Ukumaka uwoyela wenjini ngokuya nge-SAE, API, ACEA
SAE viscosity
Inkomba ye-viscosity yigama elibonakala kakhulu. Namuhla, ngaphezu kuka-90% kawoyela wezimoto alebulwe ngokwe-SAE J300 (isigaba esidalwe umphakathi wobunjiniyela bezimoto). Ngokwalokhu kuhlukaniswa, wonke amafutha enjini ayahlolwa futhi alebulwe ngokwe-viscosity futhi kuye ngezinga lokushisa lokushintshela esimweni esingasebenzi.
Igama le-SAE liqukethe izinkomba ezimbili: ihlobo nobusika. Lezi zinkomba zingasetshenziswa kokubili ngokuhlukene (ngokukhethekile izinto zokugcoba zasehlobo noma zasebusika) futhi ndawonye (kuzinto zokuthambisa zesizini yonke). Kuwoyela wesizini yonke, izinkomba zasehlobo nezasebusika zihlukaniswa nge-hyphen. Ubusika bubhalwa kuqala futhi buqukethe inombolo yedijithi eyodwa noma kabili kanye nohlamvu "W" ngemva kwezinombolo. Ingxenye yasehlobo yokumaka ikhonjiswe nge-hyphen enenombolo ngaphandle kwencwadi yokuposa.
Ngokwezinga le-SAE J300, ukuqokwa kwehlobo kungaba: 2, 5, 7,5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 no-60. Kukhona amagama ambalwa asebusika: 0W, 2,5W, 5W, 7,5W, 10W, 15W , 20W, 25W.
Inani le-viscosity ye-SAE liyinkimbinkimbi. Okungukuthi, kubonisa izici eziningana zamafutha. Ngokuqokwa kwasebusika, kucatshangelwa imingcele enjengokuthi: indawo yokuthulula, izinga lokushisa lokudonsa mahhala ngepompo likawoyela kanye nezinga lokushisa lapho i-crankshaft iqinisekiswa khona ukuphenduka ngaphandle kokulimaza izintamo namalayini. Isibonelo, kuwoyela we-5W-40, izinga lokushisa elincane lokusebenza lingu-35 ° C.
Okubizwa ngokuthi inkomba ehlobo ekumaka kwe-SAE kubonisa ukuthi yikuphi i-viscosity amafutha azoba nayo ekushiseni kwe-100 ° C (kwimodi yokusebenza yenjini). Isibonelo, kuwoyela ofanayo we-SAE 5W-40, i-kinematic viscosity isuka ku-12,5 kuya ku-16,3 cSt. Le parameter iyona ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba inquma ukuthi ifilimu kawoyela iziphatha kanjani ezindaweni zokungqubuzana. Ngokusekelwe ezicini zokuklama zenjini (ukususwa ezindaweni zokukhwelana, imithwalo yokuxhumana, isivinini sokunyakaza okuhlangene kwezingxenye, ubulukhuni, njll.), umenzi we-automaker ukhetha i-viscosity efanele yenjini ethile yangaphakathi evuthayo. Le viscosity ikhonjiswe emiyalweni yokusebenza yemoto.
Abashayeli bezimoto baxhumanisa ngephutha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkomba yehlobo ngokuqondile nezinga lokushisa elivumelekile lokusebenzisa uwoyela ehlobo. Kukhona ukuxhumana okunjalo, kodwa kunemibandela kakhulu. Ngokuqondile, inkomba yasehlobo ibonisa inani elilodwa kuphela: i-viscosity yamafutha ku-100 ° C.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-API
Igama lesibili elivame kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha e-API (i-American Petroleum Institute). Nalapha futhi, isethi yezinkomba ifakiwe ekumaka. Singasho ukuthi lesi sihlukanisi sibonisa ukwenziwa kwamafutha.
