Uzalo lwe-Metallurgiska Coalbrookdale

I-Coalbrookdale iyindawo ekhethekile kumephu yomlando. Kwaba lapha ngokokuqala ngqá: insimbi eyinsimbi yancibilikiswa kusetshenziswa uphethiloli wamaminerali - i-coke, insimbi yokuqala yasetshenziswa, kwakhiwa ibhuloho lokuqala lensimbi, izingxenye zezinjini ezindala kakhulu zenziwa. Le ndawo ibidume ngokwakha amabhuloho, ukukhiqiza izinjini zesitimu kanye nokulingisa ngobuciko. Izizukulwane ezimbalwa zomndeni wakwaDarby ezihlala lapha zixhume izimpilo zazo nokusansimbi.

Umbono omnyama wenkinga yamandla

Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, umthombo wamandla wawuyimisipha yabantu neyezilwane. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amasondo amanzi nezigayo zomoya kwasabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kusetshenziswa amandla omoya ovunguzayo namanzi agelezayo. Izinkuni zazisetshenziselwa ukushisa izindlu ebusika, ukwakha izindlu nemikhumbi.

Kwakubuye kube yimpahla yokukhiqiza yamalahle, eyayisetshenziswa emagatsheni amaningi emboni endala - ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi, ukuncibilikisa insimbi, ukukhiqizwa kukabhiya, ukudaya kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesibhamu. I-Metallurgy idle inani elikhulu lamalahle, ikakhulukazi ngezinjongo zempi, kodwa hhayi kuphela.

Amathuluzi akhiwa kuqala ngethusi, kwase kuba ngensimbi. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, isidingo esikhulu sezinganono sicekele phansi amahlathi ezindaweni zezikhungo. i-metallurgical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa komhlaba omusha wokulima kwaba nomthelela ekucekeleni phansi kwamahlathi.

Ihlathi lakhula, futhi kwakubonakala sengathi amazwe anjengeSpain neNgilandi abhekana nenkinga enkulu kwasekuqaleni ngenxa yokuncipha kwemithombo yamahlathi. Ngokwethiyori, indima yamalahle ingathatha amalahle.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakudinga isikhathi esiningi, izinguquko zobuchwepheshe kanye nengqondo, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezindlela ezongayo zokuthutha izinto zokusetshenziswa ezitsheni ezikude zezimayini. Kakade ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, amalahle aqala ukusetshenziswa ezitofini zasekhishini, kwase kuba ngezinhloso zokufudumeza eNgilandi. Kwakudinga ukwakhiwa kabusha kweziko noma ukusetshenziswa kwezitofu zamathayela ezaziyivelakancane ngaphambili.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala, cishe kuphela i-1/3/XNUMX yamalahle aqinile ambiwa asetshenziswa embonini. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obaziwa ngaleso sikhathi nokufaka amalahle esikhundleni samalahle, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuncibilikisa insimbi yekhwalithi ehloniphekile. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukungeniswa kwensimbi eNgilandi isuka eSweden, isuka ezweni elinamahlathi amaningi kanye namadiphozithi ensimbi, kukhule ngokushesha.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-coke ukukhiqiza insimbi yezingulube

U-Abraham Darby I (1678-1717) waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti njengoqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wokukhiqiza imishini yokugaya imalt eBirmingham. Wabe esethuthela eBristol, lapho aqala khona ukwenza le mishini wabe esedlulela ekwakhiweni kwethusi.

1. Izitshalo e-Coalbrookdale (isithombe: B. Srednyava)

Cishe, kwaba ngeyokuqala ukufaka amalahle esikhundleni samalahle ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwawo. Kusukela ngo-1703 waqala ukwenza amabhodwe ensimbi futhi ngokushesha wagunyaza indlela yakhe yokusebenzisa isikhunta sesihlabathi.

Ngo-1708 waqala ukusebenza I-Coalbrookdale, kwase kuba isikhungo sokuncibilikisa esingasasetshenziswa eMfuleni iSevern (1). Lapho walungisa isithando somlilo futhi wafaka izifutho ezintsha. Ngokushesha, ngo-1709, amalahle athathelwa indawo i-coke futhi kwatholakala insimbi yekhwalithi enhle.

Ngaphambili, izikhathi eziningi ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle esikhundleni sezinkuni kwakungaphumeleli. Ngakho, kwakuyimpumelelo yezobuchwepheshe yesikhathi esidlule, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi isiqalo sangempela senkathi yezimboni. UDarby akazange anikeze ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungula kwakhe, kodwa wakugcina kuyimfihlo.

