Ubudlelwano obumanzi - part 1

Izinhlanganisela ze-inorganic ngokuvamile azihlotshaniswa nomswakama, kodwa izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ziphambene. Phela lawo angaphambili angamatshe omile, kanti lawa avela ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini. Nokho, ukuhlobana okusabalele akuhlobene kancane namaqiniso. Kulokhu, kuyafana: amanzi angakhanywa ematsheni, kepha ama-organic compounds angoma kakhulu.

Amanzi ayinto etholakala yonke indawo eMhlabeni, futhi akumangalisi ukuthi angatholakala kwezinye izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali. Ngezinye izikhathi ixhunywe ngokubuthakathaka nabo, ivalwe ngaphakathi kwabo, izibonakalisa ngendlela efihliwe, noma yakha obala isakhiwo samakristalu.

Izinto zokuqala kuqala. Ekuqaleni…

…umswakama

Izithako eziningi zamakhemikhali zivame ukumunca amanzi endaweni ezungezile—ngokwesibonelo, usawoti wetafula owaziwa kakhulu, ovame ukunqwabelana endaweni eshisayo, enomswakama ekhishini. Izinto ezinjalo ziyi-hygroscopic, kanye nomswakama eziwubangelayo amanzi ane-hygroscopic. Nokho, usawoti wetafula udinga umswakama ophakeme ngokwanele (bheka ibhokisi: Angakanani amanzi asemoyeni?) ukuze ubophe umhwamuko wamanzi. Khonamanjalo, ogwadule kunezinto ezingamunca amanzi endaweni ezungezile.

Mangakanani amanzi asemoyeni?

Umswakama ophelele Leli inani lomhwamuko wamanzi eliqukethwe kuvolumu yeyunithi yomoya ezingeni lokushisa elinikeziwe. Isibonelo, ku-0°C ku-1 m³ Kungaba nobuningi bamanzi angaba ngu-5 g emoyeni (ukugwema ukufiphala), ku-20 ° C - cishe u-17 g wamanzi, futhi ku-40 ° C - ngaphezu kuka-50 g Ekhishini elifudumele noma lokugezela imanzi te.

Umswakama Ohlobene imelela isilinganiso senani lomhwamuko weyunithi ngayinye yomthamo womoya ukuya enanini eliphezulu ezingeni lokushisa elinikeziwe (elichazwa njengephesenti).

Ngokuhlolwa okulandelayo uzodinga i-sodium NaOH noma i-potassium hydroxide KOH. Beka ithebhulethi eyinhlanganisela (njengoba ithengiswa) engilazini yokubuka bese uyishiya emoyeni okwesikhashana. Ngokushesha uzobona ukuthi i-lozenge iqala ukumbozwa ngamaconsi oketshezi bese isakazeka. Lona umphumela we-hygroscopicity we-NaOH noma we-KOH. Ngokubeka amasampula emakamelweni ahlukene endlu, uzoqhathanisa umswakama ohlobene walezi zindawo (1).

1. Idiphozi ye-NaOH engilazini yewashi (kwesokunxele) kanye nediphozi efanayo ngemva kwamahora ambalwa emoyeni (kwesokudla).

2. Isikhiphi selabhorethri esinejeli ye-silicone (isithombe: Wikimedia/Hgrobe)

Osokhemisi, hhayi bona kuphela, baxazulula inkinga yokuqukethwe komswakama wento. Amanzi ane-Hygroscopic Lokhu ukungcola okungajabulisi ngenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali, futhi okuqukethwe kwayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, akuhlali njalo. Leli qiniso lenza kube nzima ukukala inani le-reagent edingekayo ukuze kuphenduleke. Isixazululo, kunjalo, ukomisa into. Esikalini sezimboni, lokhu kwenzeka emakamelweni ashisayo, okungukuthi, inguqulo enkulu yehhavini yasekhaya.

Ema-laboratories, ngaphezu kwama-dryer kagesi (futhi, ama-ovens), asebenzisa exykatory (nokugcina ama-reagents asevele omisiwe). Lezi yizitsha zengilazi, ezivalwe ngokuqinile, ezansi lapho kukhona into ene-hygroscopic (2). Umsebenzi wayo ukumunca umswakama ovela ku-compound omisiwe futhi ugcine umswakama ophansi ngaphakathi kwe-desiccator.

Izibonelo zama-ejenti okomisa: usawoti we-CaCl ongenamanzi.₂ I MgSO₄, i-phosphorous oxide (V) P₄O₁₀ kanye ne-calcium CaO kanye nejeli ye-silica (i-silica gel). Uzothola nokwakamuva ngendlela yama-desiccant sachets atholakala emaphaketheni ezimboni nokudla (3).

3. Ijeli ye-Silicone yokuvikela ukudla nemikhiqizo yezimboni emswakama.

Ama-dehumidifiers amaningi angenziwa kabusha uma emunca amanzi amaningi - avele awafudumeze.