Ukukhishwa kwekhodi okuphakanyiswe onjiniyela be-American Petroleum Institute kulula kakhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-API kuhlanganisa izinhlamvu ezimbili eziyinhloko futhi, kwezinye izimo, inombolo ekhonjiwe ecacisa indawo yebhasi kawoyela othile. Eyokuqala yincwadi ekhombisa indawo yokusebenza kukawoyela, kuye ngohlelo lwamandla enjini. Incwadi "S" ibonisa ukuthi uwoyela uhloselwe izinjini zikaphethiloli. Uhlamvu "C" lubonisa ukusebenzelana kukadizili kwento yokugcoba.
Incwadi yesibili ibhekisela ekwenziweni kwamafutha. Ukwenziwa kusho isethi enkulu yezici, enesethi yayo yezidingo zesigaba ngasinye se-API. Futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwezinhlamvu uhlamvu lwesibili ekuqanjweni kwe-API, amafutha athuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, uwoyela we-API grade SM ungcono kune-SL. Ezinjini zedizili ezinezihlungi ze-particle noma imithwalo eyengeziwe, izinhlamvu zokumaka ezengeziwe zingasetshenziswa, isibonelo, i-CJ-4.
Namuhla, ezimotweni zabagibeli abavamile, amakilasi e-SN kanye ne-CF ngokwe-API asethuthukile.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-ACEA
I-European Automobile Manufacturers Association yethule olwayo uhlelo lokuhlola ukusebenza kwamafutha ezimoto ezinjinini ezithile. Lesi sigaba siqukethe uhlamvu lwezinhlamvu zesiLatini kanye nenombolo. Kunezinhlamvu ezine kule nqubo:
- A - izinjini zikaphethiloli.
- B - izimoto zabagibeli zedizili ngaphandle kwezihlungi zezinhlayiya.
- C - izimoto ezinenjini ye-diesel efakwe isihlungi se-particle.
- E - izimoto zentengiso ezinezinjini zikadizili ezigcwele kakhulu.
Inombolo engemuva kohlamvu ikhombisa ukungenziwa kwamafutha. Namuhla, amafutha amaningi ezimoto ezimotweni zomphakathi akhona emhlabeni wonke futhi abhalwe ngokuthi A3 / B3 noma A3 / B4 yi-ACEA.
Ezinye Izici Ezibalulekile
Izakhiwo kanye nobubanzi bawoyela wenjini nakho kuthinteka yizici ezilandelayo.
- Inkomba ye-viscosity. Ibonisa ukuthi uwoyela uyishintsha kangakanani i-viscosity njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka noma lehla. Uma iphezulu inkomba ye-viscosity, i-lubricant incike kancane ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa. Namuhla, lesi sibalo sisukela kumayunithi angama-150 kuye kwangama-230. Amafutha ane-viscosity index ephezulu afaneleka kangcono izimo zezulu ezinomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye namancane.
- Izinga lokushisa elibandayo. Iphuzu lapho amafutha elahlekelwa khona uketshezi. Namuhla, ama-synthetics ekhwalithi ephezulu angahlala ewuketshezi emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-50°C.
- Iphoyinti le-Flash. Lapho le nkomba iphakeme, kungcono ukuthi uwoyela umelane nokutubeka kumasilinda kanye ne-oxidation. Kumafutha esimanjemanje, iphoyinti elikhanyayo liphakathi kuka-220 no-240 degrees.
- umlotha we-sulfate. Ibonisa ukuthi ungakanani umlotha oqinile osele kumasilinda ngemva kokusha kwamafutha. Ibalwa njengephesenti lesisindo samafutha okugcoba. Manje lesi sibalo sisuka ku-0,5 siye ku-3%.
- Inombolo ye-alkaline. Inquma ikhono lamafutha okuhlanza injini kusuka kumadiphozithi e-sludge futhi imelane nokwakheka kwawo. Uma isibalo sesisekelo siphezulu, kuba ngcono ukuthi uwoyela ulwe nensila kanye nediphozithi yodaka. Le pharamitha ingaba kububanzi obusuka ku-5 ukuya ku-12 mgKOH/g.
Kunezinye izici eziningana zamafutha enjini. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile azikhonjiswa kumathini ngisho nangencazelo yezici ezinemininingwane kulebula futhi azinawo umthelela omkhulu kuzakhiwo zokusebenza kwesigcobo.
