I-physics entsha ikhanya ezindaweni eziningi

Noma yiziphi izinguquko ezingaba khona esingathanda ukuzenza ku-Standard Model of physics (1) noma ukuhlobana okujwayelekile, imibono yethu emibili ehamba phambili (nakuba ingahambisani) yendawo yonke, isivele ilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, awukwazi ukushintsha okuningi ngaphandle kokubukela phansi konke.

Iqiniso liwukuthi kukhona nemiphumela kanye nezimo ezingenakuchazwa ngesisekelo samamodeli esiwaziwa. Ngakho-ke ingabe kufanele siphume endleleni yethu ukuze senze yonke into ingaqondakali noma ingahambisani nanoma yiziphi izindleko ezihambisana nezinkolelo-mbono ezikhona, noma kufanele sibheke emisha? Lona omunye wemibuzo eyisisekelo ye-physics yesimanje.

I-Standard Model ye-particle physics ichaze ngempumelelo konke ukusebenzisana okwaziwayo nokutholakele phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezike zabonwa. Umkhathi wakhiwe ngokuthi ama-quarks, leptonov nama-gauge bosons, adlulisela amandla amathathu kwamane ayisisekelo emvelweni futhi anikeze izinhlayiya isisindo sazo sokuphumula. Kukhona futhi ukuhlobana okujwayelekile, yethu, ngeshwa, hhayi ithiyori ye-quantum ye-gravity, echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwendawo-yesikhathi, into kanye namandla endaweni yonke.

Ubunzima bokudlulela ngale kwalezi zinkolelo-mbono ezimbili ukuthi uma uzama ukuzishintsha ngokwethula izakhi ezintsha, imiqondo kanye namanani, uzothola imiphumela ephikisana nezilinganiso kanye nokuqaphela esivele sinakho. Kuhle futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi uma ufuna ukweqa uhlaka lwethu lwesayensi lwamanje, umthwalo wobufakazi mkhulu kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunzima ukungalindeli okungaka kumuntu obukela phansi amamodeli azame futhi avivinywa amashumi eminyaka.

Ngokubhekana nezidingo ezinjalo, akumangazi ukuthi akukho muntu ozama ukubekela inselele ngokuphelele i-paradigm ekhona ku-physics. Futhi uma kwenzeka, akuthathwa ngokungathi sína nhlobo, njengoba ikhubeka ngokushesha ekuhloleni okulula. Ngakho-ke, uma sibona izimbobo ezingase zibe khona, khona-ke lezi ziyizibonisi nje, ezibonisa ukuthi kukhona okukhanya endaweni ethile, kodwa akucaci ukuthi kufanelekile ukuya lapho nhlobo.

I-physics eyaziwayo ayikwazi ukuphatha indawo yonke

Izibonelo zokucwayiza kwalokhu "okusha nokuhluke ngokuphelele"? Nokho, isibonelo, ukubonwa kwesivinini sokuhlehla, okubonakala kungqubuzana nesitatimende sokuthi Umkhathi ugcwaliswe kuphela ngezinhlayiya ze-Standard Model futhi uthobela ukuhlobana okuvamile. Siyazi ukuthi imithombo ngayinye yamandla adonsela phansi, imithala, amaqoqo emithala, ngisho newebhu enkulu ye-cosmic akwanele ukuchaza lesi simo, ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe. Siyazi ukuthi nakuba ngokusho kwe-Standard Model matter kanye ne-antimatter kufanele kudalwe futhi kubhujiswe ngamanani alinganayo, siphila Emkhathini owakhiwe kakhulu yindaba enenani elincane le-antimatter. Ngamanye amazwi, siyabona ukuthi "i-physics eyaziwayo" ayikwazi ukuchaza konke esikubonayo endaweni yonke.

Ukuhlola okuningi kuveze imiphumela engalindelekile okuthi, uma ihlolwe ezingeni eliphezulu, iguqule izinguquko. Ngisho nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Atomic Anomaly ebonisa ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya kungase kube iphutha lokuhlola, kodwa kungase futhi kube uphawu lokudlula i-Standard Model. Izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisa indawo yonke zinikeza amanani ahlukene ngezinga lokukhula kwawo - inkinga esiyicubungule ngokuningiliziwe kwenye yezindaba zakamuva zeMT.

