Walinqoba izwe kodwa wakhothamela i-censor

"Umkhiqizo wethu uye wehla ngendlela engafanele futhi okuqukethwe akuhambelani nezindinganiso eziyinhloko ze-socialist," i-protagonist yendaba, i-billionaire encane ehlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni, isanda kusho. Kodwa-ke, eShayina, uma ufuna ukusebenza emakethe ye-inthanethi kanye nabezindaba, kufanele ulungele lolu hlobo lokuzigxeka - ngisho njengochwepheshe onamandla wezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nesikhathi esedlule sikaZhang Yiming. Wazalwa ngo-April 1983. Ngo-2001 wangena eNyuvesi yaseNankai eTianjin, lapho aqala khona ukufunda i-microelectronics, wabe eseshintshela kuhlelo, aluphothula ngo-2005. Wahlangana nomkakhe enyuvesi.

NgoFebhuwari 2006, waba isisebenzi sesihlanu kanye nonjiniyela wokuqala weGuksun Tourism Service, futhi ngemva konyaka wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe. Ngo-2008, wathuthela ku-Microsoft. Kodwa-ke, lapho wazizwa ekhungathekile ngemithetho yezinkampani futhi ngokushesha wajoyina i-Fanfou yokuqala. Lokhu ekugcineni kwehlulekile, ngakho-ke lapho inkampani yangaphambili kaZhang, iKuxun, isilungele ukuthengwa yi-Expedia ngo-2009, iqhawe lethu lathatha ibhizinisi le-real estate likaKuxun futhi lasungulwa. 99fang.com, inkampani yakho yokuqala.

Iminyaka eminingana nempumelelo emhlabeni wonke

Ngo-2011, u-Zhang wabona ukufuduka okukhulu kwabasebenzisi be-inthanethi besuka kumakhompyutha baye kuma-smartphone. Uqashe umphathi oqeqeshiwe owathatha isikhundla sokuba yi-CEO ye-99fang.com wabe eseshiya inkampani wathola i-ByteDance ngo-2012. (1).

1. Ikomkhulu le-ByteDance lase-China

Wabona ukuthi abasebenzisi be-smartphone baseShayina bakuthola kunzima ukuthola ulwazi nokuthi umdondoshiya wokusesha u-Baidu udida imiphumela enezikhangiso ezifihliwe. Kuphinde kwaba nenkinga ngokuhlolwa okuqinile e-China. U-Zhang wayekholelwa ukuthi ulwazi lunganikezwa kangcono kunokuphatha yedwa kuka-Baidu.

Umbono wakhe bekuwukuxhumana nokuqukethwe okukhethwe kahle kubasebenzisi ngokusebenzisa izincomo ezenziwe ngu ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela. Ekuqaleni, abatshalizimali bebhizinisi babengawuthembi lo mbono, futhi usomabhizinisi wayenenkinga enkulu yokuthola imali yokuthuthukisa. Ekugcineni, iSusquehanna International Group yavuma ukutshala imali embonweni wakhe. Ngo-Agasti 2012, i-ByteDance yethula uhlelo lokusebenza lolwazi lwe-Toutiao, oluhehe ngaphezu 13 million abasebenzisi nsuku zonke. Ngo-2014, inkampani yokutshala izimali eyaziwa kakhulu i-Sequoia Capital, eyaqala ukwenqaba isicelo sikaZhang, yatshala izigidi ezingu-100 zamaRandi enkampanini.

Okwenze i-ByteDance yaba impumelelo enkulu ngempela kwakungelona ulwazi lombhalo, kodwa okuqukethwe kwevidiyo. Ngisho nangesikhathi sedeskithophu, sibonga izinkampani ezifana ne-YY Inc. Amasayithi lapho abantu bacule futhi badansa kuma-showroom abonakalayo ukuze bawine izipho ze-inthanethi ezivela kubalandeli baphule amarekhodi okuduma. U-Zhang no-ByteDance babone leli thuba futhi babheja ngevidiyo emfushane nakakhulu. Amavidiyo angu-15 wesekhondi.

Cishe ngoSepthemba 2016, kwaqala ngaphandle kokuphikisana okuningi. UDouyin. Uhlelo lokusebenza luvumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bathwebule futhi bahlele amavidiyo, bengeze izihlungi, futhi babelane ngakho ezisekelweni ezahlukahlukene njenge-Weibo, Twitter, noma i-WeChat. Ifomethi yakhanga isizukulwane seminyaka eyinkulungwane futhi yaduma kangangokuba i-WeChat, isaba ukuncintisana, yavimba ukufinyelela kuhlelo lokusebenza. Ngemva konyaka, i-ByteDance yathola isayithi nge-$ 800 million. Musical.ly. U-Zhang ubone ukusebenzisana phakathi kohlelo lokusebenza lwevidiyo oludumile olwenziwe e-China e-US kanye ne-Douyin noma I-TikTokyem, ngoba isicelo saziwa emhlabeni ngaleli gama. Wahlanganisa-ke izinkonzo, kwavela iso lenkunzi.

