Imishini yohlelo lwe-S-300VM
Imishini ye-S-300VM complex, kwesokunxele isiqalisi se-9A83M kanye nesilayishi sesibhamu se-9A84M.
Maphakathi nawo-50, amabutho aphansi emazweni athuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni aqala ukuthola izikhali ezintsha - imicibisholo ye-ballistic enohlu oluningi kuya kwamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-200. Ukunemba kwazo kuze kube manje kuphansi, futhi lokhu kuxazululwa yisivuno esikhulu sezikhali zenuzi ezithwalayo. Cishe kanye kanye, kwaqala ukufuna izindlela zokubhekana nemicibisholo enjalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-anti-aircraft missile defense yayisanda kuthatha izinyathelo zayo zokuqala, futhi abahleli bezempi nabaklami bezikhali babenethemba elikhulu ngamakhono ayo. Kukholakala ukuthi "imicibisholo elwa nendiza eshesha kancane" kanye "nezimpahla ze-radar ezinembe kakhudlwana" zanele ukulwa nemicibisholo ye-ballistic. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi lokhu "okuncane" kwakusho ngokusebenza isidingo sokudala izakhiwo ezintsha neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngisho nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza isayensi kanye nezimboni ezazingakwazi ukubhekana nazo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe yenziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emkhakheni wokulwa nemicibisholo yamasu, njengoba isikhathi kusukela ekuthathweni okuhlosiwe kuya ekunqamuleni sasisesinde, futhi ukufakwa okumile okulwa nemicibisholo bekungekho ngaphansi kwanoma yimiphi imikhawulo yobukhulu nobukhulu.
Naphezu kwalokhu, isidingo sokubhekana nemicibisholo emincane yokusebenza kanye ne-tactical ballistic, okwathi phakathi naleso sikhathi yaqala ukufinyelela amabanga we-oda lika-1000 km, yaya ngokuya iphuthuma. Uchungechunge lokulingisa nokuhlolwa kwensimu lwenziwa e-USSR, olwabonisa ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukunqanda lokho okuhlosiwe usebenzisa i-S-75 Dvina kanye ne-3K8 / 2K11 Krug imicibisholo, kodwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle okwanelisayo, imicibisholo enesivinini esiphezulu sendiza. bekumele kwakhiwe.. Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu yaba amandla alinganiselwe we-radar, lapho i-missile ye-ballistic yayincane kakhulu futhi ishesha kakhulu. Isiphetho sasisobala - ukulwa nemicibisholo ye-ballistic, kuyadingeka ukudala uhlelo olusha lwe-anti-missile.
Ilayisha isitsha sezokuthutha se-9Ya238 kanye nokwethulwa komcibisholo we-9M82 ku-9A84 trolley.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-C-300W
Njengengxenye yohlelo locwaningo lwe-Shar, olwenziwa ngo-1958-1959, amathuba okuhlinzeka ngokuzivikela okulwa nemicibisholo yamabutho angaphansi ayecatshangelwa. Kucatshangelwe ukuthi kufanelekile ukwakha izinhlobo ezimbili zemicibisholo ecitshwayo - enebanga elingamakhilomitha angama-50 no-150 km. Eyokuqala izosetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukulwa nezindiza kanye nemicibisholo yamaqhinga, kanti eyesibili izosetshenziselwa ukucekela phansi imicibisholo ecitshwayo esebenza ngeqhinga kanye nemicibisholo enesivinini esiphezulu eqondiswa umoya ukuya emhlabathini. Uhlelo lwaludingeka: iziteshi eziningi, ikhono lokubona nokulandelela okuhlosiwe ubukhulu bekhanda le-rocket, ukuhamba okuphezulu kanye nesikhathi sokusabela se-10-15 s.
Ngo-1965, kwaqalwa olunye uhlelo lokucwaninga, olubizwa nge-Prizma. Izidingo zemicibisholo emisha zacaciswa: enkulu, eqondiswa indlela ehlanganisiwe (i-command-semi-active), enesisindo esingamathani angama-5-7, kwakufanele ilwe nemicibisholo ecitshwayo, kanye nomcibisholo oqondiswa umyalo. enesisindo sokusuka esingamathani ama-3 bekufanele ilwe nezindiza.
