Amathangi asindayo anolwazi: into 277, into 279, into 770 Cishe ngo-1956, i-GBTU yeSoviet Army yathuthukisa izidingo ezintsha zamaqhinga nezobuchwepheshe zethangi elisindayo. Ngokwesisekelo sawo, amaqembu amathathu abaklami eLeningrad naseChelyabinsk empeleni aqala ngokuncintisana ukwakha ithangi elisha elisindayo eliklanyelwe ukuvala ithangi le-T-10. Ithangi elisindayo (into engu-277) laklanywa ngo-1957 ku-Design Bureau of the Chief. Umklami we-Leningrad Kirov Plant Zh. Ya. Kotin, usebenzisa izixazululo ezihlukene zokuklama amathangi e-IS-7 kanye ne-T-10. Imoto ibinohlelo lwakudala, inekhompathimenti yamandla ngemuva namasondo okushayela. Umzimba wawushiselwe kusuka kumapuleti ezikhali agobile anogqinsi oluguquguqukayo nama-engeli ezingxenye zempi. Ingxenye engaphambili yesikebhe iyisiqephu esisodwa, phansi kwesakhiwo esimise okwe-trough. Abalingisi, i-turret eqondile, enogqinsi olusuka ku-77 mm kuya ku-290 mm, yayinengxenye engemuva enwetshiwe ukuze kufakwe imishini yokubeka izinhlamvu zesibhamu. I-embrasure yesistimu ye-artillery yenziwa yavalwa - bekungekho imaski yesibhamu. I-suspension ingumuntu ngamunye, enemishayo ye-torsion ye-beam kanye ne-hydraulic shock absorbers efakwe ku-suspension nodes yokuqala, yesibili neyesishiyagalombili. Ithangi belihlome ngezinhlelo zokuvikela izikhali zenuzi, okokusebenza kwentuthu eshisayo, uhlelo lokuhlanza izinto ezigadayo kanye nemishini yokushayela ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ithimba laleli thangi lalinabantu abangu-4: umkhuzi, umdubuli, umlayishi nomshayeli. Imoto ibikwazi ukuhamba kahle. Ngesisindo esingamathani angama-55, yakha isivinini esingama-55 km / h. Ngo-1958, amasampula amabili ento engu-277 akhiqizwa, aphumelela izivivinyo, ezasheshe zamiswa, futhi wonke umsebenzi wancishiswa. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwento engu-277, inguqulo yayo yaklanywa ngenjini ye-turbine yegesi enamandla angu-1000 amalitha. nge. into 278, kodwa ayizange yakhiwe. Kweminye imishini eyakhiwa ngaleso sikhathi, eyama-277 yayihluke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamayunithi nezinhlelo ezihloliwe. Into yethangi elisindayo elingu-277 iboniswa eMnyuziyamu Wezikhali Nezisetshenziswa Ezihlomile eKubinka. Izici zokusebenza zento yethangi elisindayo 277 Isisindo sokulwa, т 55 Abasebenzi, abantu 4 Ubukhulu, мм: ubude ngesibhamu phambili 10150 ububanzi 3380 ukuphakama 2500 imvume   Izikhali, мм ingquza ebunzini 120 ohlangothini lombhoshongo we-hull 77-290 Izikhali:   130-mm isibhamu isibhamu M-65; 14,5-mm isibhamu somshini i-KPVT Isethi ye-Boek:   26 isibhamu, 250 imizuliswano Injini I-М-850, idizili, i-12-cylinder, i-four-stroke, uhlobo lwe-V, enohlelo lokupholisa i-ejection, amandla angu-1090 hp nge. ngo-1850 rpm Ingcindezi yomhlabathi ethize, kg / cmXNUMX 0.82 Ijubane lomgwaqo omkhulu km / h 55 Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi emgwaqeni omkhulu Km 190 Ukunqoba izithiyo: ukuphakama kodonga, м   ububanzi bomgodi, м   ukujula komkhumbi, м 1,2 Ngokwezidingo ezifanayo zamaqhinga nezobuchwepheshe, ithimba labaklami beLeningrad Kirov Plant ngaphansi kobuholi bukaL. S. Troyanov ngo-1957 lakha isibonelo sethangi elisindayo - into engu-279, okuwukuphela kwayo yohlobo lwayo futhi, ngaphandle kokungabaza, eyingqayizivele kakhulu. Imoto yayinesakhiwo sakudala, kodwa izinkinga zokuphepha kanye ne-patency zaxazululwa lapha ngendlela engajwayelekile kakhulu. I-hull yayinomumo we-curvilinear oyi-cast onezikrini zeshidi elincanyana ezimele ukuqongelela ezimboze i-hull ngaphambili nasezinhlangothini, ezihambisana namakhonco awo ku-ellipsoid emide. Umbhoshongo uphonswe, uyindilinga, futhi unezikrini ezinamashidi