Kodwa-ke, akukho kulokhu okudidayo okunikeza imiphumela egculisayo ngokwanele ukuze ithathwe njengophawu olungenakuphikiswa lwefiziksi entsha. Noma yikuphi noma konke lokhu kungase kube nje ukushintshashintsha kwezibalo noma ithuluzi elilinganiselwe ngokungalungile. Eziningi zazo zingase zibhekisele ku-physics entsha, kodwa zingachazwa kalula kusetshenziswa izinhlayiya ezaziwayo nezimo kumongo wokuhlobana okuvamile kanye ne-Standard Model.

Sihlela ukuhlola, sithemba imiphumela ecacile nezincomo. Ngokushesha singase sibone ukuthi amandla amnyama anenani elihlala njalo. Ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zomthala ezihleliwe yi-Vera Rubin Observatory kanye nedatha ye-supernovae ekude ezokwenziwa itholakale esikhathini esizayo. i-nancy grace telescope, phambilini OKUQALA, sidinga ukuthola ukuthi amandla amnyama ashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi afike ku-1%. Uma kunjalo, imodeli yethu "ejwayelekile" ye-cosmological kuzodingeka ishintshwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-laser interferometer antenna (LISA) ngokohlelo nayo izosinika izimanga. Ngamafuphi, sithembele ezimotweni zokubuka kanye nokuhlola esikuhlelayo.

Siphinde futhi sisasebenza emkhakheni we-particle physics, sinethemba lokuthola izenzakalo ngaphandle kwe-Model, njengesilinganiso esinembe kakhudlwana sezikhathi kazibuthe ze-electron ne-muon - uma zingavumelani, i-physics entsha iyavela. Sisebenzela ukuthola ukuthi zishintshashintsha kanjani i-neutrino - lapha, futhi, i-physics entsha iyakhanya. Futhi uma sakha i-electron-positron collider enembile, eyisiyingi noma ewumugqa (2), sizokwazi ukuthola izinto ezingaphezu kwe-Standard Model i-LHC engakakwazi ukuzibona. Emhlabeni we-physics, inguqulo enkulu ye-LHC ene-circumference efika ku-100 km sekuyisikhathi eside ihlongozwa. Lokhu kuzoveza amandla aphezulu okushayisana, okuthi, ngokwezazi zefiziksi eziningi, ekugcineni abonise izenzakalo ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuwutshalomali olubiza kakhulu, futhi ukwakha i-giant kuphela ngomgomo othi "ake sisakhe futhi sibone ukuthi yini esibonisa yona" kuphakamisa ukungabaza okuningi.

2. I-linear lepton collider - ukubona ngeso

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zendlela yokubhekana nezinkinga kwisayensi yezemvelo. Eyokuqala indlela eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa idizayini ewumngcingo yokuhlolwa noma indawo yokubuka ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga ethile. Indlela yesibili ibizwa ngokuthi i-brute force method.othuthukisa ukulinga kwendawo yonke, yokuphusha umngcele noma indawo yokuhlola indawo yonke ngendlela entsha ngokuphelele kunezindlela zethu zangaphambilini. Eyokuqala iqondiswe kangcono kumodeli Ejwayelekile. Okwesibili kukuvumela ukuthi uthole iminonjana yokuthile okwengeziwe, kodwa, ngeshwa, le nto ayichazwanga kahle. Ngakho, zombili izindlela zinezinkinga zazo.

Bheka okuthiwa i-Theory of Everything (TUT), i-grail engcwele ye-physics, kufanele ibekwe esigabeni sesibili, ngoba kaningi kunalokho kwehla ekutholeni amandla aphezulu nangaphezulu (3), lapho amandla imvelo ekugcineni ihlangana ibe ukuxhumana okukodwa.

3. Amandla adingekayo ekuhlanganisweni kokucabanga kokusebenzisana

I-Nisforn neutrino

Muva nje, isayensi iye yagxila kakhulu ezindaweni ezithakazelisayo, njengocwaningo lwe-neutrino, lapho sisanda kushicilela umbiko obanzi ku-MT. NgoFebhuwari 2020, i-Astrophysical Journal yashicilela incwadi emayelana nokutholakala kwe-neutrinos enamandla amakhulu emvelaphi engaziwa e-Antarctica. Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa okwaziwayo, ucwaningo lwenziwa nasezwekazini elineqhwa ngaphansi kwegama lekhodi elithi ANITA (), elihlanganisa ukukhululwa kwebhaluni elinenzwa. amaza omsakazo.

