Ukulebula amafutha emoto - izimfihlo zokuqokwa

Inani elikhulu lamafutha ezimoto anikezwa yimakethe lingadida ngokuphelele umshayeli wezimfundamakhwela. Kodwa-ke, kukho konke lokhu kuhlukahluka kukhona uhlelo oluzokusiza ukuthi unqume ukuthenga. Ngakho-ke, ukulebula kwamafutha - siyafunda futhi sikhethe.

Okuqukethwe

• 1 Isisekelo sokumaka yi-coefficient ye-viscosity
• 2 I-synthetic ne-mineral - yikuphi okungcono?
• 3 Kusho ukuthini ukumaka - uwoyela wenjini wokuqopha

Isisekelo sokumaka yi-coefficient ye-viscosity

Amafutha ezimoto atholakala kubo bonke abashayeli angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: okokwenziwa kanye namaminerali. Ngaphambi kokungena emininingwaneni, ake sikhulume ngesici esibaluleke kakhulu esikhonjiswe ngokuqondile ekuphawuleni - i-coefficient ye-viscosity. Lesi sici sibhekwa njengesinye esibaluleke kakhulu.

I-coefficient inqunywa umkhawulo wokushisa kanye nokusebenza komshini wenjini. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-viscosity akufanele ibe ngaphansi kolayini ovumelekile odingekayo ukuze uqalise injini - inhliziyo yemoto idinga ukuqala kalula nangokushelela, futhi iphampu kawoyela idinga ukujikeleza kalula ohlelweni. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-coefficient ye-viscosity akufanele futhi idlule inkomba ekhonjiswe encwadini yesevisi yemoto - amafutha enza ifilimu ezingxenyeni ezivikela izakhi ekugqokeni.

Uma i-viscosity iphansi kakhulu (amafutha amancane), imoto izofika esitolo sokulungisa ngokushesha ngenxa yokugqoka. Uma le nkomba iphezulu kakhulu (iwugqinsi kakhulu), khona-ke kuzoba nokuphikiswa okwengeziwe ngaphakathi kwenjini, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuzokwanda namandla azokwehla. Lapho ukhetha uwoyela, asikho isincomo esisodwa kubo bonke. Umnikazi wemoto kufanele acabangele isimo sezulu sesifunda lapho imoto ikhona, i-mileage yemoto kanye nesimo senjini.

Autoexpertise Amafutha ezimoto

I-synthetic ne-mineral - yikuphi okungcono?

Izici zamakhemikhali zamafutha amaminerali zincike kakhulu ekushiseni nakwezinye izimo zezulu, ngakho-ke, zidinga ukungezwa kwezithasiselo ekubunjweni kwazo. I-coefficient yabo ye-viscosity ngokuqondile incike emithwalweni emikhulu yemishini neyokushisa. Izakhiwo zamafutha okwenziwa aziboshiwe kangako ezimweni zokushisa - le nkomba ihlotshaniswa nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, okuzinzisa izakhiwo zokubunjwa.

Lokhu kuyinikeza ikhono lokuba izacile emakhazeni nasekujiyileni ekushiseni kwehlobo, njengoba kuboniswa ukulebula kwamafutha enjini yokwenziwa.

Ama-synthetic compounds, ngenxa ye-coefficient ye-viscosity eguquguqukayo, agqoke izingxenye ezincane, ashise kangcono futhi ashiye ubuncane bediphozithi ehlukahlukene. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zimfanelo, amafutha okwenziwa kufanele ashintshwe ngemvamisa efanayo namafutha amaminerali. "Ngeso" uwoyela omuhle unqunywa ngemuva kokusebenza isikhathi eside kwenjini - uma iba mnyama ngesikhathi sokusebenza, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwakheka kwageza kahle izingxenye zenjini, ukuvimbela ukuguga kwezingxenye.

Kukhona uhlobo lwesithathu - uwoyela we-semi-synthetic. Imvamisa, isetshenziselwa izimoto ezisesikhathini soguquko phakathi kokwethulwa kwezinhlanganisela zokwenziwa esikhundleni samaminerali. I-Semi-synthetic ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabashayeli, ngoba ayincikile emazingeni okushisa esizini.

