Imoto iqala futhi ngokushesha izitebele lapho kubanda - kungaba yini izizathu
Okuqukethwe
Injini yemoto iyisistimu yezingxenye eziningi, ngakho-ke ukusebenza okungalungile kweyunithi encane noma ingxenye kungavimba ukusebenza kwayo yonke iyunithi yamandla.
Uma imoto iqala futhi izitebele lapho kubanda, injini yemoto noma isimiso sikaphethiloli sidinga ukulungiswa. Kodwa ukuze ulungise inkinga, okokuqala udinga ukucacisa imbangela yalokhu kuziphatha kweyunithi yamandla. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukutshala imali ekulungiseni akuwenzi umqondo.
Uma injini iduma noma ingaqali, kufanele ubheke imbangela yokungasebenzi kahle kwayo
Kwenzekani ngesikhathi sokuqala kanye nokusebenza kwenjini "ebandayo"
Ukuqala "kubanda" kusho ukuthi kufanele uqale iyunithi yamandla, izinga lokushisa elilingana nezinga lokushisa lomgwaqo. Ngenxa yalokhu:
- uphethiloli uvutha futhi ushise kancane kancane;
- ingxube kaphethiloli womoya isabela kabi kakhulu kwinhlansi;
- isikhathi sokuthungela (UOZ) sincishiswe sibe sincane;
- ingxube ye-air-fuel kufanele icebile (iqukethe uphethiloli omningi noma udizili) kunangemva kokufudumala noma lapho isebenza ngaphansi komthwalo;
- amafutha aminyene kakhulu awahlinzeki ngokugcoba okusebenzayo kwezingxenye zokuhlikihla;
- ukuvunyelwa okushisayo kwamasongo e-piston kuphezulu, okunciphisa ukucindezelwa;
- lapho i-piston ifinyelela esikhungweni esiphezulu esifile (TDC), ingcindezi ekamelweni elivuthayo iphansi ngokuphawulekayo kunangemva kokufudumala noma lapho isebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu;
- imvume yokushisa yama-valve iphezulu, yingakho ingavuli ngokugcwele (ngaphandle uma injini ifakwe izinxephezelo ze-hydraulic);
- lapho i-starter ivuliwe, i-voltage yebhethri (ibhethri) iyancipha kakhulu;
- ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuncane ngenxa yesivinini esiphansi kakhulu sokuqala.
Lokhu kuyisici sazo zonke izinjini zezimoto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lukaphethiloli, kanye nendlela yokunikezwa kwayo.
Imiphumela yokuqalisa injini ngaphandle kokufudumala
Uma injini iqalisiwe, bese ingena kumodi yokungenzi lutho (XX) noma yokufudumala, kuyilapho:
- ingxube ye-air-fuel iyancipha kancane, okungukuthi, inani likaphethiloli liyancipha;
- ukwanda kancane kwe-UOZ;
- i-voltage yenethiwekhi ye-on-board iyanda ngokuphawulekayo, ngoba i-starter iyacisha futhi i-generator ivula;
- ingcindezi ekamelweni elivuthayo lapho ifinyelela ku-TDC ikhuphuka ngokuphawulekayo, ngenxa yesivinini esiphezulu se-piston.
Njengoba amafutha afudumala, izinga lokushisa lamafutha liyakhula, ngaleyo ndlela likhulise ukusebenza kahle kokugcoba kwezingxenye zokuxubha, futhi igumbi elivuthayo liyashisa kancane kancane, ngenxa yokuthi ingxube ye-air-fuel ivutha futhi ivutha ngokushesha. Futhi, ngenxa yesivinini esiphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuyanda.
Ukuze injini iqale ngokujwayelekile futhi iqale ukusebenza ngokungenzi lutho, lokhu okulandelayo kuyadingeka:
- ukucindezela okwanele;
- i-UOZ efanele;
- ingxube efanele yamafutha omoya;
- amandla enhlansi eyanele;
- I-voltage eyanele namandla ebhethri;
- ukusebenza kwe-generator;
- ukuhlinzekwa kophethiloli owanele nomoya;
- amafutha anemingcele ethile.
Ukungqubuzana kwanoma yimaphi amaphuzu kuzoholela eqinisweni lokuthi imoto ayiqali, noma imoto iqala futhi ivele ngokushesha lapho kubanda.
Kungani injini ingaqali
Nazi izizathu zokuthi kungani imoto ima uma iqala injini endaweni ebandayo:
- ingxube ye-air-fuel engalungile;
- umthamo webhethri onganele;
- i-UOZ engalungile;
- ukucindezela okunganele;
- inhlansi ebuthakathaka;
- uphethiloli omubi.