amancane. Ubukhulu bezikhali zangaphambili zesikebhe zafinyelela ku-269 mm, kanti i-turret - 305 mm. Izikhali bezihlanganisa inganono engu-130 mm M-65 kanye nesibhamu somshini we-KPVT esingu-14,5 mm esihlangene ngaso. Isibhamu besinomshini wokulayisha ozenzakalela kancane, i-ammo rack mechanized, isizinzisi sezikhali ezimbili "Groza", i-TPD-2S stereoscopic rangefinder sight, kanye nesistimu yokuqondisa ezenzakalelayo. I-Object 279 ifakwe isethi egcwele yamadivayisi okubona ebusuku nge-infrared. Izinhlamvu zezibhamu zaziqukethe izibhamu ezingama-24, isibhamu somshini - kusuka emizuliswaneni engama-300. Kufakwe injini yedizili engu-16-cylinder emise okwe-H enezingqimba ezivundlile zamasilinda DG-1000 enamandla amalitha angama-950. Nge. ku-2500 rpm noma i-2DG-8M enamandla angu-1000 amalitha. Nge. ngo-2400 rpm. I-transmission ibihlanganisa i-complex torque converter kanye ne-gearbox yeplanethi enamagiya amathathu. Ukunakwa ngokukhethekile bekufanele ukuthwala emathangini - amacimbi amacimbi amane abekwe ngaphansi kwesikebhe. Ehlangothini ngalunye kwakukhona ibhulokhi yamacimbi amabili, ngalinye linamasondo ayisithupha omgwaqo angeyona irabha nama-roller amathathu asekelayo, isondo elingemuva. Ukumiswa kuyi-hydropneumatic. Umklamo ofanayo we-chassis unikeze imoto ngokuntula kwangempela imvume. Abasebenzi bethangi babengabantu abane, abathathu kubo - umkhuzi, umdubuli kanye nomlayishi - babekwe embhoshongweni. Isihlalo somshayeli sasiphambi komkhumbi phakathi nendawo, kwakukhona nesikhala sokungena emotweni. Kuyo yonke imishini eyakhiwe ngasikhathi sinye, into engu-279 yayihlukaniswa nevolumu encane kakhulu ebhukhiwe - 11,47 m.3kuyilapho unomzimba wezikhali oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuklanywa kwenqola yangaphansi kwenza ukuba imoto ingakwazi ukuhlala phansi, futhi yaqinisekisa ikhono eliphakeme lokunqamula izwe eqhweni elijulile nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-undercarriage yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekuklanyeni nasekusebenzeni, okwenza kube nzima ukwehlisa ukuphakama. Ekupheleni kuka-1959, kwakhiwa i-prototype; ukuhlanganiswa kwamanye amathangi amabili akuzange kuqedwe. I-Object 279 okwamanje igcinwe eMnyuziyamu Wezikhali Nezisetshenziswa Ezihlomile eKubinka. Izici zokusebenza zento yethangi elisindayo 279 Isisindo sokulwa, т 60 Abasebenzi, abantu 4 Ubukhulu, мм: ubude ngesibhamu phambili 10238 ububanzi 3400 ukuphakama 2475 imvume   Izikhali, мм ingquza ebunzini 269 umbhoshongo ebunzini 305 Izikhali:   130-mm isibhamu isibhamu M-65; 14,5-mm isibhamu somshini i-KPVT Isethi ye-Boek:   24 isibhamu, 300 imizuliswano Injini I-DG-1000, udizili, i-16-cylinder, i-four-stroke, emise okwe-H, enamasilinda avundlile, amandla angu-950 hp s ku-2500 rpm noma i-2DG-8M amandla angu-1000 hp nge. ngo-2400 rpm Ijubane lomgwaqo omkhulu km / h 55 Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi emgwaqeni omkhulu Km 250 Ukunqoba izithiyo: ukuphakama kodonga, м   ububanzi bomgodi, м   ukujula komkhumbi, м 1,2 Elinye ithangi elisindayo elincintisanayo kwakuyinto engu-770, eyathuthukiswa ngaphansi kobuholi boMklami Omkhulu wePlanti Yegandaganda yaseChelyabinsk P.P. Isakov. Ngokungafani ne-277th, yadalwa ngokuphelele ngesisekelo samayunithi amasha futhi yaba nenani lezixazululo zokuqala zokuklama. Umzimba wento engu-770 uyaphonswa, ubukhulu bezikhali zempi buhlukaniswa ngobude nobude. Ingxenye ethambekele yezinhlangothi ayenziwa endizeni eyodwa, kodwa ngama-engeli ahlukene: kusukela ku-64 ° kuya ku-70 ° kuya kokuqondile futhi enogqinsi oluguquguqukayo kusuka ku-65 mm kuya ku-84 mm. Ubukhulu bezikhali zangaphambili zesikebhe zafinyelela ku-120 