Amafutha amaminerali

Amafutha amaminerali anesisekelo samaminerali, ngoba angumkhiqizo wemvelaphi ye-petroleum futhi akhiqizwa yi-distillation kawoyela kawoyela. It ebonakala ngokungazinzi kwezici zayo kanye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu. Amafutha amaminerali angenziwa futhi ngezitshalo zezimboni.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza "amanzi amaminerali" bulula, intengo yamafutha anjalo iphansi kakhulu kunamafutha okwenziwa.

Amafutha amaminerali empeleni awatholakali ngendlela yawo ehlanzekile yemvelo, ngoba angaba nezindawo ezidingekayo zokugcoba kuphela emazingeni okushisa "egumbi" ngaphandle kwemithwalo esindayo. Ngakho-ke, ku-ICE esetshenziswa kuphela ngezithasiselo eziqinisayo, ukuze amafutha asebenze kahle.

Izithasiselo ezinjalo zengezwa kuwoyela wesisekelo futhi zisiza ukukhulisa i-anti-corrosion, anti-wear, kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza zamafutha e-mineral motor. Phela, izici zokusebenza zamafutha emvelaphi yamaminerali azivumeli ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu, it liyancibilika ngokushesha lapho kubanda, futhi lapho ibila, ivala injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngemikhiqizo evuthayo. Ngenxa yalezi zici, uwoyela wamaminerali wezimoto, ngaphezu kwesisekelo ngokwawo, uqukethe izithasiselo ezingaba ngu-12%. Amafutha amaminerali asezingeni eliphezulu kufanele akhiqizwe emikhiqizweni emihle ye-petroleum futhi abe nezinga eliphakeme lokuhlanzwa.

Ukwakhiwa kwamafutha amaminerali

"Amanzi amaminerali", asetshenziswa njenge-lubricant, inalokhu kwakheka:

1. I-alkaline kanye ne-cyclic parafini.
2. Cyclanes - 75-80%, aromatics - 10-15% kanye cyclano-aromatic hydrocarbons - 5-15%.
3. Inani elincane lama-unsaturated nama-alkane hydrocarbons.

Amafutha e-mineral motor nawo aqukethe okuphuma ku-oxygen nesibabule kuma-hydrocarbons, kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-tar-asphalt. Kodwa zonke lezi zinhlanganisela azifakiwe ngesisekelo samafutha okugcoba ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ngenani elichazwe ngenhla, ngoba zihlanzwa ngokujulile.

Ngaphandle kwesisekelo samanzi amaminerali ngokwawo we-viscosities ehlukahlukene, amafutha abuye aqukethe isethi ehlukile yezithasiselo, okuthi, ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ukusebenza okuyisisekelo, nakho kuyisimo esibi. Njengoba amazinga okushisa aphezulu ebathinta kabi, izithasiselo ziyasha ngokushesha, ngenxa yalokho amafutha ashintsha izakhiwo zawo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinjini zamamayela aphezulu.

Ukuze usebenze kahle injini yomlilo yangaphakathi, uwoyela wamaminerali unconywa ukuthi ushintshwe ngemva kokugijima kwezinkulungwane ezingu-5-6 km, kuze kube yilapho elahlekelwa izakhiwo zawo.

I-viscosity yamafutha amaminerali

Hhayi kuphela emafutheni amaminerali, kodwa nakwamanye amafutha (ama-synthetics, ama-semi-synthetics), i-viscosity iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu. Emafutheni enjini, njengakumafutha amaningi nasezintweni zokugcoba, i-viscosity iyashintsha ngokushisa (lapho ephansi, amafutha abe yi-viscous futhi ngokuphambene nalokho). Ukusebenza okuvamile kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, akufanele ibe phezulu noma ibe ngaphansi kwenani elithile, okungukuthi, lapho uqala injini ebandayo emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe-zero, i-viscosity yamafutha akufanele ibe nkulu. Futhi ngenkathi eshisayo, lapho uqala injini evuthayo, uwoyela akufanele ube uketshezi kakhulu ukuze unikeze ifilimu eqinile kanye nokucindezela okudingekayo phakathi kwezingxenye zokuxubha.

Amafutha enjini anenkomba ethile ye-viscosity. le nkomba ibonisa ukuncika kwe-viscosity ekushintsheni izinga lokushisa.

Inkomba ye-viscosity yamafutha iyinani elingenasici (inombolo nje) elingalinganiswa kunoma imaphi amayunithi. Le nombolo ikhombisa "i-degree of dilution" yamafutha, futhi ephakeme le nkomba, ububanzi bezinga lokushisa, elihlinzeka ukusebenza okuvamile kwenjini.

Igrafu ye-kinematic viscosity yamafutha amaminerali ngokumelene nezinga lokushisa.

