Ziluhlaza kangakanani izimoto zikagesi?

Izimoto zikagesi zivame ukubhekwa njengezimoto ezinobungani bemvelo. Kodwa ingabe lokhu kuyiqiniso noma kukhona izithiyo eziningana?

Eqinisweni, kunesizathu esisodwa kuphela sokuthi imoto kagesi ikhule kakhulu futhi izoba nendaba: imvelo. Njengoba wazi, izimoto zikaphethiloli nezadizili zikhipha izinto ezinobuthi. Lezi zinto aziyingozi kubantu kuphela, kodwa nasemhlabeni esiphila kuwo. Phela, ngokososayensi abaningi, ohulumeni nezinhlangano, isimo sezulu seplanethi yethu siyashintsha, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezinto ezinobuthi ezivela ezimotweni zikaphethiloli nezikadizili.

Ngokombono wokuziphatha, sidinga ukukuqeda lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi. Yini abaningi abayibona njengekhambi kule ndaba? Imoto kagesi. Phela le moto ayinawo umsi wokukhipha umoya, ingasaphathwa eyokukhipha intuthu. Ngakho-ke zibhekwa njengemoto ehambisana nemvelo. Kodwa ingabe lesi sithombe silungile noma singokunye? Sizokhuluma ngalokhu kulesi sihloko. Lokhu sizokuhlukanisa kube izingxenye ezimbili, okuwukukhiqiza nokushayela imoto kagesi.

Manufacturing

Ngokuyisisekelo, imoto kagesi iqukethe izingxenye ezimbalwa kakhulu ngokuya ngezimoto kunemoto kaphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, ungase ucabange ukuthi imoto kagesi ingahlanganiswa ngendlela evumelana nemvelo. Nokho, okuphambene kuyiqiniso. Konke kuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu nesindayo yemoto kagesi: ibhethri.

Lawa mabhethri e-lithium-ion, aqhathaniswa nalawo aku-smartphone yakho nekhompuyutha ephathekayo, ngokwesibonelo, enziwe ngezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezingavamile. I-lithium, i-nickel ne-cobalt ifakiwe kubhethri ye-lithium ion enjalo. Lezi zinto zimbiwa kakhulu ezimayini, okuholela emithelela eminingi emibi yemvelo. Uhlobo olubi kakhulu lwensimbi cishe i-cobalt. Le nsimbi imbiwa kakhulu eCongo, ukusuka lapho kufanele ithunyelwe emazweni akhiqiza amabhethri. Ngendlela, umsebenzi wezingane usetshenziswa ekukhishweni kwale nsimbi.

Kodwa kuyingozi kangakanani ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri endaweni ezungezile? Ngokombiko we-International Council for Clean Transport (ICCT), kubiza amakhilogremu angu-56 kuya ku-494 we-CO2 ukukhiqiza i-kWh eyodwa yebhethri. I-Tesla Model 3 njengamanje inomthamo omkhulu webhethri ongu-75 kWh. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwe-ICCT, ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri ye-Tesla Model 3 kubiza phakathi kuka-4.200 no-37.050 2kg COXNUMX.

Idolo

Kukhulu lokhu ububanzi... Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi cishe ingxenye ye-CO2 ekhishwayo ohlelweni lokukhiqiza okwamanje ihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Emazweni lapho, ngokwesibonelo, amalahle asetshenziswa njalo uma kuqhathaniswa (i-China), ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 okudingekayo kuzoba phezulu kunasezweni elinamandla aluhlaza, njenge-France. Ngakho-ke, ubungane bemvelo bemoto buncike kakhulu emsuka wayo.

Izinombolo eziphelele zimnandi, kodwa kungaba mnandi kakhulu ukuziqhathanisa. Noma, kulokhu, qhathanisa ukukhiqizwa kwemoto kagesi yonke kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemoto kaphethiloli. Kukhona igrafu embikweni we-ICCT, kodwa izinombolo eziqondile azaziwa. I-UK Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership ikhiqize umbiko ngo-2015 lapho singaqhathanisa khona izinto ezimbalwa.

Incazelo yokuqala: I-LowCVP isebenzisa igama elithi CO2e. Lokhu kufushane kokulingana kwe-carbon dioxide. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwemoto kagesi, amagesi amaningana aphumayo akhishwa emhlabeni, ngayinye enomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ngendlela yayo. Endabeni ye-CO2e, lawa magesi ahlanganiswe ndawonye futhi igalelo lawo ekufudumaleni komhlaba libonakala ekukhishweni kwe-CO2. Ngakho, lokhu akukhona ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 kwangempela, kodwa isibalo nje esenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sikhombise ukuthi iyiphi imoto ekhiqizwa ngendlela ehambisana nemvelo.

