Ukusungulwa kanye nezisekelo zoMklomelo KaNobel
I-Sturegatan 14 - Indawo yesisekelo
- ngo-1989, inani lemiklomelo kaNobel lenyuswa lisuka ku-880 laya ku-000 million kronor yaseSweden, kodwa kuphela ngo-3 inani langempela lomklomelo wokuqala ka-1991 lafinyelelwa. okubangelwa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ngo-1901, abawinile bathola amasheke abiza u-CZK 1991 million okokuqala ngqa. Abahlomuli bokuqala ngo-2001 bathola imiqhele eyi-10, ehambelana cishe izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili neholo lonyaka likaprofesa ojwayelekile. Uma siqhathanisa imali engenayo yososayensi abavelele kakhulu besikhathi sethu, inani lamabhonasi alikakafinyeleli ezingeni elinjalo. Le mali iphethwe yiNobel Foundation.
I-Nobel Foundation yasungulwa ngo-June 29, 1900. Imiklomelo yokuqala yanikezwa eminyakeni engu-6 ngemva kokufa kuka-Alfred Nobel, ngo-1901, ngenxa yempumelelo ku-physics, chemistry, imithi kanye nezincwadi? eStockholm nangesizathu sokuthula? e-Oslo.
UNobel wayefuna ukunikeza ososayensi ithuba lokwenza ucwaningo oluthakazelisayo ngemivuzo yezezimali. Wajoyina izincwadi phakathi kwemikhakha eyawina imiklomelo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi wayefuna ukuzibhalela, kodwa akazange aphumelele kakhulu kule ndawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMklomelo Wokuthula, ekuqaleni wawuthathwa njengokuzisola kukaNobel, owadala iziqhumane eziningi (njenge-nitroglycerin, i-dynamite, i-cordite, isibhamu esingenaphunga). Ngosuku olwandulela ukufa kwakhe, wabhala ukuthi wayesanda kusungula impushana engenantuthu ye-nitrocellulose. Sekukonke, umemezele amalungelo obunikazi angama-355 emhlabeni jikelele. Ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yengcebo yakhe yayithathwe ezithakazelweni ezisekelwe eziqhumeni. Kodwa umngane ka-Alfred Nobel waphikelela ngokuthi umsunguli womklomelo wayekholelwa kulokhu? ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokubhubhisa ekuqhutshweni kwezimpi kunethuba elikhulu lokuziqeda ngaphezu kwazo zonke izingqungquthela zokuthula ezihlanganisiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Alfred Nobel akazange azizwe enecala ngeziqhumane azikhiqiza.
Indawo eshiywe ngu-Alfred Nobel iphethwe yiNobel Foundation, kodwa ayikho imiklomelo ekhishwayo. Ngonyaka wokufa kuka-Alfred Nobel, yonke ingcebo yakhe yayilinganiselwa ku-33,234 million imiqhele. Abenzi bencwadi yefa: uRagnar Zolman (ngaleso sikhathi owayeneminyaka engu-26) noRudolf Liljekista (ngaleso sikhathi owayeneminyaka engu-40), kwadingeka bahlukanise inzalo yemali ibe izingxenye ezinhlanu ezilinganayo - amabhonasi ezindaweni ezithile zesayensi. Isikhwama kwadingeka futhi sinakekele ukuphepha kwempahla egcinwe ezibambiso. Nakuba ukunakwa okukhulu kukhokhwa ekuvikelekeni kwezezimali, ngeminyaka yama-20s kanye nama-30s, ngenxa ye-Great Depression kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali, ingcebo yehla. Kuze kube ngu-1946, iSikhwama, esithathwa njengenkampani yemali, kwakudingeka sikhokhe izintela eziphezulu. Ngo-1922, intela ebaliwe yayingaphezu kwesamba semali ekhokhwayo ngo-1923. Maphakathi nawo-40 kuphela lapho akhululwa khona emalini engenayo kanye nezintela zomphakathi.
Ngama-60s, indlela yokutshala imali yashintshwa, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwaqala ezindaweni ezithengiswayo, emahlathini kanye namabhizinisi ezolimo. Ngama-70s, i-Nobel Foundation yatshala izimpahla zayo esitokisini, futhi ngasekupheleni kwawo-80s, emakethe yezindlu. Ngaphansi kokuphathwa kuka-Stig Ramel, kwavela umqondo wokuthatha indawo yakhe yangempela enkampanini yakhe, eyayingase ithengiswe esitokisini. Ngo-Okthoba 1987, i-Bavaring yasungulwa. Lesi sikhwama sathengisa indawo yaso yangempela ngenzuzo ephezulu ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s, ngaphambi Kokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, futhi inhloko-dolobha yaso yaphindeka kabili.
“Kodwa ifilosofi yethu kusazotshala imali ngaphandle kobungozi,” kusho uSolman, umzukulu womphathi wesikhwama sokuqala. Kwakungama-90 kuphela lapho inani langempela lempahla lafinyelela inani lenkathi ngokushesha ngemva kokufa koMklomelo KaNobel.
Kusukela mhla lu-1 kuMasingana wezi-2000, iSikhwama, ngokuchitshiyelwa kwemithetho, sengeze inani lenzuzo yenzuzo evela ku-accounting kanye nenani lokushintshisana ngokuthengiswa kwempahla.
Imikhawulo kubunikazi bamasheya, obekuze kube manje abefinyelela ku-70% wempahla, nayo isusiwe. Umkhawulo kuphela ukuthi izindleko zesikhathi eside zento akumele zithinteke kabi ukuze kugcinwe inani langempela.