Impumelelo yayingenxa yokuthi wasebenzisa i-coke eshiwo ngenhla esikhundleni samalahle aqinile avamile, nokuthi amalahle endawo ayenesulfure encane. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni emithathu eyalandela, wathwala kanzima ngenxa yokwehla kokukhiqiza kangangokuthi abalingani bakhe bebhizinisi base bezokhipha imali.

Ngakho uDarby wazama, waxuba amalahle necoke, wangenisa amalahle necoke eBristol, kanye namalahle ngokwawo eSouth Wales. Ukukhiqizwa kwanda kancane. Kangangoba ngo-1715 wakha isincibilikisi sesibili. Akazange nje akhiqize insimbi yengulube, kodwa futhi wayincibilikisa ezitsheni zekhishi ezisansimbi, amabhodwe kanye namabhodwe etiye.

Le mikhiqizo yathengiswa esifundeni futhi izinga layo lalingcono kunangaphambili, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inkampani yaqala ukwenza kahle kakhulu. U-Darby naye wamba futhi wancibilikisa ithusi elidingekayo ukwenza ithusi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenezigebengu ezimbili. Washona ngo-1717 eneminyaka engu-39.

emisha

Ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwezitsha zensimbi nekhishi, kakade eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemva kokwakhiwa kwenjini yokuqala ye-Newcomen emkhathini emlandweni wesintu (bona: МТ 3/2010, p. 16) ngo-1712, I-Coalbrookdale ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zayo kwaqala. Bekuwumkhiqizo kazwelonke.

2. Elinye lamachibi, eliyingxenye yesistimu ye-reservoir ukushayela i-blast furnace bellows. I-viaduct kaloliwe yakhiwa kamuva (isithombe: M. J. Richardson)

Ngo-1722 kwenziwa isilinda sensimbi yenjini enjalo, futhi phakathi neminyaka eyisishiyagalombili eyalandela kwenziwa eziyishumi, kwase kuba ezinye eziningi. Amasondo ensimbi okuqala ojantshi bezitimela enziwa lapha emuva ngawo-20.

Ngo-1729, kwenziwa izingcezu ezingu-18 futhi zaphonswa ngendlela evamile. U-Abraham Darby II (1711-1763) waqala ukusebenza emafektri e I-Coalbrookdale ngo-1728, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyishumi nanye ngemva kokushona kukayise, eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa. Ezimweni zezulu zamaNgisi, isithando somlilo esincibilikisayo sasicishwa entwasahlobo.

Cishe izinyanga ezintathu ezishisa kakhulu wayengakwazi ukusebenza, ngoba izifutho zazishayelwa ngamasondo amanzi, futhi ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka inani lemvula lalinganele emsebenzini wabo. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sokuphumula sasisetshenziselwa ukulungiswa nokugcinwa.

Ukuze kunwetshwe ukuphila ekugcineni kukahhavini, kwakhiwa uchungechunge lwamathangi okugcina amanzi asebenzisa iphampu eqhutshwa yisilwane ukumpompa amanzi ukusuka ethangini eliphansi ukuya phezulu kakhulu (2).

Ngo-1742-1743, u-Abraham Darby II washintsha injini yesitimu yasemkhathini yaseNewcomen ukuze iphampe amanzi, ukuze ikhefu lasehlobo lingasadingeki. Lokhu kwakuwukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwenjini yesitimu kwezensimbi.

3. Ibhuloho lensimbi, laqala ukusebenza ngo-1781 (isithombe sika-B. Srednyava)

Ngo-1749, endaweni I-Coalbrookdale Kwadalwa ujantshi wokuqala wezimboni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kusukela ku-40s kuya ku-1790, inkampani nayo ihileleke ekukhiqizeni izikhali, noma kunalokho, umnyango.

Lokhu kungase kusimangaze, njengoba uDarby wayengoweNhlangano Yezenkolo Yabangane, amalungu ayo ayaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi amaQuaker futhi izinkolelo zayo zokulwa nempi zazivimbela ukwenziwa kwezikhali.

Impumelelo enkulu ka-Abraham Darby II kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwe-coke ekukhiqizeni insimbi yengulube, okwatholakala kuyo kamuva i-ductile iron. Wazama le nqubo ekuqaleni kweminyaka engu-40 no-50. Akucaci ukuthi uzuze kanjani umphumela oyifunayo.