Ukukhetha Amafutha Enjini (Yazisa. Ividiyo)

Kusho ukuthini ukumaka - uwoyela wenjini wokuqopha

Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamalebula, ngalinye linomlando walo kanye nesabelo semakethe. Ukucacisa zonke izifinyezo kanye nezimpawu zokumaka amafutha emoto kuzovumela umshayeli ukuthi azulazule kalula ekukhetheni.

• I-SAE iwuhlelo olwamukelwe yi-American Society of Automotive Engineers. Ukumakwa kukawoyela wezimoto ngokuya ngesigaba se-SAE kunesikhundla esiphambili emakethe.
• I-API - ukuhlukaniswa kwe-American Petroleum Institute, ihluka ngomgomo wokuhlukanisa amafutha abe yizigaba ezimbili kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwenjini.
• I-ACEA wuhlobo lokumaka olwethulwa yi-European Automobile Manufacturers Association ngo-1996. Ngokusekelwe ezindleleni zokuhlola zaseYurophu, kodwa futhi kusetshenziswa izindlela ezaziwayo zezigaba ezimbili ezedlule.

Ngakho, ukuze. Uma ubona ukuqokwa kusuka ku-SAE 0W kuya ku-SAE 20W, khona-ke ezandleni zakho amafutha asetshenziselwa ukusebenza kwasebusika - uhlamvu W lusho "ubusika", oluhunyushwa ngokuthi "ubusika". Inenkomba ye-viscosity ephansi. Uma inombolo eyodwa kuphela ekhonjisiwe ekumaka, ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu ezengeziwe (kusuka ku-SAE 20 kuya ku-SAE 60), unokuqanjwa kwehlobo okungajwayelekile okuhloselwe isizini efudumele kuphela. Njengoba ubona, i-viscosity coefficient yalezi zinhlanganisela ze-SAE i-oda lobukhulu obuphakeme kunaleyo yasebusika.

I-semi-synthetic SAE compounds inezinombolo ezimbili ekuphawuleni ngesikhathi esisodwa - ebusika kanye nezinkathi zasehlobo. Isibonelo, ezinjini eziphila isikhathi eside, amafutha afana ne-SAE 15W-40, SAE 20W-40 afaneleka kakhulu. Lezi zinombolo zibonisa kahle i-viscosity yamafutha futhi zikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe enye efanelekile yenjini ngayinye ngokwehlukana. Akufanele uzame ukufaka esikhundleni sohlobo olulodwa lwamafutha e-SAE ngolunye, ikakhulukazi kubathandi bawoyela we-semi-synthetic. Lokhu kungaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele kakhulu, njengokuguga kwenjini ngokushesha kanye nokulahlekelwa izici ezibalulekile zomshini.

Asiqhubekele kumazinga e-API. Ngokwezidingo zeNhlangano, abakhiqizi bakhiqiza ukwakheka ngokwehlukana kwezinhlobo zezinjini zikaphethiloli ezinohlamvu S, futhi ngokwehlukana kwezinjini zikadizili, ezishiwo ngohlamvu C. Enye yezinhlamvu ezisuka ku-A iye ku-L yengezwe kuphawu S. SL iwuhlobo lwekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu yokwakheka kwamafutha emishini esebenza ezimeni ezinzima ikakhulukazi. Namuhla, Inhlangano ikhipha amalayisense okukhiqiza kuphela angekho ngaphansi kwesigaba SH.

Amafutha edizili anezigaba ezingaphansi eziyi-11 ukusuka ku-CA kuye ku-CH. Amalayisense akhishelwa ukukhiqizwa kwezingoma ezingekho ngaphansi kwekhwalithi ye-CF. Emaqenjini amancane edizili, ukumaka kubuye kube nenombolo ekhombisa umjikelezo wenjini. Ngokwesibonelo, izinjini ezimbili-stroke kukhona amafutha CD-II, CF-2, ngoba ezine-stroke izinjini - CF-4, CG-4, CH-4.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-European ACEA kuhlukanisa uwoyela ngezigaba ezintathu:

• izinjini zikaphethiloli zibhalwe "A";
• ngezinhlobo zedizili zezinjini zezimoto zabagibeli, ezibhalwe ukuthi "B";
• ngezinhlobo zikadizili zezinjini zamaloli, ezibhalwe ukuthi "E".