Abasebenzisi beTikTok iningi labo yintsha eqopha amavidiyo wabo becula, bedansa, kwesinye isikhathi becula nje, kwesinye isikhathi badansele izingoma ezidumile. Umsebenzi othakazelisayo yikhono lokuhlela amafilimu, okuhlanganisa ngomqondo "wezenhlalakahle", okungukuthi, lapho imisebenzi eshicilelwe ingumsebenzi wabantu abangaphezu koyedwa. Inkundla ikhuthaza kakhulu abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzisane nabanye ngokusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuphendula ngevidiyo noma isici se-vocal-visual duets.

Ku "abakhiqizi" be-TikTok, uhlelo lokusebenza lunikeza imisindo ehlukahlukene ehlukahlukene, kusukela kumavidiyo omculo adumile kuya kumazwibela amafushane wezinhlelo ze-TV, amavidiyo we-YouTube, noma amanye "ama-meme" adalwe ku-TikTok. Ungakwazi ukujoyina "inselele" ukuze udale okuthile noma ubambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwe-meme yokudansa. Nakuba ama-meme anegama elibi kumapulatifomu amaningi futhi ngezinye izikhathi avinjelwe, ku-ByteDance, ngokuphambene, wonke umqondo womsebenzi usekelwe ekudalweni nasekusatshalalisweni kwawo.

Njengezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezifanayo, sithola inani lemiphumela, izihlungi nezitikha ezingasetshenziswa lapho kwakhiwa okuqukethwe (2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iTikTok yenze ukuhlela ividiyo kwaba lula kakhulu. Awudingi ukuba uchwepheshe ekuhleleni ukuze uhlanganise iziqeshana ezingaphuma zicocekile.

2. Isibonelo sokusebenzisa iTikTok

Lapho umsebenzisi evula uhlelo lokusebenza, into yokuqala ayibonayo akukhona ukuphakelwa kwesaziso okuvela kubangani bakhe, njengaku-Facebook noma ku-Twitter, kodwa Ikhasi elithi “Olakho”. Isiteshi esidalwe ama-algorithms e-AI asuselwa kokuqukethwe umsebenzisi axhumane nakho. Futhi uma enentshisekelo kulokho angakwazi ukukushicilela namuhla, uqashelwa ngokushesha izinselele zeqembu, ama-hashtag noma ukubuka izingoma ezidumile. I-algorithm ye-TikTok ayihlobanisi noma ubani neqembu elilodwa labangane, kodwa isazama ukudlulisela umsebenzisi emaqenjini amasha, izihloko, imisebenzi. Lona mhlawumbe umehluko omkhulu kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha okuvela kwezinye izinkundla.

Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqhuma komhlaba wonke ekudumeni kwe-TikTok, i-ByteDance njengamanje inenani elicishe libe ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, idlula i-Uber futhi iyisiqalo esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Facebook, Instagram kanye ne-Snapchat iyayesaba, izama ukuvikela ekwandeni kwe-TikTok ngezinsizakalo ezintsha ezilingisa izici zohlelo lokusebenza lwaseShayina, kodwa kuze kube manje ngaphandle kwempumelelo.

I-Artificial intelligence ikhonza izindaba

I-ByteDance ibe nempumelelo enkulu phakathi kwezinkampani zaseShayina ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye-TikTok, edume kakhulu e-Asia nase-US. Nokho Umkhiqizo wokuqala kaZhang, osabonakala ubaluleke kakhulu kumsunguli, bekuyi-app yezindaba i-Toutiao, ekhule yaba umndeni wezinkundla zokuxhumana ezixhumene futhi manje seziphakathi kwezidume kakhulu e-China. Abasebenzisi bayo sebevele bangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-600, kanti eziyizigidi eziyi-120 zisebenza nsuku zonke. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngamunye wabo uchitha imizuzu engama-74 ngosuku ngalolu hlelo lokusebenza.

I-Toutiao isho "izihloko, amazwibela" ngesi-Chinese. Ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, lihlala lithakazelisa kakhulu, njengoba umsebenzi walo usekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, kusetshenziswa ama-algorithms okuzifundela ukuze kunconywe izindaba nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuqukethwe kubafundi.

U-Zhang ubuye andise njalo i-Toutiao ngemikhiqizo emisha, ehlangana yakha inethiwekhi yezinsizakalo ezihlobene (3). Ngokungeziwe ku-Tik Toki/Douyin eshiwo ngenhla, isibonelo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zidaliwe I-Hipstar i Ividiyo yeSiguaezisheshe zazenza zaba enye yezinsizakalo zevidiyo ezimfishane ezaziwa kakhulu e-China. Sekukonke, i-Toutiao inikeza izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyisithupha e-China nezimbili emakethe yase-US. Kusanda kubikwa ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Kuaipai olufana ne-Snapchat beluhlolwa.