mm. Ukuze kwandiswe ukumelana nezikhali zamaphethelo, ikhola yenziwe ezungeza wonke umjikelezo wesikebhe. Umbhoshongo uphonswe, futhi unogqinsi oluguquguqukayo nama-engeli wokuthambekela kwezindonga. Ngaphambili izikhali umbhoshongo wawunogqinsi olungama-290 mm. Ukuhlangana kwe-turret ne-hull bekuvikelwe. Izikhali zazihlanganisa inganono engu-130 mm M-65 kanye nesibhamu somshini we-KPVT esiyi-coaxial. Ukufakwa okubhanqiwe bekunezindiza ezimbili ze-Thunderstorm stabilizer, i-automated guide system, i-TPD-2S rangefinder sight, imini nobusuku imishini ehloselwe nokubona, kanye nendlela yokulayisha. Njengesikhungo samandla entweni engu-26, injini yedizili eyi-250-cylinder, i-four-stroke, imigqa emibili ye-DTN-770 enokuhlelwa okuqondile kwamasilinda, i-pressurization evela ku-compressor kanye nokupholisa kwamanzi kwasetshenziswa. Yafakwa ngemuva kwethangi perpendicular to longitudinal axis yayo. Amandla enjini abengu-10l. Nge. ngo-10 rpm. I-transmission i-hydromechanical, ine-converter ye-torque eyinkimbinkimbi kanye ne-gearbox yeplanethi. Isiguquli se-torque esinama-vane omhlahlandlela sifakwe kumjikelezo wokudlulisa amandla ngokuhambisana. Ukudluliswa kuhlinzeke ngegiya elilodwa lomshini kanye namabili e-hydromechanical phambili kanye negiya lokuhlehla lomshini. Inqola yangaphansi inamasondo omgwaqo anobubanzi obukhulu ayisithupha adonsa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Amacimbi ayeneminwe eqinile. Amasondo okushayela anamarimu egiya elikhiphekayo abetholakala ngemuva. I-tensioning mechanism i-hydraulic. Ukumiswa komuntu ngamunye, i-hydropneumatic. Izisebenzi zethangi zazihlanganisa abantu abangu-4. Umshayeli-umakhenikha ulawulwa kusetshenziswa isibambo sohlobo lwesithuthuthu. I-Object 770 ifakwe uhlelo lokuvikela izikhali ezibhubhisayo, uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo lokucisha umlilo, imishini yentuthu eshisayo, imishini yasebusuku kanye nekhampasi ye-gyro-semi-compass. Ukuxhumana kwangaphandle, kwafakwa isiteshi somsakazo i-R-113, futhi ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi kwafakwa i-intercom R-120. I-Object 770 yenziwe ngezinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe. I-cast turret kanye ne-hull enezikhali zempi ezihlukanisiwe ziqinisekisa ukwanda kokumelana ne-projectile. Imoto yayikwazi ukuhamba kahle futhi kulula ukuyishayela. Ngokusho kochwepheshe bendawo yokuhlola, lapho wonke amathangi amathathu esindayo ahlolwa khona, into engu-770 ibonakala ithembisa kakhulu kubo. I-prototype yale moto igcinwe eMnyuziyamu wezikhali nemishini e-Kubinka. Izici zokusebenza zento yethangi elisindayo 770 Isisindo sokulwa, т 55 Abasebenzi, abantu 4 Ubukhulu, мм: ubude ngesibhamu phambili 10150 ububanzi 3380 ukuphakama 2420 imvume   Izikhali, мм ingquza ebunzini 120 uhlangothi lwe-hull 65-84 umbhoshongo ebunzini 290 Izikhali:   130-mm isibhamu isibhamu M-65; 14,5-mm isibhamu somshini i-KPVT Isethi ye-Boek:   26 isibhamu, 250 imizuliswano Injini I-DTN-10, udizili, i-10-cylinder, i-four-stroke, imigqa emibili, ukupholisa uketshezi, i-1000 hp. nge. ngo-2500 rpm Ijubane lomgwaqo omkhulu km / h 55 Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi emgwaqeni omkhulu Km 200 Ukunqoba izithiyo: ukuphakama kodonga, м   ububanzi bomgodi, м   ukujula komkhumbi, м 1,0 Ukuncishiswa komsebenzi emathangini asindayo NgoJulayi 22, 1960, endaweni yokuqeqeshwa yaseKapustin Yar, kwaboniswa amasampula emishini yezempi ebuholini bezwe, obuholwa ngu-NS Khrushchev. Yile ndlela umklami omkhulu we-Ural Carriage Works L.N. Kartsev, ngaleso sikhathi owayethula ithangi lakhe le-rocket ye-IT-1, wakhumbula lo mcimbi: “Ngakusasa ekuseni saya endaweni lapho izimoto zezikhali. Amasampula abekwe kumaphedi kakhonkolo ahlukene angekude ukusuka kwelinye. Kwesokudla kwethu, endaweni yesikhulumi esiseduze, kwakunomfanekiso wethangi elisindayo, okwakuhamba kulo uZh. Ya. Kotin. Ngemva kokuhlola i-IT-1, u-N. S. Khrushchev waya ethangini elinzima le-Leningrad Kirov Plant. Naphezu kwemizamo kaKotin yokuphusha ithangi elisindayo elisha ukuba lisebenze, uKhrushchev wanquma ukumisa ukukhiqizwa kwethangi elisindayo le-T-10 futhi wavala ukwakhiwa kwamathangi asindayo ngokuphelele.  