Ukumaka amalambu emoto

izimpawu zezibani inganikeza umnikazi wemoto ulwazi oluningi, njengohlobo lwamalambu angafakwa kuwo, isigaba sawo, izwe lapho kukhishwe khona imvume esemthethweni yokukhiqizwa kwalezi zibani, uhlobo lokukhanya olukhishwa yiwo, ukukhanya (ku lux), isiqondiso sohambo, ngisho nosuku lokukhiqiza . Isici sokugcina sithakazelisa kakhulu kumongo weqiniso lokuthi lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa ukuhlola iminyaka yangempela lapho uthenga imoto esetshenzisiwe. Abakhiqizi abangabodwana bezibani zangaphambili zemishini (isb. I-KOITO noma i-HELLA) banegama labo, okuwusizo ukwazi lapho uwathenga noma uthenga imoto. ngokuqhubekayo endabeni, ulwazi luhlinzekwe ngezimpawu ezihlukahlukene ze-LED, i-xenon ne-halogen block headlights.

1. Uphawu lokugunyazwa kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kulokhu kugunyazwe eJalimane.
2. Uhlamvu A lusho ukuthi ilambu elingaphambili liyilambu elingaphambili noma eliseceleni.
3. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimpawu ze-HR kusho ukuthi uma isibani se-halogen sifakwe ekukhanyeni, khona-ke kuphela nge-beam ephezulu.
4. Izimpawu ze-DCR zisho ukuthi uma izibani ze-xenon zifakwe esibanini, zingakhelwa kokubili i-beam ephansi kanye ne-high beam.
5. Okubizwa ngenombolo eyisisekelo ehamba phambili (VOCH). Amanani angu-12,5 kanye no-17,5 ahambisana nokuqina okuphansi kwe-beam ephezulu.
6. Imicibisholo ikhomba ukuthi ilambu elingaphambili lingasetshenziswa emishinini eklanyelwe ukushayela emigwaqweni enokuhamba kwesokudla nakwesokunxele.
7. Izimpawu ze-PL zazisa umnikazi wemoto ukuthi kufakwe ilensi yepulasitiki esibanini sangaphambili.
8. Uphawu lwe-IA kulokhu lusho ukuthi ukukhanya kwekhanda kunesibonisi sokuthutha ngomshini.
9. Izinombolo ezingenhla kwemicibisholo zibonisa amaphesenti okuthambekela okufanele uhlaka oluphansi luhlakazeke ngaphansi kwalo. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kube lula ukulungisa ukugeleza okukhanyayo kwezibani zangaphambili.
10. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukugunyazwa okusemthethweni. Ikhuluma ngezindinganiso ezihlangabezana nelambu langaphambili. Izinombolo zikhomba inombolo ye-homologation (ukuthuthukisa). noma yimuphi umkhiqizi unezindinganiso zakhe, futhi uhambisana namazwe ngamazwe.

Izimpawu ze-headlight ngezigaba

Ukumaka kuwuphawu olucacile, olungenakuqedwa lokugunyazwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, lapho ungathola khona ulwazi mayelana nezwe elinikeze imvume, isigaba se-headlamp, inombolo yayo, uhlobo lwezibani ezingafakwa kulo, njalonjalo. Elinye igama lokumaka i-homologation, leli gama lisetshenziswa emibuthanweni yobungcweti. ngokuvamile, ukumaka isetshenziswa lens kanye headlight izindlu. Uma i-diffuser kanye ne-headlight ingafakiwe kusethi, khona-ke ukumaka okuhambisanayo kusetshenziswa engilazini yayo yokuvikela.

Manje ake siqhubekele encazelweni yezinhlobo zamalambu angaphambili. Ngakho, ziyizinhlobo ezintathu:

• izibani zangaphambili zezibani zendabuko ze-incandescent (manje zincane futhi zingavamile);
• izibani ze-halogen;
• izibani zangaphambili zama-xenon bulbs (ziphinde ziyizibani zokukhipha / izibani);
• amalambu e-diode (elinye igama izibani zeqhwa).

Ama-incandescent ama. Uhlamvu C lubonisa ukuthi zenzelwe ukukhanya nge-beam ephansi, uhlamvu R - ugongolo oluphezulu, inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu CR - isibani singakhipha imishayo ephansi nephezulu, inhlanganisela C / R isho ukuthi isibani singakhipha noma siphansi. noma ugongolo oluphezulu (Imithetho UNECE No. 112, GOST R 41.112-2005).

Izibani ze-Halogen. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlamvu ze-HC kusho ukuthi isibani esiphansi esiphansi, inhlanganisela ye-HR isho ukuthi isibani esokushayela, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-HCR kusho ukuthi isibani siphansi futhi siphezulu, kanye nenhlanganisela HC / R isibani noma isibani esiphansi noma esiphezulu (UNECE Regulation No. 112, GOST R 41.112-2005).