Womabili amarokhethi, adalwe eNovator Design Bureau evela eSverdlovsk (manje eyiYekaterinburg) - 9M82 kanye ne-9M83 - ayenezigaba ezimbili futhi ehluke kakhulu ngobukhulu benjini yesiteji sokuqala. Kwasetshenziswa uhlobo olulodwa lwekhanda lempi elinesisindo esingu-150 kg kanye nesiqondiso. Ngenxa yesisindo esikhulu sokusuka, isinqumo senziwe sokwethula imicibisholo iqonde phezulu ukuze kugwenywe ukufaka i-azimuth esindayo neyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinhlelo zokuqondisa ukuphakama kweziqalisi. Ngaphambili, kwakunjalo ngemicibisholo ecitshwayo elwa nendiza yesizukulwane sokuqala (S-25), kodwa iziqhumane zayo zazimile. Imicibisholo emibili "esindayo" noma emine "elula" ezokuthutha kanye neziqukathi zokwethulwa kwakufanele ifakwe kusiqalisi, esidinga ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto ezikhethekile ezilandelwa umkhondo "Into 830" enamandla okuthwala amathani angaphezu kuka-20. Zazakhiwe endaweni yokucima ukoma. I-Kirov Plant eLeningrad enezici ze-T -80, kodwa nge-diesel injini A-24-1 enamandla angu-555 kW / 755 hp. (okuhlukile kwenjini ye-V-46-6 esetshenziswa emathangeni e-T-72).
Ukudubula kwerokhethi encane bekwenzeka kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s, futhi ukunqanyulwa kokuqala kwethagethi yangempela ye-aerodynamic kwenzeka endaweni yokuhlola i-Emba ngo-April 1980. Ukwamukelwa kwesistimu ye-missile ye-9K81 anti-aircraft (Russian: Compliex) efomini elenziwe lula i-C-300W1, kuphela ngeziqhumane ezingu-9A83 ezinemicibisholo “emincane” engu-9M83 yakhiqizwa ngo-1983. I-C-300W1 yayihloselwe ukulwa nezindiza kanye nezimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu. ezibangeni ezifika ku-70 km kanye nokuphakama kwendiza kusuka ku-25 kuya ku-25 m. Ingakwazi futhi ukuvimbela imicibisholo ecitshwayo esuka phansi iye emhlabathini enobubanzi obungafika ku-000 km (amathuba okushaya leyo njongo ngomcibisholo owodwa abengaphezu kuka-100%). . Ukwanda kokuqina komlilo kwafinyelelwa ngokwakha amathuba okudubula imicibisholo ejikijelwayo evela ezitsheni ezithuthwa ngezimoto ezilayisha ukuthutha eziyi-40A9 ezithwalweni ezifanayo ezilandelwa ngomkhondo, ngakho-ke zibizwa ngokuthi izilayishi zokuqalisa (i-PZU, i-Starter-Loader Zalka). Ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zesistimu ye-S-85W kwakubaluleke kakhulu, isibonelo, eminyakeni yama-300s kwakulethwa imicibisholo engaphezu kuka-80 ngonyaka.