Kukhona futhi ukungcoliswa kwezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali amanzi avaliwe. Ingena kumakristalu njengoba ikhula ngokushesha futhi idala izikhala ezigcwele isisombululo lapho i-crystal yakhiwe khona, ezungezwe umzimba oqinile. Ungasusa amabhamuza awuketshezi kukristalu ngokuncibilikisa inhlanganisela futhi uyihlanganise kabusha, kodwa kulokhu ngaphansi kwezimo ezizobambezela ukukhula kwekristalu. Khona-ke amangqamuzana “ayozihlela ngobunono” endaweni eyikristalu, angashiyi zikhala.

amanzi afihliwe

Kwezinye izinhlanganisela, amanzi akhona ngendlela ecashile, kodwa usokhemisi uyakwazi ukuwakhipha kuwo. Ungacabanga ukuthi uzokhipha amanzi kunoma iyiphi inhlanganisela ye-oxygen-hydrogen ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Uzoyiphoqa ukuthi ikhiphe amanzi ngokufudumeza noma ngokwenza enye into emunca amanzi kakhulu. Amanzi ebuhlotsheni obunjalo amanzi omthethosisekelo. Zama zombili izindlela zokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni.

4. Umhwamuko wamanzi uyajiya eshubhuni lokuhlola lapho amakhemikhali ephelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.

Thela i-baking soda ku-tube yokuhlola, i.e. sodium bicarbonate NaHCO.₃. Ungayithola esitolo sokudla, futhi ekhishini isetshenziswa, isibonelo. njengempushana yokubhaka (kodwa futhi inezinye izinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo).

Beka ishubhu lokuhlola elangabini lokushisa nge-engeli ecishe ibe ngu-45° i-outlet ibheke kuwe. Lokhu kungenye yezimiso zokuhlanzeka nokuphepha kwe-laboratory - ngale ndlela uzozivikela uma kwenzeka ukukhululwa ngokuzumayo kwento evuthayo evela ku-tube yokuhlola.

Ukushisa akudingekile ukuba kube namandla; Bheka phezulu komkhumbi. Uma ishubhu lilide ngokwanele, amaconsi oketshezi azoqala ukuqoqana lapho ophuma khona (60). Uma ungawaboni, beka ingilazi yewashi ebandayo phezu kokuphuma kwepayipi lokuhlola - umhwamuko wamanzi okhishwe ngesikhathi sokubola kwesoda yokubhaka uzoncipha kuwo (uphawu D ngenhla komcibisholo lubonisa ukushisa kwento):

5. Ipayipi elimnyama liphuma engilazini.

Umkhiqizo wesibili we-gaseous, i-carbon dioxide, ingatholakala ngokusebenzisa amanzi e-lime, i.e. isisombululo esigcwele i-calcium hydroxide ngo-(VULIWE)₂. Ukuguquguquka kwayo, okubangelwa ukuna kwe-calcium carbonate, kubonisa ukuba khona kwe-CO.₂. Kwanele ukuthatha ithonsi yesisombululo ku-baguette bese uyibeka ekugcineni kwe-tube yokuhlola. Uma ungenayo i-calcium hydroxide, yenza amanzi e-lime ngokungeza isisombululo se-NaOH esixazululweni sanoma yimuphi usawoti we-calcium oncibilika emanzini.

Esivivinyweni esilandelayo uzosebenzisa i-reagent yasekhishini elandelayo - ushukela ojwayelekile, okungukuthi, i-sucrose C.₁₂H2₂O₁₁. Uzodinga futhi isisombululo esigxilile se-sulfuric acid H₂SO₄.

Ngikukhumbuza ngokushesha ngemithetho yokusebenza nale reagent eyingozi: amagilavu ​​enjoloba nezibuko ziyadingeka, futhi ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kuthreyi yepulasitiki noma ifilimu yepulasitiki.

Thela uhhafu wenani likashukela ebhikeni elincane eligcwalisa umkhumbi. Manje uthele isisombululo se-sulfuric acid ngenani elilingana nengxenye yoshukela owengeziwe. Gcoba okuqukethwe ngenduku yengilazi ukuze i-asidi isakazwe ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umthamo. Isikhathi esithile akukho okwenzekayo, kodwa ngokuzumayo ushukela uqala ubumnyama, bese uphenduka umnyama futhi, ekugcineni, uqala "ukuphuma" emkhunjini.

Inqwaba emnyama enezimbotshana, engasafani noshukela omhlophe, iphuma engilazini njengenyoka isuka kubhasikidi wama-fakirs. Yonke le nto iyashisa, amafu omhwamuko ayabonakala futhi kuzwakala ngisho nokuhayiza (lokhu futhi umhwamuko wamanzi ophuma emifantwini).

Okuhlangenwe nakho kuyakhanga, kusukela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi isigaba. amapayipi amakhemikhali (5). I-hygroscopicity ye-concentrated solution ye-H inesibopho semiphumela ebonwayo.₂SO₄. Kukhulu kangangokuthi amanzi angena kwisisombululo evela kwezinye izinto, kulokhu i-sucrose:

Izinsalela zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kashukela zigcwele umhwamuko wamanzi (khumbula ukuthi uma uhlanganisa i-H egxilile.₂SO₄ ukushisa okuningi kukhishwa ngamanzi), okubangela ukwanda okukhulu kwevolumu yabo kanye nomphumela wokuphakamisa ubuningi engilazini.