Lezi zizathu zifanelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zikaphethiloli nezinjini zikadizili. Kodwa-ke, iyunithi yamandla asebenza ngodizili ayidingi ukuthungela inhlansi yengxube, ngakho umjovo kaphethiloli ngesikhathi esifanele, ngaphambi nje kokuba ipiston ifinyelele ku-TDC, ibalulekile kuwo. Le parameter ibizwa nangokuthi isikhathi sokuthungela, ngoba uphethiloli uvutha ngenxa yokuxhumana nomoya oshisayo ovela ekucindezelweni.
Ukuthola inkinga enjinini
Ingxube ye-air-fuel engalungile
Isilinganiso esilungile sikaphethiloli womoya sincike kulokhu:
- isimo somoya kanye nezihlungi zamafutha;
- ukusebenza kwe-carburetor;
- ukusebenza kahle kwe-ECU (izinjini zokujova) nazo zonke izinzwa zayo;
- isimo somjovo;
- isimo sephampu yamafutha kanye ne-valve yokuhlola.
Isimo sezihlungi zomoya neziphethiloli
Amasistimu okudosa anoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenjini asebenza ngenani elithile lomoya kanye nophethiloli. Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukuncipha okungahlosiwe kokuphuma komthamo kuphumela engxubeni ye-air-fuel engalingani kahle. Zombili izinhlobo zokuhlunga zinciphisa ukuhamba komoya kanye nophethiloli, ziphikisana nokunyakaza kwazo, kodwa lokhu kumelana kuyacatshangelwa ohlelweni lwe-metering.
Njengoba izihlungi zomoya kanye nophethiloli zingcolile, ukuphuma kwazo kuncipha, okuyingozi kakhulu ezimotweni ezine-carbureted, ngoba izilinganiso zengxube zisethwe ububanzi bejethi. Ezinjinini ezine-ECU, izinzwa zazisa iyunithi yokulawula mayelana nenani lomoya elidliwa iyunithi yamandla, kanye nokucindezela kukaloliwe nokusebenza kwemibhobho. Ngakho-ke, ilungisa ukwakheka kwengxube phakathi kwebanga elincane futhi inikeze umshayeli isignali mayelana nokungasebenzi kahle.
Kodwa ngisho nakumayunithi wamandla aneyunithi yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi, ukungcoliswa okukhulu komoya kanye nezihlungi zikaphethiloli kuthinta ukulingana kwengxube ye-air-fuel - uma imoto ibamba lapho kubanda, khona-ke okokuqala bheka isimo sezihlungi.
Isihlungi somoya siyingxenye ebalulekile yenjini
Ukusebenza nokuhlanzeka kwe-carburetor
Le divayisi ifakwe amasistimu amaningana wezinhlobo ezahlukene zokusebenza zenjini, ngakho ukuqala injini ebandayo kunikezwa enye yazo. Uhlelo luhlanganisa:
- imigudu yomoya kanye nophethiloli;
- amajethi omoya kanye nophethiloli;
- i-air damper (ukumunca);
- amadivaysi engeziwe (awatholakali kuwo wonke ama-carburetor).
Lolu hlelo luhlinzeka ngenjini yokuqala ebandayo ngaphandle kokucindezela i-pedal yegesi. Kodwa-ke, ukulungiswa okungalungile noma ukungcola ngaphakathi, kanye nokwehluleka okuhlukahlukene kwemishini, kuvame ukuholela eqinisweni lokuthi imoto iyancipha ekuqaleni okubandayo. Lolu hlelo luyingxenye yesistimu yokungenzi lutho, eqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kweyunithi yamandla ngesivinini esiphansi, kungakhathaliseki izinga lokushisa layo.
Ukuhlola impilo ye-carburetor
Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlola ukuhlanzeka nokusebenza kwe-carburetor, ngakho-ke qhubeka ngendlela yokuqeda - uma zonke ezinye izizathu zingafakiwe, kunjalo. Uma ungazi ukuthi ungayilungisa kanjani futhi uyishune kanjani le ngxenye, xhumana nomzingeli onolwazi noma i-carburetor.
