Ushintshe amafutha, manje sekwenzenjani?

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kwenzekani ngamafutha asetshenzisiwe aphuma enjini yemoto yethu nepani likawoyela? Mhlawumbe akunjalo, ngoba intshisekelo yethu kuyo iphela lapho ishintshwa futhi yengezwe ezintsha. Khonamanjalo, ngokwezilinganiso, cishe abantu abayizi-100 babuthana ezweni lakithi minyaka yonke. amathani amafutha emoto asetshenzisiwe, alahlwa ngemva kokugcinwa, futhi kwezinye izimo ayalahlwa.

Kuphi futhi hlobo luni lwamafutha?

Ezweni lonke, kunezinkampani ezimbalwa ezibandakanyekayo ekuqoqweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamafutha ezimoto asetshenzisiwe. Nokho, lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo zekhwalithi eziqinile ngaphambi kokuthi zamukelwe ukuze zigaywe kabusha. Imithethonqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, okuqukethwe kwe-zero kwezinto eziyingozi ezakha ama-emulsions amafutha emanzini kanye namanzi ezingeni elingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-10. Ingqikithi ye-chlorine kuwoyela wenjini esetshenzisiwe akumele idlule ku-0,2%, futhi endabeni yensimbi (okuhlanganisa ngokuyinhloko i-iron, i-aluminium, i-titanium, i-lead, i-chromium, i-magnesium ne-nickel) kufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-0,5%. (ngesisindo). Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-flash point yamafutha asetshenzisiwe kufanele ibe ngaphezu kwama-56 degrees Celsius, kodwa lokhu akuyona yonke imingcele. Ezinye izitshalo eziqhutshwa izinkampani ezikhethekile zokubuyisela uwoyela nazo zibeka lokho okubizwa ngokuthi imfuneko ye-fractional, okungukuthi iphesenti le-distillation ekushiseni okuthile noma, isibonelo, ukungabikho kokungcola kukaphethiloli.

Ungalulama kanjani?

Amafutha enjini kadoti, okuhlanganisa avela ezindaweni zokucobelelana ngolwazi zezimoto, abhekana nenqubo yokuvuselela okuhloswe ngayo ukusetshenziswa kwawo futhi. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa njengophethiloli we-sawmill, isitshalo sikasimende, njll. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, amanzi nokungcola okuqinile kuhlukaniswa nowoyela. Kwenzeka emathangini akhethekile angama-cylindrical, lapho izingxenye ezihlukene zihlukaniswa ngokuvumelana namandla athile adonsela phansi ngamunye wabo (okuthiwa inqubo ye-sedimentation). Ngenxa yalokho, amafutha asesetshenzisiwe kakade ahlanzekile azoqoqa phansi ethangini, futhi amanzi axazululiwe kanye nodaka olulula luzonqwabelana ngaphezu kwalo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi kuwoyela ongcolile kusho ukuthi kuzoba nempahla eluhlaza ezosetshenziswa kabusha kunangaphambi kwenqubo yezulu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi i-50 kuya ku-100 kg yamanzi kanye ne-sludge kwakhiwa kusuka kuthani ngalinye lamafutha. Qaphela! Uma kukhona ama-emulsions emafutheni asetshenzisiwe (okukhulunywe ngawo esigabeni esandulele) futhi engatholakali esigabeni sokuthola uwoyela ukuze avuselelwe, khona-ke i-sediment ngeke ivele futhi impahla eluhlaza kuyodingeka ilahlwe.

Lapho kungenzeki ukuphatha...

Ukuba khona kwe-emulsion kawoyela emanzini kumafutha emoto asetshenzisiwe akubandakanyi enqubweni yokuvuselela. Nokho, lesi akusona ukuphela kwesithiyo. Izinto ezingavuthiwe eziqukethe inani eliningi le-chlorine kufanele futhi zibhujiswe ekugcineni. Imithethonqubo ivimbela ukukhiqizwa kabusha kukawoyela uma okuqukethwe kwe-Cl kudlula u-0,2%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukulahla izinto zokusetshenziswa eziqukethe ama-PCB ngenani elingaphezu kuka-50 mg ngekhilogremu. Izinga lamafutha emoto asetshenzisiwe nalo linqunywa iphoyinti layo elikhanyayo. Kufanele ibe ngaphezu kuka-56°C, okungcono uma iguquguquka cishe ku-115°C (uma kunamafutha amasha afinyelela ngaphezu kuka-170°C). Uma i-flash point ingaphansi kuka-56°C, uwoyela kufanele usetshenziselwe ukulahlwa. Iqukethe izingxenyana ezilula ze-hydrocarbon nezinye izinto ezivuthayo, njengoba zibeka ingozi enkulu kubantu abasebenza ezitshalweni ezicutshungulwayo. Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi amafutha lapho kukhona khona amafutha anzima atholakalayo awakwazi ukuvuselelwa. Kodwa kanjani ukuyithola? Kulokhu, kungasetshenziswa indlela elula, ehlanganisa ukubeka inani elincane lamafutha ashisayo ephepheni lokusula bese ubheka ukuthi ibala lisakazeka kanjani (okuthiwa ukuhlolwa kwephepha).