Kokubili kanye ne-ANITA kwakudizayinelwe ukucinga amaza omsakazo avela kuma-neutrino anamandla amakhulu ashayisana nento eqinile eyenza iqhwa. U-Avi Loeb, usihlalo woMnyango Wezinkanyezi WaseHarvard, wachaza kuwebhusayithi yeSalon: “Izehlakalo ezitholwe yi-ANITA ngokuqinisekile zibonakala ziyindida ngoba azikwazi ukuchazwa njengama-neutrino avela emithonjeni yezinkanyezi. (...) Kungaba uhlobo oluthile lwezinhlayiyana ezisebenzisana buthakathaka kune-neutrino enendaba evamile. Sisola ukuthi izinhlayiya ezinjalo zikhona njengezinto ezimnyama. Kodwa yini eyenza imicimbi ye-ANITA ibe namandla kangaka?”

Ama-Neutrino ukuphela kwezinhlayiya ezaziwayo ukuthi zephule Imodeli Ejwayelekile. Ngokusho kwe-Standard Model yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo, kufanele sibe nezinhlobo ezintathu ze-neutrinos (i-electronic, muon ne-tau) nezinhlobo ezintathu ze-antiutrinos, futhi ngemva kokubunjwa kwazo kufanele zizinzile futhi zingashintshi ezindaweni zazo. Kusukela ngawo-60, lapho izibalo zokuqala nezilinganiso ze-neutrinos ezikhiqizwa yiLanga zivela, sabona ukuthi kunenkinga. Sasazi ukuthi mangaki ama-electron neutrino akhiwe kuwo umgogodla welanga. Kodwa lapho sikala ukuthi bangaki abafikayo, sabona ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yenani elibikezelwe.

Kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle ngezitholi zethu, noma kukhona okungalungile ngemodeli yethu yeLanga, noma kukhona okungalungile ngamaneutrino ngokwawo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-reactor kwawuphikisa ngokushesha umbono wokuthi kukhona okungalungile ngezitholi zethu (4). Basebenze njengoba bekulindelekile futhi ukusebenza kwabo kukalwe kahle kakhulu. Ama-neutrino esiwatholile abhaliswe ngokulingana nenani lama-neutrino afikayo. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi ziphikisana ngokuthi imodeli yethu yelanga ayilungile.

4. Izithombe zezehlakalo ze-neutrino emisebeni ye-Cherenkov evela kumtshina we-Super Kamiokande

Yebo, bekukhona elinye ithuba elingavamile lokuthi, uma kuyiqiniso, lingashintsha ukuqonda kwethu indawo yonke kulokho okwabikezelwa i-Standard Model. Umqondo wukuthi izinhlobo ezintathu ze-neutrino esizaziyo zinesisindo, hhayi ncipha, nokuthi bangaxuba (baguquguquke) ukuze bashintshe ukunambitheka uma benamandla anele. Uma i-neutrino icushwa ngogesi, ingashintsha endleleni eya muon i taonovkodwa lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma inenqwaba. Ososayensi bakhathazekile ngenkinga ye-neutrinos esandleni sokudla nesobunxele. Ngoba uma ungakwazi ukulihlukanisa, awukwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuthi liyizinhlayiyana noma i-antiparticle.

Ingabe i-neutrino ingaba i-antiparticle yayo? Hhayi ngokwesibonelo esijwayelekile esijwayelekile. Ama-Fermionsngokujwayelekile akufanele kube ama-antiparticles abo. I-fermion yinoma iyiphi inhlayiyana ejikelezayo ± XNUMX/XNUMX. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa wonke ama-quark nama-leptons, kuhlanganise nama-neutrino. Nokho, kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile fermions, okuyinto kuze kube manje kuphela theory - the Majorana fermion, okuyinto antiparticle yayo siqu. Uma ibikhona, kungenzeka okuthile okukhethekile... i-neutrino mahhala ukubola kwe-beta kabili. Futhi nali ithuba labahloli osekunesikhathi eside befuna igebe elinjalo.