Emafutheni amaminerali angenazo izithasiselo ze-viscosity, inani lenkomba lisukela ku-85 kuya ku-100, futhi ngezithasiselo lingafika ku-120. Inkomba ye-viscosity ephansi ibonisa ukuqala okubi kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqoka okungalungile. emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

Okujwayelekile I-SAE, izilinganiso eziyisisekelo ze-viscosity (izinhlobo) zamafutha asekelwe kumaminerali angaba: 10W-30, 10W-40 kanye no-15W-40. Lezi zinombolo ezingu-2, ezihlukaniswe ngohlamvu W, zikhombisa izinga lokushisa lapho la mafutha angasetshenziswa khona. Okusho ukuthi, i-viscosity yayo, embundwini ophansi wokushisa nangaphezulu, kufanele iqinisekise ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwemoto.

Isibonelo, uma i-10W40, izinga lokushisa layo elisebenzayo lisuka ku--20 liye ku-+35 ° C Celsius, futhi ku-+100 ° C i-viscosity yayo kufanele ibe ngu-12,5-16,3 cSt. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha i-lubricant yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi kumafutha e-mineral motor, i-viscosity ishintsha ngokuphambene nezinga lokushisa - izinga lokushisa eliphakeme likawoyela, i-viscosity ephansi futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Imvelo yalokhu kuncika iyahluka kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izinto zokusetshenziswa nokuthi iyiphi indlela eyasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni uwoyela.

Mayelana ne-Viscosity Oil Additives

Ukuqina kwefilimu kawoyela phakathi kwezindawo zokungqubuzana kuncike ku-viscosity yamafutha. Futhi lokhu, kuthinta ukusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi kanye nensiza yayo. Njengoba sixoxile ngenhla ngokuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwe-viscosity, i-viscosity ephezulu ihambisana nobukhulu befilimu kawoyela, futhi njengoba i-viscosity yamafutha iyancipha, ubukhulu befilimu buba buncane. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uvimbele ukuguga kwezinye izingxenye (ikhamera ye-camshaft - pusher), kuyadingeka ukwengeza izithasiselo zokulwa nokubamba ngaphezu kwezithasiselo ze-viscous "kumanzi amaminerali", ngoba kuba nzima ukudala ifilimu kawoyela edingekayo. Ubukhulu kuyunithi enjalo.

Amafutha avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene aqukethe amaphakheji engeziwe ahlukene angase angahambelani.

Izici ezengeziwe zamafutha amaminerali

Ngaphandle kwezici eziyisisekelo zamafutha amaminerali, kunezinye eziningana.

1. I-Flash point iyinkomba yamafrakshini abilayo abilayo. le nkomba inquma ukuguquguquka kwamafutha ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Amafutha ekhwalithi ephansi ane-flash point ephansi, efaka isandla ekusetshenzisweni okuphezulu kwamafutha.
2. Inombolo yesisekelo - inquma ikhono lamafutha okunciphisa ama-asidi ayingozi futhi imelane namadiphozithi ngenxa yezithako ezisebenzayo.
3. Thela iphuzu - inkomba enquma izinga lokushisa lapho uwoyela wamaminerali uqina futhi ulahlekelwe uketshezi ngenxa yekristalu kapharafini.
4. Inombolo ye-Acid - ibonisa ukutholakala kwemikhiqizo ye-oxidation yamafutha.

Ukungalungi kanye nezinzuzo zamafutha e-mineral motor

Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwamafutha e-mineral motor kufaka ukungazinzi kwemingcele emazingeni okushisa ahlukene, kanye ne-oxidation esheshayo nokubhujiswa (ukushiswa kwezithasiselo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu), okuthinta kabi ukusebenza kwenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo. KODWA inzuzo kuphela intengo.

Amafutha amaminerali asetshenziswa kakhulu njengamafutha omshini, noma kunjalo amafutha e-hydrocracking, etholwe nge-distillation nokuhlanza okujulile ngokufaka iphakheji elengeziwe, iphinde isetshenziswe yimikhiqizo yemishini yesimanje (isibonelo, i-Subaru) njenge-lubricant yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. Amafutha amaminerali anjalo aphenduka asondele ngekhwalithi ku-"synthetics", kodwa aguga ngokushesha, alahlekelwe izakhiwo zawo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ushintshe amafutha kabili kaningi.

Izincomo zomkhiqizi wezimoto zokusetshenziswa kwamafutha zingatholakala emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe. Nakuba ngokuvamile bezama ukuthulula amafutha okwenziwa kuphela, okuyi-oda lobukhulu obuphakeme kunamanzi amaminerali, noma kunjalo, intengo nayo iphakeme kakhulu. Okuvamile uwoyela wamaminerali uhloselwe izinhlobo ezindala zezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, noma ezinjinini ezinamamayela aphezulu futhi kuphela ngenkathi efudumele. Injongo ethile inqunywa ukuhlukaniswa ngeleveli yekhwalithi.