Mangisho ukuthi umlandeli omkhulu wobuchwepheshe be-rocket, uKhrushchev wayengumphikisi wamathangi ngokuvamile, ewabheka ngokungadingekile. Ngawo lowo 1960 eMoscow, engqungqutheleni ngamathemba okuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezihlomile ngokubamba iqhaza kwazo zonke izinhlangano ezinentshisekelo - amasosha, abaklami, ososayensi, abamele imboni, uKhrushchev waqinisekisa isinqumo sakhe: ukuqedela ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial ye-T- 10M ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye nokuthuthukiswa entsha stop amathangi esindayo. Lokhu kwakugqugquzelwa ukungenzeki kokuhlinzeka ngegebe elikhulu phakathi kwamathangi asindayo mayelana namandla omlilo kanye nokuvikelwa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eningi enikeziwe evela emathangeni aphakathi. Umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa kaKhrushchev nawo waba nethonya elinamandla. imicibisholo: ngokuhambisana nemiyalelo kahulumeni, konke amahhovisi e-tank design amazwe ngaleso sikhathi aklama izimoto ezinezikhali ezicitshwayo (izinto 150, 287, 775, njll.). Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi lezi zimoto zokulwa ziyakwazi ukushintsha ngokuphelele amathangi e-canon. Uma isinqumo sokuqeda ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial, kukho konke ukufiphala kwayo, singabhekwa okungenani njengento efanelekile, khona-ke ukuqedwa komsebenzi wokucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa kwakuyiphutha elibi kakhulu lezempi-technical, okwathi ngezinga elithile kwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwesakhiwo sethangi lasekhaya. . Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50s, kwasetshenziswa izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezaba usizo kuma-90s: inganono engu-130-mm enomshini wokuhlanza umoya we-barrel bore, ukuhanjiswa kwe-electromechanical kanye ne-hydromechanical, umzimba ophonsiwe, ukumiswa kwe-hydropneumatic, okukodwa. injini kanye neyunithi yokudlulisa, nabanye. ... Eminyakeni eyi-10-15 kuphela ngemuva kokuvela emathangini asindayo emishini yokulayisha, izinto ezibonwa nge-rangefinder, ama-rammers, njll., zethulwa kumathangi aphakathi. Kodwa isinqumo senziwa futhi amathangi asindayo asuka endaweni, kuyilapho aphakathi, ekhulisa izici zawo zokulwa, aphenduka abe yizinhloko. Uma sicabangela izici zokusebenza zamathangi empi amakhulu we-90s, singafinyelela iziphetho ezilandelayo: isisindo sokulwa samathangi anamuhla ayinhloko asuka kumathani angu-46 ku-T-80U yethu kuya ku-62 amathani we-British Challenger; zonke izimoto zihlome ngezibhamu ezibushelelezi noma ezinezibhamu ("Challenger") zezinga le-120-125-mm; amandla esikhungo samandla asukela ku-1200-1500 hp. s., futhi isivinini esiphezulu sisuka ku-56 (“Challenger”) siye ku-71 (“Leclerc”) km/h. Imithombo: G.L. Kholyavsky "The Complete Encyclopedia of Tanks World 1915 - 2000". M. V. Pavlov, I. V. Pavlov. Izimoto ezihlomile zasekhaya 1945-1965; I-Karpenko A.V. amathangi anzima // Ukubuyekezwa kwezimoto ezihlomile zasekhaya (1905-1995); U-Rolf Hilmes: Amathangi Empi Ayinhloko Namuhla Nakusasa: Imiqondo - Amasistimu - Ubuchwepheshe.