Kuzo zonke izinqubo ezibhekwayo ezibandakanya ama-neutrinos, lezi zinhlayiya zibonisa indawo ososayensi abayibiza ngokuthi yinxele. Ama-neutrino asesandleni sokudla, okuyisandiso esingokwemvelo se-Standard Model, awabonakali. Zonke ezinye izinhlayiya ze-MS zinenguqulo yesandla sokudla, kodwa ama-neutrino awanawo. Kungani? Ukuhlaziya kwakamuva, okuphelele kakhulu kwethimba lamazwe ngamazwe lezazi zefiziksi, okuhlanganisa ne-Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) e-Krakow, lenze ucwaningo ngalolu daba. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuntuleka kokubhekwa kwama-neutrino asesandleni sokudla kungafakazela ukuthi angama-Majorana fermions. Uma bekunjalo, inguqulo yabo yohlangothi lwesokudla inkulu kakhulu, echaza ubunzima bokutholwa.

Nokho asazi noma ama-neutrino angama-antiparticle ngokwawo. Asazi noma zithola isisindo sazo ekubopheni okubuthakathaka kakhulu kwe-Higgs boson, noma uma ziyithola ngenye indlela. Futhi asazi, mhlawumbe umkhakha we-neutrino uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho esikucabangayo, ngama-neutrinos angenalutho noma asindayo acashe ebumnyameni.

Ama-athomu nokunye okudidayo

Kufiziksi yezinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo, ngaphandle kwama-neutrino asemfashinini, kunezinye, izindawo zocwaningo ezingaziwayo lapho "i-physics entsha" ingagqama khona. Ososayensi, ngokwesibonelo, basanda kuphakamisa uhlobo olusha lwezinhlayiya ze-subatomic ukuchaza okuyimfihlakalo. ukuhlakazeka njengoba (5), ikesi elikhethekile lezinhlayiyana ze-meson ezihlanganisa i-quark eyodwa i umthengisi wezinto zakudala. Lapho izinhlayiya ze-kaon zibola, ingxenye encane yazo iba nezinguquko ezimangaze ososayensi. Isitayela salokhu kubola singase sibonise uhlobo olusha lwezinhlayiya noma amandla angokwenyama amasha emsebenzini. Lokhu kungaphandle kobubanzi Bemodeli Ejwayelekile.

Kukhona izivivinyo ezengeziwe zokuthola izikhala Kumodeli Ejwayelekile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusesha i-g-2 muon. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, isazi sesayensi yemvelo u-Paul Dirac sabikezela umzuzu kazibuthe we-electron esebenzisa u-g, inombolo enquma izici zokujikeleza kwezinhlayiya. Khona-ke izilinganiso zabonisa ukuthi "g" ihluke kancane ku-2, futhi izazi zefiziksi zaqala ukusebenzisa umehluko phakathi kwenani langempela lika "g" no-2 ukutadisha isakhiwo sangaphakathi sezinhlayiya ze-subatomic kanye nemithetho ye-physics ngokuvamile. Ngo-1959, i-CERN e-Geneva, eSwitzerland, yenza ucwaningo lokuqala olwalinganisa inani le-g-2 lezinhlayiyana ze-subatomic ebizwa ngokuthi i-muon, eboshwe ku-electron kodwa engazinzile kanye nesisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-207 kunezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo.

I-Brookhaven National Laboratory e-New York yaqala okwayo ukuhlola futhi yashicilela imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwayo kwe-g-2 ngo-2004. Isilinganiso bekungekona lokho okubikezelwe iStandard Model. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa akuzange kuqoqe idatha eyanele yokuhlaziywa kwezibalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokuphelele ukuthi inani elilinganisiwe lalihluke ngempela futhi hhayi nje ukushintshashintsha kwezibalo. Ezinye izikhungo zocwaningo manje zenza izivivinyo ezintsha nge-g-2, futhi cishe sizokwazi imiphumela maduzane.

Kunento ethakazelisa kakhulu kunalokhu Kaon anomalies i muon. Ngo-2015, ukuhlolwa kokubola kwe-beryllium 8Be kwabonisa i-anomaly. Ososayensi baseHungary basebenzisa umtshina wabo. Nokho, kwenzeka ukuthi bathola, noma bacabanga ukuthi bathola, okubonisa ukuba khona kwamandla emvelo ayisisekelo esihlanu.