Izibani zeXenon (ukukhishwa kwegesi). Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlamvu ze-DC kusho ukuthi isibani senzelwe ukukhipha i-beam ephansi, inhlanganisela ye-DR isho ukuthi isibani sikhipha isibani esiphezulu, inhlanganisela ye-DCR isho ukuthi isibani siphansi futhi siphezulu, kanye nenhlanganisela DC / R kusho ukuthi isibani singaba yi-beam ephansi noma ephezulu (Imithetho UNECE No. 98, GOST R 41.98-99).

Ukumaka kwe-HCHR ezimotweni zaseJapan kusho - HID C Halogen R, okungukuthi, i-xenon ephansi, ukukhanya okuphezulu kwe-halogen.

Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 23, 2010, kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukufaka izibani ze-xenon emotweni. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi ube newasha yezibani zangaphambili kanye ne-auto-corrector yazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyafiseleka ukuthi ukuze abasebenzi bamaphoyisa omgwaqo wombuso benze amamaki afanele mayelana nezici ezethulwe ekwakhiweni kwemoto kukholamu "izimpawu ezikhethekile" ze-STS / PTS.

Izibani ezingcono kakhulu zezimoto

Узнайте, какие лампы установить в фары вашего автомобиля. Приведены рейтинги для популярных ламп в цоколях h1, h4 и h7. Списки составлены на основании замеров физических показателей ламп и их характеристиках Подробнее

 

Izimpawu Zokuvunyelwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Wonke amalambu anelayisensi afakwe ezimotweni zesimanje anohlobo oluthile lwesitifiketi. Izindinganiso ezilandelayo zivame kakhulu: uhlamvu “E” luhambisana nezinga laseYurophu, isifinyezo esithi DOT (Umnyango Wezokuthutha - Umnyango Wezokuthutha wase-United States) - izinga lokuqala laseMelika, inhlanganisela ye-SAE (Society Of Automotive Engineers - Society of Machine Engineers) - enye indinganiso ngokusho kwayo, kuhlanganise namafutha enjini.

Lapho umaka izibani, njengalapho umaka izibani, inombolo ethile isetshenziselwa ukukhomba amazwe. Ulwazi olufanele lufinyezwa kuthebula.

Inombolo	Igama lezwe	Inombolo	Igama lezwe	Inombolo	Igama lezwe
1	Germany	13	I-Luxembourg	25	Croatia
2	France	14	Switzerland	26	I-Slovenia
3	Italy	15	angabelwe	27	Slovakia
4	Netherlands	16	Norway	28	Belarus
5	Sweden	17	Finland	29	Estonia
6	Belgium	18	Denmark	30	angabelwe
7	Hungary	19	ERomania	31	IBosnia neHerzegovina
8	I-republic yaseCzech	20	Poland	32… 36	angabelwe
9	Spain	21	Portugal	37	Turkey
10	I-Yugoslavia	22	The Russian Federation	38-39	angabelwe
11	Великобритания	23	Греция	40	IRiphabhulikhi yaseMacedonia
12	Austria	24	angabelwe	-	-

Amalambu amaningi angaphambili abuye abe nelogo yomkhiqizi noma uhlobo lomkhiqizo okhiqizwe ngaphansi kwalo. Ngokufanayo, indawo yomkhiqizi ikhonjisiwe (ngokuvamile kumane nje kuyizwe lapho ukukhanya kwekhanda kwenziwa khona, isibonelo, Made in Taiwan), kanye nezinga lekhwalithi (lokhu kungaba yizinga lamazwe ngamazwe, isibonelo, i-ISO, noma izindinganiso zekhwalithi zangaphakathi zomkhiqizi oyedwa noma omunye).

Uhlobo lokukhanya okukhiphayo

ngokuvamile, ulwazi mayelana nohlobo lokukhanya okukhishwayo lukhonjiswa ndawana thize egameni lophawu oluyindilinga. Ngakho, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezingenhla zemisebe (halogen, xenon, LED), kukhona nalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:

• Uhlamvu L. yindlela imithombo yokukhanya yepuleti lelayisense elingemuva lemoto eqokwa ngayo.
• Uhlamvu A (ngezinye izikhathi luhlanganiswa nohlamvu D, okusho ukuthi ukuguquguquka kubhekisela kubhangqa lezibani). Ukuqokwa kuhambisana nezibani zesikhundla sangaphambili noma izibani eziseceleni.
• Uhlamvu R (ngokufanayo, ngezinye izikhathi luhlanganiswe nohlamvu D). Yilokhu ukukhanya komsila.
• Inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu S1, S2, S3 (ngokufanayo, nohlamvu D). anjalo-ke ama-brake lights.
• Uhlamvu B. Lena yindlela amalambu enkungu angaphambili aqokwa ngayo (ngegama lesiRashiya - PTF).
• Uhlamvu F. Igama lihambisana nesibani senkungu sangemuva, esifakwe ezimotweni, kanye nama-trailer.
• Uhlamvu S. Igama lihambisana nesibani esiyingilazi yonke.
• Ukuqokwa kwesikhombi sokuqondisa ngaphambili 1, 1B, 5 - side, 2a - ngemuva (bakhipha ukukhanya okuwolintshi).
• Izimpawu zokujika nazo ziza ngombala osobala (ukukhanya okumhlophe), kodwa zikhanya ngokusawolintshi ngenxa yezibani eziwolintshi ngaphakathi.
• Inhlanganisela yezimpawu ze-AR. Lena yindlela amalambu ahlehlayo afakwe ezimotweni nama-trailer aqashelwa ngayo.
• Izincwadi RL. ngakho maka izibani ze-fluorescent.
• Inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu PL. Izimpawu ezinjalo zihambisana nezibani zangaphambili ezinamalensi epulasitiki.
• 02A - lena indlela ukukhanya okuseceleni (usayizi) okuqokwe ngayo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izimoto ezihloselwe imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika (United States of America, Canada) azikho amagama afanayo naseYurophu, kodwa zinezazo. Isibonelo, "izimpawu zokujika" ezimotweni zaseMelika ngokuvamile zibomvu (yize zikhona ezinye). Izinhlanganisela zophawu IA, IIIA, IB, IIIB ziyizibonisi. Uphawu I luhambisana nezibonisi zezimoto, uphawu III lwama-trailer, futhi uphawu B luhambisana nezibani zangaphambili ezigxunyekiwe.

Ngokwemithetho yezimoto zaseMelika ezinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6, izibani zomaka eceleni kufanele zifakwe. Zinombala osawolintshi futhi ziqokwe i-SM1 ne-SM2 (yezimoto zabagibeli). Amalambu angemuva akhipha ilambu elibomvu. Ama-trailer kufanele afakwe isibonisi esimise okukanxantathu esinegama elithi ІІІА kanye namalambu ekhonta.

Ngokuvamile epuleti yolwazi kukhona nolwazi mayelana ne-angle yokuqala yokuthambekela, lapho ugongolo olucwilisiwe kufanele luhlakazeke. Ngokuvamile kuba ku-1 ... 1,5%. Kulokhu, kufanele kube ne-engeli enyakazayo yokulungisa i-angle, ngoba ngemithwalo ehlukene yemoto, i-angle yokukhanya kwelambu nayo iyashintsha (cishe, lapho ingemuva lemoto lilayishwe kakhulu, i-base flux ekhanyayo evela kumalambu ayiqondisiwe emgwaqweni, kodwa ngqo phambi kwemoto ngisho phezulu kancane). Ezimotweni zanamuhla, ngokuvamile lokhu kuyi-corrector ye-elekthronikhi, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule i-engeli ehambisanayo ngokuqondile nesihlalo somshayeli ngenkathi ushayela. Ezimotweni ezindala, le engeli kufanele ilungiswe ekukhanyeni.

Amanye amalambu amakwe ngenombolo evamile ye-SAE noma i-DOT (izinga laseYurophu naseMelika labakhiqizi bezimoto).

Inani lokukhanya

Kuwo wonke amalambu kukhona uphawu lokukhanya okukhulu kakhulu (in lux) isibani sangaphambili noma amalambu angaphambili akwazi ukukuletha. Leli nani libizwa ngenombolo yesisekelo ehamba phambili (efushanisiwe njenge-VCH). Ngokuvumelana nalokho, ukuphakama kwevelu ye-VOC, ukukhanya okukhulu okukhishwa amalambu, kanye nobubanzi obukhulu bokusakazeka kwayo. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lokhu kumaka kusebenza kuphela kumalambu angaphambili anezinsimbi ezicwilisiwe neziphakeme.

Ngokuhambisana nemithetho nemithetho yamanje, bonke abakhiqizi besimanje abavunyelwe ukukhiqiza izibani ezinenani eliyisisekelo eliholayo elidlula i-50 (elihambisana namakhandlela ayizinkulungwane eziyi-150, cd). Ngokuqondene nengqikithi yokukhanya okukhanyayo okukhishwe yizo zonke izibani ezibekwe phambi kwemoto, akufanele zidlule ama-75, noma ama-candela ayizinkulungwane ezingu-225. Okuhlukile amalambu ezimoto ezikhethekile kanye/noma izingxenye ezivaliwe zemigwaqo, kanye nezingxenye eziqhelelene kakhulu nezingxenye zomgwaqo ezisetshenziswa izinto zokuhamba ezivamile (zabantu).