Kukholakala ukuthi uwoyela walesi sigaba enzelwe ukuthi injini isebenze isikhathi eside. Ziphinde zonga ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Zinconywa ikakhulukazi izinjini zezimoto ezintsha. Amafutha abhalwe A1, A5, B1, B5 awonga amandla, A2, A3, B2, B3, B4 ajwayelekile.

Ungayikhetha kanjani i-viscosity kawoyela wakho wenjini?

Umbono wesazi

URuslan Konstantinov

Uchwepheshe wezimoto. Uthole iziqu e-IzhGTU eqanjwe ngo-M.T. Kalashnikov oneziqu ze-Operation of Transport and Technological Machines and Complexes. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-10 yesipiliyoni sokukhanda izimoto.

Ngaphezu kokukhetha uwoyela wenjini, wonke umshayeli kufanele azi ukuthi angakhetha kanjani uwoyela oshisayo, akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani kahle. Konke kumayelana nokuhlukahluka, uma ngaphambili bekungaba amaminerali kuphela, manje sekuvele kune-semi-synthetic kanye ne-synthetic emashalofini. Kukhona futhi umehluko ezintweni ezisebenzayo. Kungakhathaliseki isisekelo lapho amafutha ashaywayo adalwe ngaso, ahlala enezinga eliphansi le-viscosity. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uwoyela oshaywayo kufanele ungene kuzo zonke izindawo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo enjinini, futhi uwoyela awugqinsi awukwazi ukwenza lokhu ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-flush akubandakanyi ukuhlolwa ngokuya ngamazinga we-API ne-ACEA.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlanza kwakungahloselwe ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside, njengoba izingxenye zangaphakathi ziguga kakhulu ngisho nalapho ungenzi lutho. Uma ukhuphula ijubane noma okubi nakakhulu, ukushayela nge-flush ethelwa enjini, ukugqoka kuyoba kukhulu nakakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisekelo samafutha anjalo. Uma uwoyela we-synthetic-based engine uphakeme ngezindlela eziningi kunamanzi amaminerali, lokhu akunjalo ngokushaywa. Ngakho-ke, alikho iphuzu elithile ekukhokheni ngokweqile nasekuthengeni i-synthetic flushing.

Ezinsizeni eziningi zezimoto, bazinikela ngenkuthalo ukushibilika injini ngaphezu kokushintsha uwoyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zingasetshenziswa, kuhlanganise nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "imizuzu emihlanu", engezwa ku-motor. Kodwa ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imali eyengeziwe enkonzweni enjalo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi inqubo ayidingekile kuzo zonke izimo.

Uma isitshalo samandla sisebenza kahle, ngaphandle kwemisindo engaphandle, futhi ngemva kokukhipha izimayini azikho izimpawu ezicacile zokungcola kanye nokufakwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi futhi uma amafutha amasha omkhiqizo ofanayo kanye nohlobo olufanayo luthululwa, khona-ke ukushaywa akudingekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma imoto isetshenziswa ngokwemithethonqubo futhi kusetshenziswa amafutha asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinto zokugcoba, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokuthenga uwoyela oshisayo, kwanele ukushintsha uwoyela izikhathi ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwesimiso ngo-3- 4 amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane.

Ukugeza kungcono ukuthenga ezitolo ezikhethekile, njengoba phakathi kwale mikhiqizo kunemikhiqizo eminingi yomgunyathi, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa emikhiqizweni evela kubakhiqizi abaziwayo. Ezimotweni ezifuywayo, uwoyela okhishwa yiLukoil noma eRosneft kungaba yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu. Lokhu kwanele, amafutha angabizi, futhi uma konke kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nemiyalelo, ngeke kube nezinkinga.