Ukusebenza okulungile kwekhompyutha nezinzwa zayo
Zonke izinjini zomjovo (umjovo kanye nodizili wesimanje) zifakwe iyunithi yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi eqoqa ulwazi kuzinzwa eziningi futhi, ngokugxila kuyo, ikhiphe uphethiloli. Uphethiloli noma uphethiloli we-diesel usesitimela ngaphansi kwengcindezi ethile, futhi inani likaphethiloli lidonswa ngokushintsha isikhathi sokuvula ama-nozzles - uma evuleka isikhathi eside, kulapho uphethiloli omningi uzongena khona egumbini lomlilo. Ukufundwa kwezinzwa okungalungile noma amaphutha ekusebenzeni kwe-ECU enjini efudumele kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla noma ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, kodwa lapho kuqala "amakhaza", angakwazi ukuvimba injini ngokuphelele.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokucindezela okunganele ekamelweni elivuthayo kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ingxube ye-air-fuel enezilinganiso ezingalungile iqhuma kabi kakhulu kunokwanele, ngenxa yokuthi imoto iqala futhi ivele ngokushesha lapho kubanda noma ingaqali. konke. Inzuzo yezimoto ezine-ECU ukuthi iphrosesa yeyunithi yokulawula ihlola ukusebenza kwazo zonke izinhlelo futhi, uma kwenzeka ukungasebenzi kahle, ikhiqiza isignali yephutha engafundwa kusetshenziswa isithwebuli esikhethekile.
Isimo somjovo
Ukuze kushiswe kahle uphethiloli ezinjinini zikadizili, uphethiloli kufanele ujovwe ukuze uphenduke uthuli. Ubukhulu bamaconsi buncane, kuba lula ukuthi inhlansi noma umoya oshisayo uthungele uphethiloli, ngakho-ke imoto ivame ukuma enjinini ebandayo ngenxa yokusebenza kabi kwemibhobho. Ukuxilongwa kwekhompyutha kuphela emishinini yesimanje noma uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu kuma-injection kunikeza isignali mayelana nokungasebenzi kwabo. Ungahlola ukusebenza kwalezi zingxenye kuphela endaweni ekhethekile. Ukuze uhlole ukusebenza kwama-injection, futhi uma kunesidingo, uwalungise, thintana nesevisi yemoto enkulu lapho kukhona khona uphethiloli omuhle.
Ama-nozzles ajova futhi afafaze uphethiloli, ukusebenza kwenjini kuncike esimweni sabo.
Iphampu yamafutha kanye nesimo se-valve yokuhlola
Kuya ngesilinganiso esifanele samafutha nge-carburetor noma imibhobho. Emotweni ene-carburetor, ukusebenza kahle kwepompo likaphethiloli kuholela ezingeni elinganele likaphethiloli ekamelweni le-float, okusho ukunciphisa inani layo engxubeni ye-air-fuel. Kumayunithi amandla edizili kanye nomjovo, ukusebenza kwephampu okungasebenzi kahle kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwe-atom kaphethiloli kanye nokuncipha kwengxenye yawo engxubeni, okwenza kube nzima ukuthungela okuqukethwe kwesilinda.
I-valve yokuhlola ilawula ukucindezela kumzila wesitimela, ngoba ukucindezela okwenziwe yipompo kuphakeme kakhulu kunalokho okudingekayo ekusebenzeni kwesitimela. Ezinjinini ezinama-carburetors, lo msebenzi udlalwa ngokuntanta nenaliti. Ukwengeza, i-valve engabuyi ivimbela isistimu ukuthi ingangeni ngemva kokulahlwa kukaphethiloli oweqile. Uma i-valve yokuhlola ivaliwe futhi ingakhiphi uphethiloli owedlulele, khona-ke ingxube icebile kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuthungela kwayo. Uma le ngxenye idlula uphethiloli kuzo zombili izinkomba, khona-ke irempu noma i-carburetor iba yi-airy, yingakho imoto igcina ngemuva kokuqala injini ebandayo.
I-voltage enganele yenethiwekhi esebhodini
I-voltage evamile yebhethri ngaphandle komthwalo ingu-13-14,5 V, noma kunjalo, lapho ushintshela kumodi yokushisa bese uvula i-starter, ingakwazi ukwehla ifike ezingeni lika-10-12 V. Uma ibhethri likhishwa noma lilahlekelwe amandla. , khona-ke lapho isiqalisi sivuliwe, i-voltage ingase yehle ngokuphawulekayo ngaphansi kwaleli zinga, okuholela kumandla wenhlansi anganele. Ngenxa yalokhu, uphethiloli awubasi nhlobo, noma uvutha kancane futhi awunaso isikhathi sokukhulula amagesi okukhipha okwanele ukunikeza i-piston ukusheshisa okudingekayo.
