Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa ch.1

I-Ki-43-II ye-Akeno flying school, 1943. Ungabona izici ezijwayelekile zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwangaphambili kwe-Ki-43-II - i-annular oil cooler ekungeneni komoya wenjini kanye nendlu encane eyengeziwe yokupholisa uwoyela ngaphansi. i-fuselage.

I-Ki-43, ebizwa ngokuthi "Oscar" ngama-Allies, yayiyiqhawe lezempi lase-Imperial Japanese Army emlandweni walo. Yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s njengomlandeli we-Ki-27. Wayehlukaniswa ukukwazi ukuhamba kahle, kodwa ezicini eziningi wayengaphansi kwabamelene naye. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuqinisa izikhali ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza yenze umehluko omncane, njengoba i-Allies iphinde yethula izinhlobo ezintsha, ezithuthuke kakhulu zezilwi ukuze zisebenze. Naphezu kokushiyeka nobuthakathaka bayo, i-Ki-43 yahlala ingenye yezimpawu zebutho laseJapane.

Ngo-December 1937, ngokwamukelwa kweqhawe le-Ki-27 (Uhlobo 97) yi-Imperial Japanese Army (Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), i-Army General Aviation Administration (Rikugun Kōkū Honbu) yathuma uNakajima ukuthi aqale umsebenzi wokuklama ozongena esikhundleni sakhe. . I-Ki-27 yaba indiza yokuqala yensimbi ekwazi ukuzisekela ene-cockpit emboziwe ukuze ingene enkonzweni ne-Army Air Forces. Ku-fighter entsha, kwanqunywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe enye into entsha - igiya lokufika elihlehliswayo. Mayelana nokusebenza, i-Koku Honbu ibidinga isivinini okungenani esingu-500 km/h ku-4000 m, isikhathi sokukhuphuka sibe ngu-5000 m ngaphansi kwamaminithi angu-5, kanye nebanga lokusebenza elingu-300 km ngophethiloli imizuzu engu-30 ye-dogfight noma Ibanga elingu-600 km ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwamandla. . Ukuqondiswa kwe-fighter entsha kwakufanele kungabi kubi kakhulu kune-Ki-27. Izikhali zazizoqukatha izibhamu zomshini ezimbili ezingama-89-mm zohlobo 89 (7,7-shiki), ezifakwe ku-fuselage phakathi kwenjini nendawo yokusebenzela bese zidubula ngescrew disk. Lesi yizikhali ezijwayelekile zamasosha amasosha selokhu zasungulwa.

Ngokushesha, izimfuneko zohlelo olulandelayo lokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zezindiza (i-Koku Heiki Kenkyu Hoshin) zaqala ukuthuthukiswa e-Koku Honbu, lapho kwakuzokwakhiwa khona ama-fighters esizukulwane esisha, amabhomu kanye nezindiza zokuhlola, eziklanyelwe ukufaka esikhundleni semishini eyayisanda kungena enkonzweni. iminyaka embalwa. Kwanqunywa ukwakha izigaba ezimbili ze-single-injini, izilwi zesihlalo esisodwa - ezilula nezisindayo. Kwakungesona inqwaba yendiza, kodwa izikhali zabo. I-fighter elula enesihlalo esisodwa (kei tanza sentōki; efushanisiwe ngokuthi keisen), ehlome ngezibhamu ezimbili ezingu-7,7 mm, yayizosetshenziswa ngokumelene nezilwi zezitha. Ukuze enze lokhu, kwakudingeka abonakale, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokuqondisa okuhle kakhulu. Isivinini esiphezulu nobubanzi bebungabalulekile okwesibili. I-fighter enesihlalo esisodwa esindayo (jū tanza sentōki; jūsen) yayizohlonywa ngezibhamu ezimbili ezingu-7,7 mm kanye "nenganono" eyodwa noma ezimbili, okungukuthi izibhamu ezinkulu1. Yayidalelwe ukulwa namabhomu, ngakho-ke kwakudingeka ibe nesivinini esiphezulu kanye nezinga lokukhuphuka, ngisho nangezindleko zobubanzi nokunyakaza.

Uhlelo lwavunywa nguMnyango Wezempi (Rikugunsho) ngoJulayi 1, 1938. Ezinyangeni ezalandela, u-Koku Honbu wenze izidingo zokusebenza zezigaba ngazinye zezindiza futhi wazinikeza abakhiqizi bezindiza abakhethiwe. Ezimweni eziningi, ifomula yomncintiswano we-prototype eyayisetshenziswe ngaphambilini iye yayekwa, osonkontileka abakhethwe ngokungahleliwe kuzinhlobo zezindiza ngazinye. I-fighter entsha ye-Nakajima, ehloselwe ukufaka esikhundleni se-Ki-27, yahlukaniswa ngokuthi "ukukhanya". Yanikezwa igama lezempi elithi Ki-43.

