Amadolobha amakhulu nemijondolo

Ukubusa komhlaba wonke kwama-megacities aseYurophu naseMelika cishe sekulibaleke ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, ngokwezilinganiso zabantu ezivela e-US Census Bureau, ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili kuya kuJulayi 2018, amadolobha ambalwa kuphela aseningizimu e-US akhule, kuyilapho izindawo zamadolobha amadala aseNew York, Chicago nase-Los Angeles zabona inani labantu lincipha.

Ngokusho kweGlobal Cities Institute, ukuhlangana kwe-Afrika kuzoba amadolobha amakhulu kunawo wonke ngo-2100. Lawa sekungamadolobha amakhulu, angaziwa njengezindawo ezinhle kakhulu ezigcwele izakhiwo ezinhle futhi ezinikeza impilo ephezulu, kodwa njengezilwandle ezingapheli zemijondolo osekunesikhathi eside zadlula emadolobheni amadala asemijondolo njenge. I-Mexico City (1).

1. Amagagasi emijondolo yedolobha elikhulu eMexico City

Inhloko-dolobha yaseNigeria, I-Lagos (2) ingenye eshesha kakhulu. Eqinisweni, akekho owazi usayizi oqondile wenani labantu bakhona. I-UN ilinganisela ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2011 babehlala lapho ngo-11,2, kodwa ngemva konyaka i-New York Times yabika ukuthi cishe okungenani izigidi ezingama-21. Ngokwe-Global Cities Institute, inani labantu baleli dolobha lizofinyelela ekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka. Izigidi ezingu-88,3okulenza libe yidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

Inhloko-dolobha yaseDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule kwakuyiqembu lamadolobhana okudoba. Njengamanje isivele yeqa EPariskanye ne-GCI ibikezela ukuthi ngo-2100 izobe isendaweni yesibili emhlabeni ngemva kweLagos, nge 83,5 million izakhamuzi. Ezinye izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi ngo-2025, u-60% wabantu abayizigidi ezingu-17 abahlala lapho bazobe bengaphansi kweshumi nesishiyagalombili, okulindeleke ukuthi benze njengeyeast kuma-steroids.

Ngokwalezi zibikezelo, idolobha lesithathu emhlabeni kufanele libe yiTanzania ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka. Dar es Salaam z 73,7 million izakhamuzi. Abacwaninga ngezibalo zabantu babikezela ukuthi iMpumalanga Afrika izogcwala amadolobha amakhulu anezigidi zamarandi phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, futhi amadolobha athatha amadolobha amakhulu ayishumi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, iningi lawo okungawase-Asia, azothathelwa indawo izindawo zanamuhla ezaziwa kakhulu njenge. IBlantyre City, Lilongwe i Lusaka.

Iphrojekthi ye-GCI ukuthi ngo-2100, amadolobha amakhulu aseNdiya kuphela afana Ibhomu (Mumbai) - Izigidi ezingu-67,2и Delhi i Balakokubili kamuva ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 izakhamizi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwala madolobha ama-gig kuza nemiphumela eminingi engamukeleki. Izindawo ezingamadolobha angamashumi amabili nambili kwezingamashumi amathathu ezingcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni zitholakala. Ngokombiko weGreenpeace kanye ne-AirVisual, emadolobheni ayishumi emhlabeni anezinga eliphezulu lokungcoliswa komoya, ayisikhombisa atholakala eNdiya.

Amadolobha aseShayina ayevame ukuhola lesi sigaba esinedumela elibi, kodwa kube nokuthuthuka okuphawulekayo. “Ohamba phambili” esilinganisweni I-Gurugram, indawo engaphansi kwenhloko-dolobha yaseNdiya, New Delhi, idolobha elingcoliswe kakhulu eMhlabeni. Ngo-2018, izinga lomoya elimaphakathi lalicishe liphindwe kathathu kunalokho i-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency elikubheka njengengozi yezempilo esheshayo.

Iphupho lamaShayina lezimvubu ezinkulu

Ngo-1950, lapho idatha iqoqwa okokuqala, izindawo ezingamashumi amabili kwezingamashumi amathathu ezinkulu zazitholakala, njengokungathi, emazweni omhlaba wokuqala. Idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyiNew York enabantu abayizigidi ezingu-12,3. Owesibili ohlwini TokyoAyengasekho amadolobha anabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11,3 (noma, uma sikhuluma ngokunembile, amadolobha ahlangene, njengoba singayicabangeli imingcele yokuphatha yamadolobha kulesi simo).