Esinye isizathu se-voltage ephansi yenethiwekhi esebhodini, ngenxa yokuthi imoto igcina lapho kubanda, amatheminali ebhethri ane-oxidized. Ungqimba lwe-oxide lunokumelana okuphakeme kunensimbi okwenziwa ngayo amatheminali, ngakho-ke ukwehla kwe-voltage lapho isiqalisi sivuliwe kuzoba kukhudlwana, okubangela ukuba inhlansi yehle. Uma, ngaphezu kongqimba lwe-oxide, ama-terminals awaqinisiwe ngokwanele, khona-ke lapho isiqalisi sivuliwe, ukudluliswa kwamandla kagesi kuma-terminals kuyeka ngokuphelele, futhi ukuze kuqalise kabusha, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthintana okuqinile itheminali yebhethri.
Ezimotweni ezine-injector noma injini ye-diesel yesimanje, ukwehla kwamandla kagesi enethiwekhi ye-on-board kuba kubi kakhulu noma kuphazamisa ukusebenza kwepompo likaphethiloli, ngenxa yokuthi ingcindezi kusitimela noma endaweni yokufaka i-injector ingaphansi evamile. Lokhu kuholela ekuwohlokeni kwe-atomization kaphethiloli, okusho ukuthi ivutha kancane kakhulu kunalokho obekufanele, futhi ukuthungela kwayo kudinga inhlansi enamandla (injector) noma izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lomoya (diesel). Futhi, isizathu sokwehluleka noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwephampu kaphethiloli kungase kube ukuthintana okungalungile kumjikelezo wayo wamandla, ngenxa yokuthi ingcindezi kusitimela iphansi kakhulu kunesidingo, okuholela ku-atomization empofu kaphethiloli noma idizili futhi kube nzima ukuthungela. kwengxube.
I-generator ikhiqiza ugesi futhi iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo wonke amadivaysi kagesi emotweni.
I-POD engalungile
Isikhathi sokuthungela siboshelwe endaweni ye-crankshaft noma i-camshaft. Emotweni ene-carburetor, iboshelwe ku-camshaft, futhi i-angle ngokwayo isethwe kusetshenziswa i-distributor (i-ignition distributor). Ezinjinini zomjovo, iboshelwe ku-crankshaft, kanti emishinini kadizili, zombili izinketho ziyatholakala. Emishinini ene-carburetor, i-UOZ isethwe ngokuguqula umsabalalisi ohlobene nekhanda le-cylinder (ikhanda le-cylinder), kodwa uma iketango lesikhathi noma ibhande lesikhathi (isikhathi) ligxume amazinyo owodwa noma ngaphezulu, khona-ke isikhathi sokuvutha siyashintsha.
Ezimotweni ezinomjovo, le parameter ibhaliswe ku-firmware ye-electronic control unit (ECU) yenjini futhi ayikwazi ukushintshwa ngesandla. I-ECU ithola amasiginali avela ku-crankshaft position sensor (DPKV), ngakho-ke uma igiya le-damper ligxumile noma lijikile, kanye nokuthi ukuqhutshwa kwesekethe ye-DPKV kuphazamisekile, amasiginali awafiki ngesikhathi noma angafiki nhlobo. , okuphazamisa ukusebenza kwesistimu yokushisa.
Ukucindezela okunganele
Lesi silungiselelo sincike esimweni:
- izindonga ze-cylinder;
- amavolovolo;
- amasongo e-piston;
- ama-valve nezihlalo zawo;
- izindiza zokukhwelana ze-block kanye ne-cylinder head;
- ama-cylinder head gaskets;
- ukuqondana kwezimpawu ze-crankshaft ne-camshaft.
Ezinjini zikaphethiloli, ukucindezela kwe-11-14 atm kuvamile (kuye ngokuthi inombolo ye-octane kaphethiloli), injini ye-diesel ingu-27-32 atm, noma kunjalo, ukusebenza kwenjini "lapho kushisa kugcinwa ngamanani aphansi ngokuphawulekayo. Uma le pharamitha incane, umoya omncane uhlala endaweni evuthayo lapho i-TDC ifinyelelwa, yonke enye ingxube yomoya noma amafutha omoya ingena endaweni edonsayo noma yokukhipha umoya omningi, kanye ne-crankcase yenjini. Njengoba ezinjini ze-carburetor kanye ne-mono-injection, kanye namayunithi amandla ngomjovo ongaqondile, umoya nophethiloli kuxutshwe ngaphandle kwegumbi elivuthayo, ngakho-ke ingxube ikhishwa ngaphandle kwesilinda.