I-prototype yesithathu ye-Ki-43 (inombolo ye-serial 4303) yakhiwa ngo-March 1939. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, indiza yashintshwa ukuze ifane nemishini yokuhlola (okuthiwa ama-prototypes angeziwe).

Ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi

Iphrojekthi ye-Ki-43 fighter yakhiwe ithimba eliholwa unjiniyela u-Yasushi Koyama, naye owayenakekela isikhungo sikagesi. Umphathi wephrojekthi obhekele ukwakhiwa kwe-airframe kwakungu-Minoru Ota. U-Kunihiro Aoki wayephethe izibalo zamandla, kuyilapho u-Tetsuo Ichimaru ephethe umklamo wamaphiko. Ukuphathwa jikelele kwephrojekthi kwenziwa nguDkt. Eng. U-Hideo Itokawa, i-aerodynamicist eyinhloko e-Nakajima kanye nenhloko yomklamo wendiza yezempi (rikugun sekkei-bu).

Ngokuhambisana nefilosofi yokuklama i-fighter eyayisebenza e-Japan ngaleso sikhathi, i-Ki-43 yayiklanyelwe ukuthi ibe nesisindo esincane ngangokunokwenzeka. Azizange zisetshenziswe izikhali zesihlalo somshayeli noma amathangi kaphethiloli. Ukuze kusheshiswe umsebenzi, kusetshenziswe izixazululo eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezihlolwe ku-Ki-27. Okuwukuphela kwento entsha ephawulekayo kwakuyigiya lokumisa eliyisindi, elinomlenze owodwa, elihosha amanzi futhi elihoshayo. Umklamo wayo wabonwa ku-American Vought V-143 fighter eyathengwa yiJapane ngoJulayi 1937. Njengokuqala, imilenze kuphela yayimbozwe ngemva kokuhlanza, kuyilapho amasondo ngokwawo ehlala engavikelekile. I-tail skid ishiywe ngaphansi kwe-fuselage yangemuva.

Igumbi lomshayeli wendiza lalimbozwe ikesi elineziqephu ezintathu, eline-windscreen engashintshi, i-limousine engemuva eshelelayo kanye nengxenye yangemuva engashintshi, eyakha "i-hump" yeshidi leshidi ku-fuselage, elinamafasitela amabili ezinhlangothini. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho uqala i-limousine "igoqe" ngaphansi kwe-"hump". Wonke uphethiloli, ophindwe kabili kunalowo we-Ki-27, wafakwa emathangeni amane emaphikweni. Ngakho-ke, ithangi alizange lifakwe ecaleni. Indiza ibifakwe i-transceiver yohlobo lwe-96 Model 2 enensika esekela intambo ye-antenna efakwe ku-hump. Umshayeli wendiza wayenomshini womoya-mpilo ayenawo. Ithiphu kwakuyi-Type 89 optical sight evamile, ishubhu yakhona eyayidlula embotsheni ye-windshield.

Esigabeni sokuklama, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu be-airframe kanye nokugcina uphethiloli omkhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa komshini wokuhlehlisa nokwelula igiya lokufika kanye nesistimu ye-hydraulic, i-Ki-43 izoba cishe. Ama-25% anzima kune-Ki. -27. Ngakho-ke, injini enamandla kakhulu yayidingeka ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuhleliwe. U-Koyama ukhethe injini engu-14-cylinder Nakajima Ha-25 enezinkanyezi ezimbili enamandla okusuka angu-980 hp, enesiteji esisodwa, i-compressor enesivinini esisodwa. I-Ha-25 (igama lefekthri i-NAM) yayisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-French Gnome-Rhône 14M, kodwa isebenzisa izixazululo ezivela enjinini ye-Ha-20 (ilayisensi yaseBrithani i-Bristol Mercury VIII) kanye nemibono yayo. Umphumela waba iyunithi yamandla ephumelela kakhulu - yayinomklamo ohlangene, ubukhulu obuncane nesisindo, kwakulula ukuyisebenzisa, ithembekile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ingasebenza isikhathi eside kwingxube ethambile, eyanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. ukusetshenziswa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwandisa ububanzi bendiza yendiza. Ngo-1939, i-Kha-25 yamukelwa ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi yibutho ngaphansi kwegama elichazayo Uhlobo lwe-99 olunamandla angu-950 hp. (99-shiki, 950-bariki) 2. Ku-Ki-43, injini ibishayela uphephela wokhuni olunama-blade amabili nobubanzi obungu-2,90 m ngaphandle kwesembozo.