Uvaleleke kukristalu

6. Ukushisa i-crystalline copper (II) sulfate epayipini lokuhlola. Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ngokwengxenye kwenhlanganisela kuyabonakala.

Nolunye uhlobo lwamanzi oluqukethwe amakhemikhali. Lesi sikhathi sizibonakalisa ngokucacile (ngokungafani namanzi omthethosisekelo), futhi ubuningi bawo buchazwa ngokuqinile (hhayi ngokunganaki, njengamanzi e-hygroscopic). Lokhu amanzi e-crystallizationokunikeza umbala kumakristalu - uma esusiwe, ahlakazeka abe impushana ye-amorphous (ozoyibona ngokuhlola, njengoba kufanele ikhemisi).

Thenga amakristalu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka e-hydrated copper(II) sulfate CuSO₄×5₂O, enye yama-reagents aselabhorethri aziwa kakhulu. Thela inani elincane lamakristalu amancane ku-tube yokuhlola noma i-evaporator (indlela yesibili ingcono, kodwa uma kwenzeka inani elincane le-compound, ungasebenzisa ithubhu yokuhlola; ngaphezulu kwalokho ngenyanga). Qalisa ngokucophelela ukushisa phezu kwelangabi lethoshi (isibani sotshwala esine-denatured sizokwanela).

Nyakazisa ishubhu lokuhlola njalo, ubheke kude nawe, noma ugovuze i-baguette ku-evaporator ebekwe esibambeni sesitendi (unganciki phezu kwesitsha). Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, umbala kasawoti uqala ukufiphala uze ucishe ube mhlophe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaconsi e-liquid aqoqa engxenyeni engenhla ye-tube yokuhlola. Lawa amanzi akhishiwe kumakristalu kasawoti (ngokuwashisisa ku-evaporator, uzothola amanzi ngokubeka ingilazi yewashi ebandayo phezu komkhumbi), okwamanje ehlakazekile yaba yimpushana (6). Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kwe-compound kwenzeka ngezigaba:

Ukwenyuka okwengeziwe kwezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-650°C kubangela ukubola kukasawoti ongenamanzi. Impushana emhlophe ye-CuSO engenamanzi₄ Gcina esitsheni esiboshwe ngokuqinile (ungafaka isikhwama se-desiccant kuso).

Ungase ubuze: Sazi kanjani ukuthi ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kwenzeka njengoba kuchazwe izibalo? Noma kungani ubudlelwano bulandela leli phethini? Uzonquma inani lamanzi kulo sawoti ngenyanga ezayo, manje ngizophendula umbuzo wokuqala. Indlela esingabona ngayo ukuguquka kwesisindo sento enezinga lokushisa elikhulayo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric. Into engaphansi kocwaningo ibekwe ethreyini, okuthiwa ibhalansi eshisayo, futhi iyashiswa, ifunda izinguquko zesisindo.

Yiqiniso, namuhla izilinganiso ezishisayo ngokwazo zirekhoda idatha, ngesikhathi esifanayo zidweba igrafu ehambisanayo (7). Ukuma kwejika legrafu kubonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa "into" ethile kwenzeka ngaliphi, njengenhlanganisela ekhipha into eguquguqukayo (ukuncipha kwesisindo) noma ihlanganiswe negesi emoyeni (bese kunyuka isisindo). Ukushintsha kwesisindo kukuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuthi yiliphi inani lehlile noma lenyuke.

7. Igrafu yejika le-thermogravimetric ye-crystalline copper (II) sulfate.

I-Hydrated CuSO₄ inombala ocishe ufane nekhambi lawo elinamanzi. Lokhu akukhona ukuqondana nje. Cu ion in isixazululo₂+ lizungezwe ama-athomu ayisithupha amanzi, futhi kuyikristalu - ngamane, elele emakhoneni esikwele okuyisikhungo saso. Ngenhla nangaphansi kwe-ion yensimbi kukhona anions e-sulfate, ngayinye "ekhonza" ama-cations amabili angomakhelwane (ngakho i-stoichiometry ilungile). Kodwa iphi i-molecule yamanzi yesihlanu? Iphakathi kweyodwa yama-ion e-sulfate kanye ne-molecule yamanzi ebhandeni elizungeze i-ion yethusi (II).

Futhi umfundi othanda ukwazi uzobuza: ukwazi kanjani lokhu? Ngalesi sikhathi kusuka ezithombeni zamakristalu atholwe ngokuwakhanyisa ngama-X ray. Kodwa-ke, incazelo yokuthi kungani i-anhydrous compound imhlophe futhi inhlanganisela ye-hydrated eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka i-chemistry ethuthukisiwe. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi afunde.

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