Njengamanje angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili! Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka wezi-2030, ama-megacities amane kuphela avela emazweni abhekwa njengazothuthukiswa namuhla azohlala ohlwini lwamadolobha amakhulu angamashumi amathathu emhlabeni. Kufanele babe Tokyo i Osaka Oraz NY i Los Angeles. Nokho, yiTokyo (3) kuphela okulindeleke ukuthi ihlale kwabayishumi abahamba phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi ezayo, inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane izophinde igcine isihloko sedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, nakuba inani labantu lingasakhuli (ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene, lisukela ku-38 kuya ku-XNUMX. ngisho Izigidi ezingu-40).

AmaShayina axubene ezilinganisweni zamadolobha amakhulu. Bethathwe uhlobo oluthile lokukhohlisa kobukhulu, benza izinhlelo futhi empeleni badale izinto ezinkulu zokuphatha eziba ngokusemthethweni noma ezingaba amadolobha amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule safunda ngomqondo wokwakha idolobha elikhulukazi eMbusweni Ophakathi nendawo enkulu kune-Uruguay futhi enabantu abaningi kuneJalimane, manje osekuyikhaya labantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-80. Indalo enjalo izovela uma iziphathimandla zaseShayina zisebenzisa uhlelo lwazo lokukhulisa inhloko-dolobha yaseBeijing ngezindawo ezinkulu zeSifundazwe saseHebei futhi zinamathisele idolobha laseTianjin kulesi sakhiwo. Ngokwezinhlelo ezisemthethweni, ukwakhiwa kwesilo esikhulu kangaka sasemadolobheni kufanele kunikeze impumuzo eBeijing ekhishelwa intuthu kanye nentuthu kanye nezindlu kubantu abasafika abavela ezifundazweni.

Jing-Jin-Ji, ngoba lelo igama lale phrojekthi yokunciphisa izinkinga ezijwayelekile zedolobha elikhulu ngokudala idolobha elikhulu nakakhulu, kufanele libe nezinkulungwane ze-216. km². Inani elilinganiselwe lezakhamuzi kufanele libe 100 mln, okwenza kungabi nje indawo yedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke, kodwa futhi into ephilayo enabantu abaningi kunamazwe amaningi emhlabeni—ngaphezu kweLagos ecatshangelwayo ngo-2100.

Mhlawumbe uvivinyo lwalo mqondo “yidolobha.” Chongqing , eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Chongqing, esanda kuba phezulu ohlwini lwamadolobha amakhulu amakhulu emhlabeni, edlula IShanghai, Beijing, Lagos, Mumbai, kanye naseTokyo. Ku-Chongqing, inani lezakhamizi "zedolobha langempela" eliboniswe kwizibalo licishe libe 31 million izakhamuzi futhi cishe ngokuphindwe kane kune-“agglomeration”.

Indawo enkulu (4) ikhombisa ukuthi leli yidolobha elinabantu abaningi eliphendulwe idolobha. Ngokokuphatha, ungomunye womasipala abane baseShayina abangaphansi kokulawulwa okumaphakathi okuqondile (abanye abathathu iBeijing, iShanghai neTianjin) futhi okuwukuphela kukamasipala onjalo eMbusweni Ophakathi otholakala kude nogu. I-hypothesis yokuthi iziphathimandla zaseShayina zihlola ukuthi lezi zinto eziphilayo zisebenza kanjani ngaphambi kokudala i-behemoth yasemadolobheni enyakatho ngokwazo cishe ayinakho ukufaneleka.

4. Imephu ye-Chongqing ngokumelene nokwasemuva kwayo yonke i-China.

Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi kunokudideka okuthile kumazinga kanye nedatha yosayizi wedolobha. Ababhali babo ngezinye izikhathi bacabangela kuphela ubukhulu bamadolobha ngokwawo, okuthi - ngenxa yokuthi amadolobha okuphatha ayevame ukuqokwa ngokuzenzakalelayo - ngokuvamile abhekwa njengenkomba empofu. Ngokuvamile, idatha ye-agglomeration ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa kulezi zimo imingcele ngokuvamile ihlala imanzi futhi kunezincazelo ezahlukene zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. amadolobha amakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunenkinga yokuqoqwa kwezikhungo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni, okuthiwa. amadolobha amakhuluenezikhungo eziningi ngaphandle kokubusa "kwedolobha" elilodwa. Ngicabanga ukuthi yinto efana nalena IGuangzhou (Canton), okumele, ngokusho kwesiza saseJalimane icitypopulation.de, okungenani ibe nayo 48,6 million izakhamuzi - ngemva kokwengeza wonke amadolobha amakhulu endaweni ezungezile, kuhlanganisa. Hong Kong, Macau futhi Shenzhen.