Entwasahlobo ka-1938, ikhomishana yochwepheshe abavela ku-Koku Honbu kanye no-Rikugun Koku Gijutsu Kenkyusho (Isikhungo Sokuhlola Ibutho Lezobuchwephesha Bezindiza, esifushaniswe ngokuthi i-Kogiken noma i-Giken) yahlola kahle uhlaka lomklamo we-Ki-43 fighter futhi yagunyaza ukuhlelwa kwayo. . Ngemuva kwalokho, u-Koku Honbu wayala ukuthi kwakhiwe ama-prototypes amathathu (shisakuki) avela e-Nakajima, futhi abaklami baqala ukwenza imibhalo enemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe.

Ama-Prototypes

I-prototype yokuqala ye-Ki-43 (inombolo ye-serial 4301 seizō bangō) ishiye imboni yomhlangano ye-Nakajima Hikōki Kabushiki Gaisha No. 1 (Dai-1 Seizōshō) e-Ota, eSifundazweni sase-Gunma ekuqaleni kuka-December 1938, unyaka owodwa nje ngemva kokuthola i-oda. Indiza yakhe yenzeke ngoDisemba 12 esuka esikhumulweni sezindiza sase-Ojima. NgoJanuwari 1939, indiza yandizela eTachikawa ukuze ihlolwe kabanzi ngendiza eMnyangweni Wokucwaninga waseKogiken. Baphinde bahanjelwa abashayeli bezindiza abafundisa bezindiza abavela e-Akeno Army Aviation School (Akeno Rikugun Hikō Gakkō), ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyisikhungo sokuhlola esengeziwe sabalweli bezindiza Zebutho Lempi. Amanye ama-prototypes amabili (4302 no-4303), aqedwa ngoFebhuwari nango-March 1939, nawo aya e-Kogiken. Babehluke ku-prototype yokuqala kuphela ku-cab lining - "i-hump" yayicwebezeliswe ngokuphelele, futhi i-limousine yayinezinhlaka ezimbalwa zokuqinisa.

Imininingwane yokuhlolwa kwendiza ayaziwa, kodwa impendulo yomshayeli kuyaziwa ukuthi ibikade inegethivu. I-prototypes ye-Ki-43 ayizange ibe nokusebenza okungcono kakhulu kune-serial Ki-27, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izici zendiza ezimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukuhamba. Ayevilapha futhi ephuza ukuphendula ku-rudder kanye nokuphambuka kwe-aileron, futhi izikhathi zokujika nerediyasi zazizinde kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zokusuka nezokuhlala zazingagculisi. Izinkinga zabangela uhlelo lwe-hydraulic lwe-chassis. Indlela yokuvula isivalo sekhebhu yathathwa njengengasebenzi. Kulesi simo, u-Koku Honbu wayesezothatha isinqumo sokuyeka ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Ki-43. Ubuholi bukaNakajima, bungafuni ukulahlekelwa inzuzo engaba khona noma ukubeka engcupheni udumo lwenkampani, bukwazile ukwenza amasosha anwebe izivivinyo futhi ahlele ama-prototypes ayishumi aguquliwe (4304-4313). Yayihloselwe ukuhlola izixazululo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, izinjini nezikhali kuzo. Ithimba lonjiniyela U-Koyama waqala umsebenzi wokuklama kabusha i-Ki-43 ethuthukisiwe ukuze ihlangabezane nokulindelwe ngu-Koku Honbu.