3. Toutiao App Family

Inkampani yehle ngendlela engafanele

Izinkinga zika-Toutiao zokucwaninga amaShayina ziphenduke zaba nzima kakhulu ukuzixazulula kunokuqongelela imali yokuthuthukisa nokunqoba umhlaba ngohlelo lokusebenza lwevidiyo oluhlekisayo. Iziphathimandla ziphinde zajezisa inkampani ngokungabi nazo izihlungi ezifanele zokuhlolwa kokuqukethwe futhi zabaphoqa ukuthi bakhiphe okuqukethwe eziphakelini zabo.

Ngo-Ephreli 2018, i-ByteDance yamukelwe Umyalelo Wokumisa Izicelo ze-Toutiao. Iziphathimandla nazo zafuna ukuvalwa olunye uhlelo lokusebenza lwebhizinisi - Neihan Duanzi, inkundla yezokuxhumana lapho abasebenzisi babelana ngamahlaya namavidiyo ahlekisayo. U-Zhang uphoqeleke ukuthi ashicilele ukuxolisa okusemthethweni nokuzigxeka ku-Weibo, isiShayina esilingana ne-Twitter. Ubhale ukuthi inkampani yakhe ayihambanga kahle futhi “yehlise abasebenzisi bayo”. Lokhu kuyingxenye yesiko okwakumelwe wenziwe kulandela ukushicilelwa okubucayi koMkhandlu Wombuso Wezindaba, Ukushicilelwa, Umsakazo, Amafilimu kanye Nethelevishini, indikimba eyakhiwe ukuze ilawule futhi ilawule imisebenzi yabezindaba eMbusweni Ophakathi. Kuyo, i-ByteDance isolwa ngokudala isicelo ukuhlambalaza ukuqonda komphakathi. Imilayezo ethunyelwe kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Toutiao bekufanele okuphambene nokuziphathanamahlaya ngoNeihan Duanzi ayebizwa ngokuthi “anemibalabala” (noma ngabe lokho kusho ukuthini). Izikhulu zikahulumeni zathi ngenxa yalezi zizathu, amapulatifomu e-ByteDance "abangele ukucasuka okukhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-intanethi."

U-Tutiao usolwa ngokugxila ekuchukuluzeni, amahlebezi, namahlebezi ayihlazo esikhundleni sezindaba zangempela. Lokhu kungase kusenze sihleke, kodwa i-PRC ibhekene nezinkinga ezibulalayo uZhang akakwazanga ukuziyeka nje. Uthembise ukuthi i-ByteDance izokwandisa ithimba lokucwaninga kusukela kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha kuya ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi, idale uhlu oluvinjelwe lwabasebenzisi abavinjelwe, futhi ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obungcono bokuqapha nokubonisa okuqukethwe. Uma efuna ukuqhubeka nokusebenza eChina, ayikho indlela yokuphuma.

Mhlawumbe kungenxa yokusondela kweziphathimandla zaseShayina ukuthi uZhang agcizelele ukuthi inkampani yakhe akuyona ibhizinisi labezindaba.

esho engxoxweni ngo-2017, wengeza ngokuthi akaqashi abahleli noma izintatheli.

Eqinisweni, lawa magama angase abhekiswe kubahloli baseShayina ukuze bangaphathi i-ByteDance njengemithombo yezindaba.

Yenza imali ngokuduma

Omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka ka-Zhang Yiming manje ukushintsha ukuduma nokugcwala kwamawebhusayithi kube umsindo wohlamvu lwemali. Inkampani ihlonishwa kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kungaphezulu kwebhonasi ekudumeni kunomphumela wenzuzo yangempela. Ngakho-ke, uZhang usanda kunweba emkhakheni we ukuthengisa ukukhangisa, ikakhulukazi esizeni sezindaba iToutiao. Ukufinyeleleka nokunaka okukhangiswa yile mikhiqizo kuwukudonsa okungokwemvelo kubakhangisi, kodwa amabhrendi womhlaba awabambi ubungozi. Isici esiyinhloko sokungaqiniseki ukuziphatha okungalindelekile Ukuhlolwa kwe-Chinese. Uma kungazelelwe kuvela ukuthi inkampani idinga ukuvala isicelo samahlaya esifinyelela amashumi ezigidi zabantu, abakhangisi banikeza ucingo olunamandla lokuvusa.

4. UZhang Yiming no-CEO we-Apple u-Tim Cook

Umsunguli we-ByteDance akakwazi futhi akufanele aphawule ngalezi zishwana zokuzihlangula. Ezingxoxweni eziningi, uvame ukukhuluma ngamandla ezobuchwepheshe enkampani yakhe, njengama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa okungekho omunye umuntu onawo emhlabeni, kanye nezinsiza zedatha ezingathembekile (4). Kuyadabukisa ukuthi ama-apparatchik amthethisayo awakhathazeki kangako.