zabo zamathangi. Ihlinzekele ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali eziyinhloko, izinhlamvu, izinhlelo zokulawula umlilo, injini, ukuhanjiswa kanye namathrekhi. Ngokuvumelana nalesi sivumelwano, inguqulo entsha yethangi ye-Leopard yakhiqizwa ekwakhiweni kwe-hull kanye ne-turret lapho kwasetshenziswa izikhali eziningi ezihlukene, futhi kwafakwa uhlelo olusha lokulawula umlilo. Ngo-1976, ukuhlolwa okuqhathanisayo kwethangi ne-American XM1 kwenziwa. Ngemva kokuba i-US yenqaba ukwamukela i-Leopard-2 njengethangi elilodwa le-NATO, uMnyango Wezokuvikela waseJalimane ngo-1977 wabeka umyalo wokukhiqiza izimoto ezingama-800 zalolu hlobo. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial amathangi amakhulu e-Leopard-2 kwaqala ngonyaka ofanayo ezimbonini ze-Krauss-Maffei (usonkontileka oyinhloko) no-Krupp-Mack Maschinenbau.

Bakhiqiza amathangi angama-990 no-810, ngokulandelana, athunyelwa emabuthweni aphansi kusukela ngo-1979 kwaze kwaba maphakathi no-1987, lapho kuqedwa uhlelo lokukhiqiza lwe-Leopard-2 lwebutho laseJalimane. Ngo-1988-1990, kwafakwa i-oda elengeziwe lokukhiqizwa kwezimoto eziyi-150 Leopard-2A4, okwakuzothatha indawo yamathangi e-Leopard-1A4 athengiswa eTurkey. Kwabe seku-odwa amanye amayunithi ayi-100 - kulokhu awokugcina ngempela. Kusukela ngo-1990, ukukhiqizwa kwe "Leopards" kuye kwaqedwa, nokho, izimoto ezitholakala embuthweni zenziwa zesimanje, ezenzelwe isikhathi kuze kufike ku-2000. Kubandakanya ukuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwezikhali ze-hull kanye ne-turret, ukufaka ulwazi lwethangi kanye nesistimu yokulawula, kanye nokwenza ngcono amayunithi okuthwala ngaphansi kwenqola. Okwamanje, i-German Ground Forces inamathangi angama-2125 Leopard-2, ahlome zonke izimpi zamathangi.

I-Leopard main battle tank

Isampula ye-serial yethangi lempi elikhulu "Leopard-2A5".

Izici zokusebenza kwethangi lempi eliyinhloko "i-Leopard-2" / "Ingwe-2A5"

Isisindo sokulwa, т	55,2-62,5
Abasebenzi, abantu	4
Ubukhulu, мм:
ubude ngesibhamu phambili	9668
ububanzi	3700
ukuphakama	2790
imvume	490
Izikhali, мм
ingquza ebunzini	550-700
uhlangothi lwe-hull	100
lukhuni	akukho datha
umbhoshongo ebunzini	700-1000
ohlangothini, ngemuva kombhoshongo	200-250
Izikhali:
	anti-projectile 120-mm smoothbore isibhamu Rh-120; izibhamu ezimbili ezingu-7,62 mm
Isethi ye-Boek:
	42 isibhamu, 4750 MV imizuliswano
Injini	12-cylinder, V-shaped-MB 873 Ka-501, turbocharged, amandla 1500 HP nge. ngo-2600 rpm
Ingcindezi yomhlabathi ethize, kg / cm	0,85
Ijubane lomgwaqo omkhulu km / h	72
Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi emgwaqeni omkhulu Km	550
Ukunqoba izithiyo:
ukuphakama kodonga, м	1,10
ububanzi bomgodi, м	3,0
ukujula komkhumbi, м	1,0/1,10

Funda futhi:

Ithangi laseJalimane iLeopard 2A7 +
Amathangi okuthunyelwa ngaphandle
Amathangi "Ingwe". EJalimane. A. Merkel.
Ukudayiswa kweLeopards eSaudi Arabia
Der Spiegel: mayelana nobuchwepheshe baseRussia

Imithombo:

JFLehmanns Verlag 1972 "Ingwe Yethangi Lempi";
G.L. Kholyavsky "The Complete Encyclopedia of Tanks World 1915 - 2000";
Nikolsky M.V., Rastopshin M.M. "Amathangi" Leopard ";
Dariusz Uzycki, IGor Witkowski “Tank Leopard 2 [Ukubuyekezwa Kwezikhali 1]”;
UMichael Jerchel, uPeter Sarson "I-Leopard 1 Main Battle Tank";
Thomas Laber “Ingwe 1 kanye 2. The Spearheads of the West German Armored Forces”;
UFrank Lobitz "I-Leopard 1 MBT enkonzweni Yezempi YaseJalimane: Iminyaka Yakamuva";
Серия – Weapon Arsenal Special Volume Sp-17 “Leopard 2A5, Euro-Leopard 2”;
I-Leopard 2 Mobility and Firepower [Amathangi Empi 01];
I-Finnish Leopards [I-Tankograd International Special №8005];
I-Canadian Leopard 2A6M CAN [I-Tankograd International Special №8002];
Miloslav Hraban "Leopard 2A5 [Hamba Around]";
Schiffer Publishing “The Leopard family”.