Umklamo wendiza wenziwa lula (okuyinto kamuva eyabangela izinkinga ezinkulu ngamandla ephiko), futhi iyunithi yomsila nayo yashintshwa. Umsila wawuhlehlisiwe, futhi iphini manje selimboze bonke ubude bomsila kanye ne-fuselage tips, ngakho indawo yakhona yayinkulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kahle kwayo kwanda, okwaba nomthelela omuhle ekulawuleni ukuhamba kwendiza. Isivalo se-cockpit saklanywa kabusha ngokuphelele futhi manje sesinezingxenye ezimbili - i-windscreen engashintshi kanye ne-limousine ecwebezelayo ye-teardrop ekwazi ukushelela emuva. Isembozo esisha asizange sibe lula kakhulu, kodwa futhi sinikeze ukubonakala okungcono kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkomba (ikakhulukazi ngemuva). I-antenna mast ihanjiswe kwesokudla se-fuselage eya phambili, ngemuva nje kwenjini. Ngenxa yalezi zinguquko, i-silhouette yendiza isibe izacile futhi iphelele kakhulu emoyeni. Ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi sekuthuthukisiwe, umsakazo usushintshiwe kwafakwa uhlobo olulula lwe-Type 96 Model 3 Model 2, kufakwe isondo lomsila ongashintshi esikhundleni se-skid, futhi uphephela ufakwe ikepisi. Ngo-May 1940, amaphiko amabili amasha athuthukiswa, ama-20 no-30 cm amancane kunalawo okuqala, okwenza kube lula ukunciphisa amaphiko ngo-40 no-60 cm, ngokulandelana, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuyekwa okwesikhashana.

Izindiza zokuhlola, ezibizwa nge-supplementary or complementary prototypes (zōka shisakuki), zakhiwa phakathi kukaNovemba 1939 noSepthemba 1940. Ayefakwe izinjini ze-Ha-25 ezinezinsimbi ze-Sumitomo ezinezinsimbi ezimbili ezinobubanzi obufanayo, indlela yokulungisa i-hydraulic blade tilt yenkampani yaseMelika iHamilton Standard. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-engeli ahlukahlukene wokuthambekela kwama-blades ahlolwe ukuze kutholakale amanani awo alungile. Kumakhophi amaningana, kwahlolwa ophephela abazilungisayo abanezinsimbi ezintathu, kodwa akunqunywanga ukuzisebenzisa ezindizeni zokukhiqiza.

NgoJulayi 1940, ama-prototypes Nos. 4305 kanye ne-4309 afakwe izinjini ezintsha ze-Ha-105 ezinamandla okusuka angu-1200 hp. Bekuwukubuyekezwa kwe-Ha-25 enesiteji esisodwa esinamagiya amabili compressor kanye no gearbox oshintshiwe. Ngemva kochungechunge lokuhlolwa, izinjini zangempela zabuyiselwa kuyo yomibili imishini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinjini ezintsha ze-Ha-4308 kwakufanele zihlolwe endizeni No. 4309 futhi futhi 115, kodwa ngenxa yobude bazo obukhulu nesisindo, lo mbono uyekwa. Lokhu kwakudinga izinguquko eziningi kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwendiza, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi injini ye-Ha-115 yayingakaphothulwa. Okungenani indiza eyodwa (4313) inezixhumi zomoya ezipholisayo emaphethelweni alandelanayo ekesi lenjini elinamaphephu anamahinga ayisishiyagalombili ohlangothini ngalunye namabili phezulu. Ihabhu lesikulufu limbozwe ngekepisi. Endizeni enguNombolo 4310 kanye ne-4313, izibhamu zohlobo lwe-89 zashintshwa kwafakwa u-103 mm No-12,7 omusha, okugcinwe imizuliswano engu-230 noma engu-250. Ezinye izindiza zokuhlola zandiza ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ngaphandle kwezikhali, izinto ezibonwayo namarediyo (ngisho nensika yothi ihlakaziwe). Izinguquko eziyimpumelelo ezethulwe futhi zahlolwa kusampula eyodwa zabe sezisetshenziswa kweminye imishini.

Phela, into emisha ebaluleke kakhulu yayibizwa ngokuthi izihlangu zokulwa (i-sento noma i-kusen furappu), eyakhiwe ngunjiniyela. Itokawa. Ama-flaps anwebe ngaphezu kwe-contour yephiko ngokulinganayo, i.e. kude kakhulu ukusuka ku-fuselage kunama-ailerons, okwenza uhlelo olukhumbuza amaphiko asakazwa uvemvane (ngakho-ke igama labo elidumile le-butterfly flaps - cho-gata). Ngesikhathi sokulwa emoyeni (kuze kufike esivinini esingaba ngu-400 km/h), zinganwetshwa futhi ziphambukiswe ngo-15°, okuthuthukise kakhulu ukuhambahamba kwendiza, okuvumela ukuphenduka okuqinile ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yi-lift. Izihlangu zokulwa zaqala ukufakwa kumayunithi okuhlola amathathu okugcina (4311, 4312 kanye nama-4313). Ngokushesha baba uphawu lwamasosha kaNakajima.