international space station
USergei Krikalov waqanjwa ngokuthi "isakhamuzi sokugcina se-USSR" ngoba ngo-1991-1992 wachitha izinsuku ezingu-311, amahora angu-20 nomzuzu owodwa esiteshini sasemkhathini saseMir. Wabuyela eMhlabeni ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. Kusukela lapho, useye e-International Space Station kabili. Le nto (I-International Space Station, i-ISS) iyisakhiwo sokuqala somkhathi esakhiwe ngokubamba iqhaza kwabamele amazwe amaningi.
international space station kuwumphumela wenhlanganisela yamaphrojekthi wokudala isiteshi saseRussia i-Mir-2, i-American Freedom kanye ne-European Columbus, izakhi zokuqala ezasungulwa ku-Earth orbit ngo-1998, futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva kwavela iqembu lokuqala elihlala njalo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo, abantu, izinto zokucwaninga kanye nezinto zokwakha zilethwa esiteshini yimikhumbi-mkhathi ye-Soyuz ne-Progress yaseRussia, kanye nezithuthuthu zaseMelika.
Ngo-2011 okokugcina ama-shuttles azondizela e-ISS. Abazange futhi bandize lapho iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili noma emithathu ngemva kokuphahlazeka kwe-shuttle yase-Columbia. AmaMelika nawo afuna ukuyeka ukuxhasa lo msebenzi kusukela eminyakeni emi-3. Umongameli omusha (B. Obama) uguqule izinqumo zomanduleli wakhe futhi waqinisekisa ukuthi ngo-2016 i-International Space Station yathola uxhaso lwe-US.
Njengamanje inamamojula ayinhloko ayi-14 (ekugcineni kuzoba ne-16) futhi ivumela amalungu eqembu ayisithupha anomphela ukuthi abe khona ngesikhathi esisodwa (amathathu kuze kube ngu-2009). Inikwa amandla ama-solar array amakhulu ngokwanele (abonisa ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi) kangangokuthi abonakala eMhlabeni njengento ehamba esibhakabhakeni (e-perigee ekukhanyeni okungu-100%) enokukhanya okufika ku -5,1 [1] noma - 5,9 [2] ubukhulu.
Iqembu lokuqala eliphelele laliyi: UWilliam Shepherd, u-Yuri Gidzenko no-Sergei Krikalov. Babeku-ISS izinsuku eziyi-136 amahora ayi-18 imizuzu engama-41.
UMalusi wabhalisa njengosonkanyezi weNASA ngo-1984. Ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwangaphambilini kwe-Navy SEAL kwaba usizo kakhulu ku-NASA phakathi nomsebenzi wokuhlenga i-Challenger shuttle ka-1986. UWilliam Shepherd wabamba iqhaza njengochwepheshe emisebenzini emithathu ye-shuttle: i-STS-27 mission ngo-1988, i-STS-41 mission ngo-1990, kanye ne-STS-52 mission ngo-1992. Ngo-1993, u-Shepherd waqokwa ukuthi asebenzise i-International Space Station (ISS). ) uhlelo. Sekukonke, wachitha izinsuku ezingu-159 emkhathini.
Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalov kwaba kabili izisebenzi unomphela esiteshini Mir, futhi kabili nabasebenzi unomphela esiteshini ISS. Wabamba iqhaza kathathu ezindizeni zama-shuttles aseMelika. Wangena izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili emkhathini. Uphethe irekhodi lengqikithi yesikhathi esichithwa emkhathini. Sekukonke, wachitha izinsuku ezingu-803 amahora angu-9 imizuzu engu-39 emkhathini.
U-Yuri Pavlov Gidzenko waqala ukundiza emkhathini ngo-1995. Phakathi nohambo, baphumela endaweni evulekile kabili. Sekukonke, wachitha amahora angu-3 nemizuzu engu-43 ngaphandle komkhumbi. NgoMeyi 2002, wandizela emkhathini okwesithathu futhi okwesibili waya ku-MSC. Sekukonke, wayesemkhathini izinsuku ezingama-320 ihora elingu-1 nemizuzu engama-20 imizuzwana engama-39.