Hhayi usayizi, hhayi ubuningi, kodwa ikhwalithi

Umbono wamaShayina wokuxazulula izinkinga zama-megacities ngokwakha ama-megacities amakhulu kakhulu waziwa kuphela eChina uqobo. Emazweni athuthukile aseNtshonalanga njengamanje ihamba ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni sokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukwaba umhlaba owengeziwe ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha kanye nokunciphisa indawo yomhlaba elinywayo noma ihlathi, kuya ngokuya kumayelana nezixazululo ezihlakaniphile zasemadolobheni, izinga lempilo kanye nemvelo.ukulwela ukungaphazamisi imvelo kanye nabantu abahlala kuyo.

Kukhona nalabo abafuna ukubuyela emuva, babuyisele isimo somuntu emadolobheni futhi ... Iziphathimandla zaseHamburg zihlela ukususa u-40% wedolobha esiminyaminyeni sezimoto eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo.

I-Prince Charles Foundation yena, wenza kabusha amadolobha wonke njengawasendulo - anezikwele, imigwaqo emincane kanye nazo zonke izinkonzo imizuzu emihlanu ukusuka ekhaya. Izenzo ziphinde zibuyele emithonjeni Yana Gela, umakhi wezakhiwo waseDenmark ongadali amaphrojekthi amasha amakhulu, kodwa ubuyisela “isilinganiso somuntu” emadolobheni. Umakhi wezakhiwo ugcizelela ukuthi amadolobha ayisithupha kweyishumi emhlabeni alinganiswe kakhulu ngokwezinga lempilo asevele abhekana nenqubo “yokwenza abantu” eyakhiwe ithimba lakhe. I-Copenhagen, idolobha lakubo kaGehl, lihamba phambili kuleli qembu - kwaba lapha eminyakeni engu-60 lapho eqala khona ukutadisha ukuziphatha kwabantu edolobheni.

Ngakho, ikusasa lokuhlela amadolobha emhlabeni libukeka kanje: ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadolobha asenyakatho aya ngokuya ehlanzeka, anobuntu futhi anobungani nendawo ezungezile, kanye nemijondolo emikhulu, ehlanganiswe emingceleni engenakucatshangwa, engcoliswe yikho konke umuntu angakukhiqiza. kwalasha eningizimu.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo nokusebenza kwabahlali, isifunda ngasinye siyadala amadolobha ahlakaniphile, usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengokwakha ngobuhlakani. Ngokwalokhu kucatshangwa, izakhamuzi kufanele ziphile kangcono futhi ngokunethezeka, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindleko zokusebenza kwawo wonke umzimba wasemadolobheni kufanele zibe phansi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Esilinganisweni esithi "I-2018 Smart Cities Index", eshicilelwe ngo-2017, i.e. Izinga le-EasyPark Group lamadolobha ahlakaniphe kunawo wonke emhlabeni lilawulwa "amakheli" aseYurophu, neCopenhagen. Stockholm i Zurich phambili.

Nokho, amadolobha ahlakaniphile ase-Asia, athuthuka ngokushesha kakhulu, nawo athola amandla. Ihlukaniswe izwekazi, uhlu lwamadolobha ayikhulu ahlakaniphe kunawo wonke luhlanganisa: izindawo zamadolobha amakhulu angama-57 avela eYurophu, ayi-18 avela e-Asia, ayi-14 avela eNyakatho Melika, ama-5 aseNingizimu Melika, ama-5 avela e-Australia kanye nelilodwa lase-Afrika.

Umqondo obalulekile ekuhleleni okusha kwedolobha izinga lempilo, okusho izici eziningi ezahlukene futhi cishe wonke umuntu uyakuqonda ngokuhlukile kancane. Kwabanye yizindleko eziphansi zokuphila, izindlu ezithengekayo kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kwabanye izinga eliphansi lokungcola, ukuhamba kwezimoto nobugebengu. I-Numbeo, isizindalwazi somhlaba wonke esishayelwa abasebenzisi, sihlinzeka ngedatha yekhwalithi yezinkomba zempilo zamadolobha emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusekelwe kuzo, kwakhiwe isilinganiso somhlaba wonke.

I-Australia inhle kakhulu lapho. Amadolobha eza kuqala lapho - I-Канберра (5), okwesine (Adelaide) neyesikhombisa (Brisbane). I-USA inabamele abane kwabayishumi abahamba phambili futhi ayilona idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke. Ukusuka eYurophu, amaDashi athatha indawo yesibili. Eindhovenkanye neZurich okwesihlanu. Ezwekazini lethu, izinga lokuphila lixhumene ngempela nengcebo, uma kuphela ngenxa yentengo yezindlu ezithengiswayo.

Yiqiniso, kokubili izinga lempilo kanye nemvelo kungashintsha kakhulu emadolobheni acebile aseNyakatho uma izinsika zemijondolo eziseningizimu zifuna ukuza kuzo, lapho impilo ingabekezeleleki.

Kodwa lesi yisihloko senye indaba.