Ingabe amafutha enjini avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene angaxutshwa?
Amafutha avunyelwe ukuthi axutshwe nini?
Amafutha enjini aqukethe isisekelo kanye nephakheji elengeziwe. Amafutha ayisisekelo athatha isilinganiso sama-75-85% wevolumu ephelele, i-akhawunti yezithasiselo ye-15-25% esele.
Amafutha ayisisekelo, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthile bokuphathelene. Sekukonke, izinhlobo eziningana zezisekelo nezindlela zokuzithola ziyaziwa.
- isisekelo samaminerali. Itholakala ngokuhlukanisa izingxenyana zokukhanya kuwoyela ongahluziwe kanye nokuhlunga okulandelayo. Isisekelo esinjalo asikho ngaphansi kokwelashwa okushisa, futhi, empeleni, siyinto esele ehlungiwe ngemva kokuhwamuka kwezingxenye ze-petroli ne-diesel. Namuhla akuvamile.
- Imikhiqizo ye-hydrocracking distillation. Kukholomu ye-hydrocracking, uwoyela wamaminerali ushiswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi naphambi kwamakhemikhali. Amafutha abe eseyiqhwa ukuze kukhishwe ungqimba lukapharafini. I-hydrocracking eqinile iqhubeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kanye nokucindezela okukhulu, okubuye kucekele phansi izingxenyana zikapharafini. Ngemuva kwale nqubo, kutholakala isisekelo esilinganayo, esizinzile. EJapane, eMelika nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, amafutha anjalo abizwa ngokuthi ama-semi-synthetics. E-Russia zibizwa ngokuthi ama-synthetics (amakwe i-HC-synthetic).
- I-PAO synthetics (PAO). Isisekelo esibizayo nezobuchwepheshe. I-homogeneity yokubunjwa nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nezinguquko zamakhemikhali kubangela izakhiwo zokuzivikela ezikhulayo kanye nokuphila kwesevisi okwandisiwe.
- Izisekelo ezingavamile. Ngokuvamile kulesi sigaba kunezisekelo ezisekelwe ku-esters (kusuka emafutheni emifino) futhi adalwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-GTL (kusuka kugesi yemvelo, i-VHVI).
Izengezo namuhla ngaphandle kokukhetha kubo bonke abakhiqizi bamafutha ezimoto zinikezwa izinkampani ezimbalwa kuphela:
- I-Lubrizol (cishe ama-40% yenani eliphelele lawo wonke amafutha emoto).
- I-Infineum (cishe ama-20% emakethe).
- I-Oronite (cishe i-5%).
- abanye (abasele 15%).
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abakhiqizi bahlukene, izithasiselo ngokwazo, njengamafutha ayisisekelo, zinokufana okuphawulekayo kokubili ngokwekhwalithi nenani.
Kuphephile ngokuphelele ukuxuba amafutha ezimweni lapho isisekelo samafutha kanye nomkhiqizi ongeziwe kufana. Kungakhathalekile uhlobo olukhonjiswe ku-canister. Ngeke futhi kube iphutha elikhulu ukuxuba izisekelo ezihlukene lapho amaphakheji engeziwe ehambisana.
Ungawahlanganisi amafutha nezithasiselo ezihlukile noma izisekelo. Isibonelo, akunconywa ukuxuba isisekelo se-ester nesithako samaminerali noma se-molybdenum nesinye esijwayelekile. Kulezi zimo, ngisho noshintsho oluphelele lwe-lubricant, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise uwoyela oshisayo ngaphambi kokugcwalisa ukuxosha zonke izinsalela enjinini. Njengoba kuze kufike ku-10% wamafutha amadala ahlala ku-crankcase, iziteshi zikawoyela kanye nenhloko yebhulokhi.
Uhlobo lwesisekelo kanye nephakheji lezithasiselo ezisetshenzisiwe ngezinye izikhathi zikhonjiswa ku-canister ngokwayo. Kodwa kaningi kufanele uphendukele kumawebhusayithi asemthethweni abakhiqizi noma abahlinzeki bamafutha.
Imiphumela yokuxuba amafutha angahambelani
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubalulekile (umlilo, ukuqhuma noma ukubola kwezingxenye zenjini) noma imiphumela eyingozi lapho kuhlanganiswa uwoyela ohlukile wemoto futhi umuntu akakaze akhonjwe emlandweni. Okubi kakhulu okungenzeka ukuthi:
- ukwanda kwamagwebu;
- ukwehla kokusebenza kwamafutha (ukuvikela, okokuhlanza, ukucindezela okukhulu, njll.);
- ukubola kwamakhompiyutha abalulekile avela kumaphakheji ahlukene okungeza;
- ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-ballast kumthamo wamafutha.
Imiphumela yokuxuba amafutha kuleli cala ayijabulisi, futhi ingaholela kokubili ekunciphiseni impilo yenjini, futhi kunalokho okubukhali, ukugqoka okufana ne-avalanche, okulandelwa ukwehluleka kwenjini. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuxuba amafutha enjini ngaphandle kokuqiniseka okuqinile ekusebenzisaneni kwawo.
Kodwa-ke, esimweni lapho ukukhetha kuwukuthi: hlanganisa amafutha, noma ushayele ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu (noma ungekho nhlobo amafutha), kungcono ukhethe ukuxuba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka ukushintsha ukuxuba kwamafutha ahlukene ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Futhi ngaphambi kokuthela i-lubricant entsha, ngeke kube yinto engafaneleki ukusula i-crankcase.