Ngemva kokwamukelwa kwemicibisholo engu-9M82 kanye neziqhumane zabo 9A82 kanye ne-PZU 9A84 ngo-1988, kwasungulwa iqembu elihlosiwe le-9K81 (uhlelo lwaseRussia). Yayihlanganisa: ibhethri elilawulayo elineposi lomyalo elingu-9S457, i-radar eyi-9S15 Obzor-3 eyindilinga yonke kanye ne-radar yokugada yengxenye ye-9S19 Ryzhiy, namabhethri amane adubulayo, iradar yayo yokulandela okuhlosiwe ye-9S32 ingatholakala ebangeni elingaphezu kuka-10. km ukusuka eqenjini. umyalo wokuthunyelwe. Ibhethri ngalinye libe neziqalisi ezifika kweziyisithupha nama-ROM ayisithupha (imvamisa ama-9A83 amane nama-9A82 amabili anenombolo ehambisanayo ye-9A85 kanye ne-9A84 ROMs). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-squadron yayihlanganisa ibhethri lobuchwepheshe elinezinhlobo eziyisithupha zezimoto zesevisi kanye nezimoto zokuthutha ze-rocket 9T85. Iqembu linezimoto ezilandelwayo ezifika ku-55 namaloli angaphezu kuka-20, kodwa lingadubula imicibisholo engu-192 ngesikhathi esincane - lingadubula kanyekanye ezindaweni ezihlosiwe ezingama-24 (okukodwa ngesiqalisi ngasinye), ngayinye yazo ingaqondiswa imicibisholo emibili enokudubula. isikhawu semizuzwana engu-1,5 .2 kuye ku-9. Inani lezindawo okuhloswe ukuthi zibanjwe ngasikhathi sinye i-ballistic zilinganiselwe amandla esiteshi i-19S16 futhi zafinyelela ku-9, kodwa ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi ingxenye yazo ivinjwe imicibisholo eyi-83M300 ekwazi ukucekela phansi imicibisholo. ibanga elingafika ku-9 km. Uma kudingekile, ibhethri ngalinye lingenza ngokuzimele, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nebhethri leqembu lokulawula, noma lithole idatha eqondiwe ngokuqondile kumasistimu okulawula amazinga aphezulu. Ngisho nokuhoxiswa kwephoyinti lebhethri le-32S9 empini akuzange kugcwalise ibhethri, ngoba kwakukhona ulwazi olwanele olunembile mayelana nemigomo yanoma iyiphi i-radar yokuqalisa imicibisholo. Endabeni yokusetshenziswa kokuphazanyiswa okuqinile okusebenzayo, kwakungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-radar ye-32SXNUMX nama-radars e-squadron, enikeze uhla oluqondile kulokho okuhlosiwe, okushiya kuphela izinga lebhethri ukucacisa i-azimuth nokuphakama kwethagethi. .
Amaqembu amabili nangaphezulu kwamane ahlanganisa ibutho lezokuvikela emoyeni lamasosha angaphansi. Umyalo wayo wawuhlanganisa uhlelo lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo lwe-9S52 Polyana-D4, iposi lomyalo leqembu le-radar, isikhungo sezokuxhumana kanye nebhethri lezihlangu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Polyana-D4 complex kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-brigade ngo-25% uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebenzi ozimele weqembu layo. Isakhiwo se-brigade sasibanzi kakhulu, kodwa futhi singavikela i-front 600 km ububanzi no-600 km ukujula, i.e. insimu enkulu kunendawo yasePoland iyonke!
Ngokwemibono yokuqala, lokhu kwakufanele kube yinhlangano yama-brigades asezingeni eliphezulu, okungukuthi, isifunda sezempi, futhi phakathi nempi - i-front, okungukuthi, iqembu lebutho. Khona-ke ama-brigades amasosha ayezophinde ahlonyiswe (kungenzeka ukuthi ama-brigades angaphambili ayezoba namaqembu amane, kanye nama-brigades amabutho amathathu). Kodwa-ke, kuzwakale amazwi okuthi usongo olukhulu embuthweni waphansi luzoqhubeka nokuba imicibisholo yezindiza kanye ne-cruise isikhathi eside esizayo, futhi imicibisholo ye-S-300V imane ibiza kakhulu ukubhekana nayo. Kwavezwa ukuthi kungaba ngcono ukuhlomisa ama-brigades amasosha ngama-Buk complexes, ikakhulukazi njengoba anamandla amakhulu esimanje. Kwakukhona namazwi okuthi, njengoba i-S-300W isebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zemicibisholo, kungase kuthuthukiswe i-Anti-missile ekhethekile ye-Buk. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, lesi sixazululo sasetshenziswa kuphela eshumini lesibili lekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