Esinye isici senqubo entsha kwaba ukukhethwa kwensimbi ene-phosphorus encane ngangokunokwenzeka. Lapho esephumelele, isidingo esikhulayo sashukumisela u-Darby II ukuthi akhe iziqhumane ezintsha zomlilo. Futhi ngeminyaka yawo-50, waqala ukuqasha indawo ayemba kuyo amalahle nensimbi; wakha nenjini yesitimu ukuze ikhiphe amanzi emayini. Wandisa uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamanzi. Wakha idamu elisha. Kwambiza imali eningi nesikhathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqalwa ujantshi omusha wezimboni endaweni yalo msebenzi. Ngo-May 1, 1755, insimbi yokuqala yatholwa emayini eyomiswe ngesitimu, futhi ngemva kwamasonto amabili kwafakwa esinye isithando somlilo esiqhumayo, sikhiqiza isilinganiso samathani angu-15 ensimbi yengulube ngesonto, nakuba kwakunamasonto lapho isetshenziswa. kungenzeka ukukhuphukela kumathani angama-22.

Ihhavini ye-coke yayingcono kunehhavini yamalahle. I-cast iron yayidayiselwa abakhandi bensimbi bendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMpi Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa (1756-1763) yathuthukisa insimbi kangangokuthi uDarby II, nozakwabo ebhizinisini uThomas Goldney II, baqasha indawo eyengeziwe futhi bakha ezinye iziqhumiso ezintathu zomlilo kanye nesistimu yokugcina amanzi.

UJohn Wilkinson odumile wayenenkampani yakhe yensimbi eduze, okwenza lesi sifunda saba isikhungo sensimbi esibaluleke kakhulu eBrithani ngekhulu lama-51. U-Abraham Darby II ushone eneminyaka engu-1763 ngo-XNUMX.

Imbali enkulu kunazo zonke

Ngemva kuka-1763, uRichard Reynolds wathatha inkampani. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, u-Abraham Darby III oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili (1750-1789) waqala ukusebenza. Ngonyaka owedlule, ngo-1767, kwabekwa izitimela okokuqala ngqa, e I-Coalbrookdale. Ngo-1785, amakhilomitha angu-32 awo ayesephelile.

4. Ibhuloho lensimbi - ucezu (isithombe ngu-B. Srednyava)

Ekuqaleni komsebenzi ka-Darby III, kwakunezincibilikisi ezintathu ezazisebenza embusweni wakhe - ingqikithi yeziqhumiso zomlilo eziyisikhombisa, ama-forges, izizinda zamabhomu namapulazi kwaqashwa. Umphathi omusha wayenamasheya esitimeleni iDarby, esaletha izingodo zisuka eGdansk zaya eLiverpool.

I-boom yesithathu enkulu ye-Darby yeza ngeminyaka yawo-70 nasekuqaleni kwawo-80 lapho ethenga ama-blast furnaces kanye neyodwa yeziko lokuqala letiyela. Wakha iziko le-coke netiyela futhi wathatha iqembu lezimayini zamalahle.

Wandisa i-forge phakathi I-Coalbrookdale futhi cishe amakhilomitha amathathu ukuya enyakatho, wakha imboni eHorshey, kamuva eyafakwa injini yesitimu futhi yakhiqiza imikhiqizo egoqwe ngomgunyathi. I-forge elandelayo yasungulwa ngo-3 e-Ketley, enye i-1785 km ukuya enyakatho, lapho kwasungulwa khona ama-James Watt amabili.

I-Colebrookdale yashintsha injini yesitimu yasemkhathini eshiwo ngenhla i-Newcomen phakathi kuka-1781 no-1782 ngenjini yesitimu ye-Watt, ebizwa ngokuthi "Isinqumo" ngomkhumbi kaKaputeni uJames Cook.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakuyinjini ye-steam enkulu kunazo zonke eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-1800. Kuyafaneleka ukungeza ukuthi kwakukhona cishe amakhulu amabili izinjini ze-steam ezazisebenza eShropshire ngo-XNUMX. I-Darby kanye nozakwethu bavule abathengisi bezitolo, kuhlanganisa. eLiverpool naseLondon.