Izazi zefiziksi eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia zaba nentshisekelo kulolu cwaningo. Baphakamisa ukuthi lo mkhuba ushaye ucingo i-atomic anomaly, kwabangelwa inhlayiyana entsha ngokuphelele, okwakufanele ithwale amandla emvelo esihlanu. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-X17 ngenxa yokuthi isisindo sayo esihambisana nayo kucatshangwa ukuthi icishe ibe yizigidi eziyi-17 zama-electron volts. Lokhu kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-30 ubukhulu be-electron, kodwa bungaphansi kwesisindo seproton. Futhi indlela i-X17 eziphatha ngayo ngeproton ingesinye sezici zayo ezixakile - okungukuthi, ayihlangani nhlobo neproton. Esikhundleni salokho, isebenzisana ne-electron ekhokhiswa kabi noma i-neutron, engenayo nhlobo imali. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukufaka izinhlayiyana ze-X17 kuModel yethu Ejwayelekile yamanje. Ama-Bosons ahlotshaniswa namandla. Ama-Gluon ahlotshaniswa namandla aqinile, ama-bosons anamandla abuthakathaka, nama-photon ane-electromagnetism. Kukhona ngisho ne-hypothetical boson for gravity ebizwa ngokuthi i-graviton. Njenge-boson, i-X17 izophatha amandla ayo, njengaleyo kuze kube manje elokhu iyimfihlo kithi futhi okungenzeka kube njalo.

Umkhathi nendawo yawo ekhethwayo?

Ephepheni elishicilelwe kulo Ephreli ephephabhukwini iScience Advances, ososayensi eNyuvesi yaseNew South Wales eSydney babike ukuthi izilinganiso ezintsha zokukhanya ezikhishwa i-quasar 13 billion light-year away ziqinisekisa izifundo zangaphambili ezathola ukuhlukahluka okuncane kwesakhiwo esihle esingaguquki. yendawo yonke. USolwazi John Webb evela ku-UNSW (6) ichaza ukuthi ukwakheka okuhle okungaguquki "kuyinani izazi zefiziksi ezilisebenzisayo njengesilinganiso samandla kazibuthe kagesi." amandla kazibuthe igcina ama-electron azungeze ama-nuclei kuwo wonke ama-athomu endaweni yonke. Ngaphandle kwawo, zonke izinto beziyohlakazeka. Kuze kube muva nje, bekubhekwa njengamandla angapheli ngesikhathi nasemkhathini. Kodwa ocwaningweni lwakhe phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule, uProfesa Webb uye waphawula ukungahambi kahle kwesakhiwo esihle esiqinile lapho amandla kazibuthe kagesi, akalwa ohlangothini olulodwa olukhethiwe endaweni yonke, abonakala ehluke kancane.

"" kuchaza uWebb. Ukungahambisani akuvelanga ezilinganisweni zeqembu lase-Australia, kodwa ekuqhathaniseni imiphumela yabo nezinye izilinganiso eziningi zokukhanya kwe-quasar ngabanye ososayensi.

"" kusho uSolwazi Webb. "". Ngokombono wakhe, imiphumela ibonakala isikisela ukuthi kungase kube nesiqondiso esithandwayo endaweni yonke. Ngamanye amazwi, indawo yonke ngandlela-thile ingaba nesakhiwo se-dipole.

"" Kusho usosayensi mayelana nokudidayo okuphawuliwe.

Lokhu kungenye futhi into: esikhundleni salokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukusakazeka okungahleliwe kwemithala, ama-quasars, amafu egesi namaplanethi anezinto eziphilayo, indawo yonke ngokuzumayo inomlingani osenyakatho naseningizimu. USolwazi Webb nokho ukulungele ukuvuma ukuthi imiphumela yezilinganiso zososayensi ezenziwa ezigabeni ezehlukene zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene futhi ezivela ezindaweni ezahlukene eMhlabeni empeleni ziyingozi enkulu.

UWebb uveza ukuthi uma kukhona ukuqondiswa endaweni yonke, futhi uma uzibuthe we-electromagnetism ubonakala uhluke kancane ezindaweni ezithile ze-cosmos, imiqondo eyisisekelo kakhulu engaphansi kwengxenye enkulu yefiziksi yesimanje izodinga ukucatshangelwa kabusha. "", uyakhuluma. Imodeli isuselwe kumbono ka-Einstein wamandla adonsela phansi, ethatha ngokusobala ukungaguquguquki kwemithetho yemvelo. Futhi uma kungenjalo, khona-ke... umcabango wokwenyuswa kwesakhiwo sonke se-physics uyamangaza.