Hhayi-ke, ake sidlulele ezinambeni. Ngokusho kwe-LowCVP, imoto evamile kaphethiloli ibiza amathani angu-5,6 we-CO2-eq. Imoto kadizili ngeke ihluke kakhulu kule. Ngokwale datha, imoto kagesi wonke ikhipha amathani angu-8,8 we-CO2-eq. Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwama-BEV kubi ngamaphesenti angama-57 emvelweni kunokukhiqizwa kwemoto ye-ICE. Izindaba ezimnandi kwabathanda uphethiloli: imoto entsha kaphethiloli ihambisana nemvelo kunemoto entsha kagesi. Uze wenze amakhilomitha okuqala.

Shayela

Ngokukhiqiza, akushiwo konke. Inzuzo enkulu yezemvelo yemoto kagesi, vele, ukushayela okungakhiphi. Phela, ukuguqula amandla kagesi agciniwe abe ukunyakaza (ngemoto kagesi) akubangeli ukuphuma kwe-CO2 noma i-nitrogen. Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kwala mandla kungalimaza imvelo. Ngokugcizelela ku-can.

Ake sithi unepulazi lomoya kanye nophahla lwelanga ekhaya lakho. Uma uhlanganisa i-Tesla yakho kuyo, ungakwazi ukushayela kahle isimo sezulu. Ngeshwa, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Ukuguga kwamasondo namabhuleki kuzoqhubeka nokuba nomthelela omubi emvelweni. Nakuba ngokuqinisekile ihlale ingcono kunemoto enenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi.

Kodwa-ke, uma uxhuma le moto kugridi yamandla, ukusimama kuzoncika kumhlinzeki wakho wamandla. Uma la mandla ephuma esikhungweni samandla aphehlwa ngegesi, noma okubi nakakhulu, esikhungweni samandla kagesi ngamalahle, khona-ke kusobala ukuthi wenza okuncane okuhle emvelweni. Ungasho ukuthi "umane" udlulisela i-exhaust embonini yamandla.

Amaphesenti angamashumi amane

Ukuze uthole isithombe esicacile sokukhishwa (okungaqondile) kwemoto kagesi, sidinga ukubheka ucwaningo oluvela e-BloombergNEF, inkundla yocwaningo yase-Bloomberg. Bathi ukukhishwa kwezimoto zikagesi okwamanje kuphansi ngamaphesenti angu-XNUMX kunekaphethiloli.

Ngokusho kwesiteji, ngisho naseShayina, izwe elisancike kakhulu ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi amalahle, ukukhishwa kwezimoto zikagesi kuphansi kunekaphethiloli. Ngokusho kwe-US Energy Information Administration, ngo-2015, u-72% wamandla aseShayina avela ezikhungweni zikagesi ezisebenza ngamalahle. Umbiko we-BloombergNEF unikeza nombono omuhle ngekusasa. Phela, amazwe aya ngokuya ezama ukuthola amandla emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo. Ngakho, esikhathini esizayo, ukukhishwa kwezimoto zikagesi kuzokwehla kuphela.

isiphetho

Izimoto zikagesi zingcono emvelweni kunezimoto ezinenjini evuthayo, ngokusobala. Kodwa ngezinga elingakanani? Kunini lapho i-Tesla ingcono kakhulu kwezemvelo kuneVolkswagen? Kunzima ukusho. Kuncike ezintweni eziningi ezahlukene. Cabanga ngesitayela sokushayela, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, izimoto okufanele ziqhathaniswe ...

Thatha i-Mazda MX-30. Kuyi-crossover kagesi enebhethri elincane kakhulu elingu-35,5 kWh. Lokhu kudinga izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaphansi kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, i-Tesla Model X enebhethri engu-100 kWh. Ngenxa yalokho, indawo yokuguqula iMazda izoba ngaphansi ngoba kwakudingeka amandla amancane nezinto zokwakha ukuze kukhiqizwe imoto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungakwazi ukushayela i-Tesla isikhathi eside ngebhethri elilodwa, okusho ukuthi izohamba amakhilomitha amaningi kune-Mazda. Ngenxa yalokho, inzuzo enkulu yemvelo kaTesla inkulu ngoba isihambe amakhilomitha amaningi.

Yini enye okudingeka kushiwo: imoto kagesi izoba ngcono kuphela emvelweni esikhathini esizayo. Kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri nokukhiqizwa kwamandla, umhlaba uyaqhubeka nokwenza inqubekelaphambili. Cabangela ukugaya kabusha amabhethri nezinsimbi, noma ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo. Imoto kagesi isivele ingcono cishe kuzo zonke izimo kunezemvelo kunemoto enenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, kodwa esikhathini esizayo lokhu kuzoqina kuphela.

Nokho, lesi sihloko sihlala siyisihloko esithakazelisayo kodwa esiyinselele. Ngenhlanhla, lesi futhi yisihloko okubhalwe futhi kwenziwa okuningi ngaso. Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalokhu? Isibonelo, bukela ividiyo ye-YouTube ngezansi eqhathanisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 yempilo yonke yemoto kagesi emaphakathi nokuphila konke okuphumayo kwe-CO2 kwemoto kaphethiloli.