Bebematasa nokumba i-limestone. Amapulazi abo ayehlinzeka ojantshi besitimela ngamahhashi, atshala okusanhlamvu, izihlahla zezithelo, izinkomo ezifuywe nezimvu. Zonke zenziwa ngendlela yesimanje ngaleso sikhathi.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amabhizinisi ka-Abraham Darby III nabangane bakhe bakha isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokukhiqiza insimbi eGreat Britain. Ngokungangabazeki, umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu noyingqopha-mlando ka-Abraham Darby III kwakuwukwakhiwa kwebhuloho lokuqala lensimbi emhlabeni (3, 4). Kwakhiwe indawo engamamitha angu-30 eduzane I-Coalbrookdale, wajoyina osebeni lomfula i-Severn (bona i-MT 10/2006, ikhasi 24).

Kwaphela iminyaka eyisithupha phakathi komhlangano wokuqala wabaninimasheya nokuvulwa kwebhuloho. Izakhi zensimbi ezinesisindo esiphelele samathani angama-378 zaphonswa emisebenzini ka-Abraham Darby III, owayengumakhi nomgcinimafa wayo yonke iphrojekthi - wakhokha imali eyengeziwe yebhuloho ephaketheni lakhe, okwabeka engcupheni ukuphepha kwezimali kwemisebenzi yakhe.

5. Shropshire Canal, Coal Pier (isithombe: Crispin Purdy)

Imikhiqizo yesikhungo se-metallurgical yathunyelwa kubamukeli ngasemfuleni iSevern. U-Abraham Darby III naye ubambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni nasekulungisweni kwemigwaqo endaweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqalwa umsebenzi wokwakhiwa komzila wesikebhe onamasondo osebeni lweSevern. Nokho, umgomo wafinyelelwa kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili.

Ake sengeze ngokuthi umfowabo ka-Abraham III uSamuel Darby wayengumnikazi wamasheya, futhi uWilliam Reynolds, umzukulu ka-Abraham Darby II, wayengumakhi weShropshire Canal, umzila wamanzi obalulekile esifundeni (5). U-Abraham Darby III wayeyindoda yokukhanyiselwa, enesithakazelo kwisayensi, ikakhulukazi i-geology, wayenezincwadi eziningi nezinsimbi zesayensi, njengomshini kagesi kanye nekhamera obscura.

Wahlangana no-Erasmus Darwin, udokotela kanye nesazi sezitshalo, umkhulu kaCharles, wabambisana noJames Watt kanye noMatthew Boulton, abakhi bezinjini zesitimu ezikhulayo (bona MT 8/2010, p. 22 and MT 10/2010, p. 16 ).

Kwezensimbi, lapho ayegxile khona, wayengazi lutho olusha. Washona ngo-1789 eneminyaka engu-39. UFrancis, izibulo lakhe, wayeneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1796, umfowabo ka-Abrahama uSamuel washona, eshiya indodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala u-Edmund.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili neshumi nesishiyagalolunye

6. Philip James de Lutherbourg, Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801

7. I-Iron Bridge e-Sydney Gardens, e-Bath, yasakazwa e-Coalbrookdale ngo-1800 (isithombe: Plumbum64)

Ngemva kokufa kuka-Abraham III nomfowabo, amabhizinisi omndeni awela phansi. Ezincwadini ezivela e-Boulton & Watt, abathengi bakhala ngokubambezeleka kokulethwa kanye nekhwalithi yensimbi abayitholile endaweni yase-Ironbridge eMfuleni iSevern.

Isimo saqala ukuba ngcono ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka (6). Kusukela ngo-1803, u-Edmund Darby waqhuba umsebenzi wensimbi onguchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni amabhuloho ensimbi. Ngo-1795, kwaba nesikhukhula esiyingqayizivele emfuleni i-Severn esakhukhula wonke amabhuloho ngaphesheya kwalo mfula, kwasinda ibhuloho lensimbi lase-Darby kuphela.

Lokhu kwamenza waduma nakakhulu. phonsa amabhuloho phakathi I-Coalbrookdale zathunyelwa kulo lonke elase-UK (7), eNetherlands ngisho naseJamaica. Ngo-1796, uRichard Trevithick, umsunguli we-high-pressure steam engine, wavakashela imboni (MT 11/2010, p. 16).

Wenza lapha, ngo-1802, injini yokuhlola esebenza ngalesi simiso. Ngokushesha wakha intimela yokuqala yesitimu lapha, okwathi, ngeshwa, ayizange isetshenziswe. Ngo 1804 ngo I-Coalbrookdale yakha injini yesitimu enengcindezi ephezulu yemboni yezindwangu eMacclesfield.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwakukhiqizwa izinjini zohlobo lwe-Watt ngisho nohlobo oludala lwe-Newcomen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi zezakhiwo zenziwa, njengama-arches-iron-iron ophahleni lwengilazi noma amafreyimu wefasitela we-neo-Gothic.