Ngokucindezelwa okuphansi, lapho i-piston ifinyelela ku-TDC, inani lengxube alanele ukuqalisa injini, futhi ezinjinini zikadizili nezinjini zokujova ngomjovo oqondile, izilinganiso zengxube yamafutha omoya nawo ashintshela ekuthuthukisweni. Umphumela walokhu kunzima ukuqala injini ebandayo, kodwa ngisho nakulezo zimo lapho kungenzeka ukuqala iyunithi yamandla, imoto iqala futhi igcine ngemuva kwemizuzwana embalwa lapho kubanda.
Lokhu kushiwo ikakhulukazi ezimotweni ezine-carburetor, lapho umshayeli angasiza khona ngokucindezela i-pedal pedal. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "i-gassing". Kodwa ngemva kokuqala, injini enjalo ingayeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngoba amandla akhishwe yi-cylinder ngayinye akwanele ngisho nokugcina i-rpm edingekayo. Futhi noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka okwengeziwe kwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu.
Khumbula, uma imoto izitebele lapho kubanda, kodwa ngemva kokufudumala, XX iba uzinzile, qiniseka ukukala zlib.
Ukusebenzisa le divayisi (i-compressometer) kala ukucindezelwa kwenjini
Inhlansi ebuthakathaka
Akunzima ukunquma amandla e-spark, ngoba lokhu ungakwazi uku-oda ku-inthanethi noma uthenge i-probe ekhethekile ene-spark gap esitolo esiseduze sezingxenye zezimoto futhi uyisebenzise ukukala amandla e-spark. Uma kungekho mishini enjalo, khona-ke ungakwazi ukudlula ngesipikili esivamile esivamile: faka ocingweni lwe-spark plug bese ulethe ezingxenyeni zensimbi zenjini ebangeni elingu-1,5-2 cm, bese ucela umsizi ukuthi aphendule. ekuthutheni bese uvula isiqalisi. Bheka inhlansi evelayo - uma ibonakala ngokucacile ngisho nasemini, futhi kuzwakala ngokuchofoza okukhulu, khona-ke amandla ayo anele futhi isizathu sokuthi kungani imoto iqala futhi izitebhisi emakhazeni kufanele ibhekwe kwenye into.
Uphethiloli omubi
Uma uvame ukugcwalisa imoto yakho eziteshini zikaphethiloli ezingaziwa, futhi ushayela ngenani elincane lamafutha ethangini, khona-ke lapho imoto iqala futhi ngokushesha igcina emakhazeni, lesi esinye sezizathu ezingenzeka kakhulu. Amanzi aqukethwe kuphethiloli ahlala phansi ethangini, ngakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inani lawo liphenduka libe likhulu kangangokuthi liqala ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kwenjini. Ukuhlola izinga likaphethiloli, khipha uketshezi oluthile ethangini ulufake ebhodleleni noma embizeni, lokhu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
- faka ipayipi elide eliguquguqukayo esitsheni;
- nqamula ipayipi lokunikezela noma ishubhu likaloliwe, bese uvula umlilo, ngemva kwalokho iphampu yamafutha izoletha okunye okuqukethwe ethangini likaphethiloli.
Uma ibhodlela limnyama, bese uthela okuqukethwe kwalo embizeni esobala bese uyibeka endaweni epholile, ekamelweni elimnyama usuku, uvale ngokuqinile isivalo. Uma ngosuku okuqukethwe kwesitsha kungahlukaniswa kube uketshezi olusobala kakhulu noluncane olunomngcele ocacile phakathi kwabo, khona-ke izinga eliphansi likaphethiloli, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphezulu, kufakazelwa, uma kungenjalo, khona-ke uphethiloli. , ngokwale parameter, ihambisana nokujwayelekile.
Ihlola izinga likaphethiloli ngedivayisi
Ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi aphakeme, khipha lonke uketshezi ethangini, bese ugcwalisa uphethiloli omusha. Kulesi simo, kuyinto efiselekayo ukukhipha okuqukethwe kwesistimu yamafutha, ngoba iqukethe namanzi amaningi. Uma ungakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngokwakho, bese uthintana nesevisi yemoto eseduze, lapho wonke umsebenzi uzokwenziwa ngemizuzu engu-20-30.
isiphetho
Uma imoto iqala futhi izitebele lapho kubanda, ungalikhiphi ibhethri ngokuzama ukuqalisa kabusha injini izikhathi eziningana, kunalokho, xilonga futhi unqume imbangela yalokhu kuziphatha. Khumbula, injini yemoto iyisistimu yezingxenye eziningi, ngakho-ke ukusebenza okungalungile kweyunithi encane noma ingxenye kungavimba ukusebenza kwayo yonke iyunithi yamandla.