Ukunikezwa kuhlanganisa uhla olubanzi ngokwedlulele lwemikhiqizo yensimbi njengezingxenye zezimayini zikathayela wase-Cornish, amageja, imishini yokunyathelisa yezithelo, amafreyimu embhede, izikali zewashi, ama-grate namahhavini, ukubala okumbalwa.

Eduze, ku-Horshey eshiwo ngenhla, umsebenzi wawunephrofayili ehluke ngokuphelele. Bakhiqiza insimbi yengulube, eyayivame ukucutshungulwa esizeni esakhiweni, ibe yimigoqo namashidi omgunyathi, kwakhiwa amabhodwe omgunyathi - yonke enye insimbi yengulube yathengiswa kwezinye izifunda.

Isikhathi sezimpi zamaNapoleon, okwakungaleso sikhathi, kwakuyinkathi yokuchuma kwensimbi nezimboni esifundeni. I-Coalbrookdalengokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Nokho, u-Edmund Darby, njengelungu leNhlangano Yenkolo Yabangane, akazange ahileleke ekwakhiweni kwezikhali. Wafa ngo-1810.

8. I-Halfpenny Bridge, eDublin, yasakazwa e-Coalbrookdale ngo-1816.

Ngemva Kwezimpi Napoleonic

Ngemva kweCongress of Vienna ngo-1815, isikhathi senzuzo ephezulu ye-metallurgy saphela. AT I-Coalbrookdale Ama-castings ayesenziwa, kodwa kuphela ngensimbi ensimbi ethengiwe. Inkampani iphinde yenza amabhuloho ngaso sonke isikhathi.

9. Ibhuloho laseMacclesfield eLondon, elakhiwa ngo-1820 (isithombe nguB. Srednyava)

Ezidume kakhulu yikholomu eseDublin (8) kanye namakholomu eMacclesfield Bridge ngaphesheya koMsele waseRegent eLondon (9). Ngemuva kuka-Edmund, amafekthri aphethwe nguFrancis, indodana ka-Abraham III, nomlamu wakhe. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-20, kwase kuyithuba lika-Abraham IV no-Alfred, amadodana ka-Edmund.

Ngawo-30, kwakungasesona isitshalo sezobuchwepheshe, kodwa abanikazi abasha bethula izinqubo zesimanje ezaziwayo ezithandweni nasezithandweni, kanye nezinjini ezintsha ze-steam.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ngokwesibonelo, amathani angu-800 amashidi ensimbi akhiqizwa lapha ukuze enze umkhumbi womkhumbi waseBrithani, futhi ngokushesha ipayipi lensimbi lokushayela izimoto zesitimela ezilula endleleni esuka eLondon iya eCroydon.

Kusukela ngawo-30, i-Foundry St. I-Coalbrookdale izinto zobuciko bensimbi - amabhasi, izikhumbuzo, ama-bas-reliefs, imithombo (10, 11). Umsunguli wesimanje wawungo-1851 omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, futhi ngo-1900 waqasha abasebenzi abayinkulungwane.

Imikhiqizo evela kuyo ibambe iqhaza ngempumelelo emibukisweni eminingi yamazwe ngamazwe. AT I-Coalbrookdale ngawo-30, ukukhiqizwa kwezitini namathayili okudayiswa nakho kwaqalwa, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-30, kwambiwa ubumba, okwakwenziwa ngalo amavase, amavase namabhodwe.

Yiqiniso, imishini yasekhishini, izinjini ze-steam namabhuloho ziye zakhiqizwa ngokuqhubekayo. Kusukela phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, amafekthri aphethwe abantu ikakhulukazi abangaphandle komndeni wakwaDarby. U-Alfred Darby II, owathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1925, waba ngumuntu wokugcina ebhizinisini ukubeka iso ebhizinisini.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-60 izishisi zebhuloho lensimbi, njengezinye izikhungo zokuncibilikisa insimbi eShropshire, kancane kancane zalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwazo. Babengeke besakwazi ukuncintisana nezinkampani zale mboni ezisogwini, ezazihlinzekwa ngensimbi eshibhile evela kwamanye amazwe ngokuqondile emikhunjini.

10. I-Peacock Fountain, eyadlalwa e-Colebrookdale, okwamanje imi e-Christchurch, eNew Zealand, njengoba siyibona namuhla (isithombe ngu-Johnston DJ)

11. Imininingwane yePeacock Fountain (isithombe: Christoph Mahler)