Inkomba yohambo

Lokhu kumaka kubalulekile ezimotweni ezishayela kwesokudla, okungukuthi, leyo eyayiklanyelwe ukushayela emigwaqweni enethrafikhi engakwesokunxele. Lo msebenzi umakwe ngemicibisholo. Ngakho-ke, uma emfanekisweni ekukhanyeni kwekhanda umcibisholo ubonakala ukhomba kwesokunxele, ngakho-ke, ngokufanele, ukukhanya kwekhanda kufanele kufakwe emotweni eklanyelwe ukushayela emigwaqweni enethrafikhi kwesokunxele. Uma kunemicibisholo emibili enjalo (eqondiswe kwesokudla nakwesokunxele), khona-ke izibani ezinjalo zingafakwa emotweni emigwaqweni enethrafikhi engakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla. Yiqiniso, kulokhu, ukulungiswa okwengeziwe kwezibani zangaphambili kuyadingeka.

Kodwa-ke, ezimweni eziningi, imicibisholo imane ingekho, okusho ukuthi ukukhanya kufanele kufakwe emotweni eklanyelwe ukushayela emigwaqeni yesokudla. Ukungabi bikho komcibisholo kungenxa yokuthi miningi imigwaqo enezimoto ezingakwesokudla emhlabeni kunezo ezihamba kwesokunxele, ngokufanayo nezimoto ezihambisanayo.

Ukugunyazwa okusemthethweni

Izibani eziningi (kodwa hhayi zonke) ziqukethe ulwazi mayelana namazinga umkhiqizo othobelana nawo. Futhi kuncike kumkhiqizi othize. ngokuvamile, ulwazi lokumiswa lutholakala ngaphansi kophawu ngaphakathi kwendilinga. Ngokuvamile, ulwazi lugcinwa ngenhlanganisela izinombolo eziningana. Amabili awokuqala yizinguquko ezenziwe yilo modeli wesibani (uma zikhona, ngaphandle kwalokho amadijithi okuqala azoba ngoziro ababili). Izinombolo ezisele ziyinombolo ye-homologation ngayinye.

I-Homologation iwukuthuthukiswa kwento, ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zobuchwepheshe ukuze kuhambisane nanoma yimaphi amazinga noma izidingo zezwe labathengi lezimpahla, ukuthola imvume enhlanganweni esemthethweni. I-Homologation icishe ifane negama elithi "accreditation" kanye "nesitifiketi".

Abashayeli abaningi banesithakazelo embuzweni wokuthi ungabona kuphi ulwazi mayelana nokumaka izibani ezintsha noma ezivele zifakiwe emotweni. Ngokuvamile, ulwazi olufanele lusetshenziswa engxenyeni engenhla yendlu yesibani, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwe-hood. Enye inketho ukuthi ulwazi luphrintiwe engilazini yesibani esivela ohlangothini lwaso lwangaphakathi. Ngeshwa, kwamanye amalambu, ulwazi alukwazi ukufundwa ngaphandle kokuthi uqale uqaqa izibani ezihlalweni zabo. Kuya ngemodeli yemoto ethile.

Imaka izibani zangaphambili ze-xenon

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izibani zangaphambili ze-xenon sezithandwa kakhulu ngabashayeli basekhaya. Banezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kwemithombo yokukhanya ye-halogen yakudala. Banohlobo oluhlukile lwesisekelo - i-D2R (okuthiwa i-reflex) noma i-D2S (okuthiwa i-projektha), futhi izinga lokushisa elikhanyayo lingaphansi kuka-5000 K (inombolo 2 ekuqokweni ihambisana nesizukulwane sesibili sezibani, futhi inombolo 1, ngokulandelana, kweyokuqala, kodwa okwamanje itholakala njalo ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala). Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukufakwa kwezibani ze-xenon kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela efanele, okungukuthi, ngokuhambisana nemithetho nemithetho yamanje. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukufaka i-xenon headlight esitolo esikhethekile sokukhanda izimoto.

Okulandelayo yizimpawu eziqondile zezibani zangaphambili ze-halogen, okungenzeka ngazo ukunquma ukuthi ukukhanya kwe-xenon kungafakwa esikhundleni salokho:

• DC/DR. Ekukhanyeni okunjalo kunemithombo ehlukene yemishayo ephansi nephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqokwa okunjalo kungenziwa nasezilambuni ezikhipha igesi. Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sabo, ungabeka "ama-xenon", noma kunjalo, ngokuhambisana nemithetho eshiwo ngenhla.
• DC/HR. Amalambu anjalo aklanyelwe ukufakwa amalambu akhipha igesi ukuze kukhanye izinga eliphansi. Ngakho-ke, izibani ezinjalo azikwazi ukufakwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezibani.
• I-HC/HR. Lokhu kumaka kufakwe kumalambu ezimoto zaseJapan. Kusho ukuthi esikhundleni samalambu e-halogen, ama-xenon angafakwa kuwo. Uma umbhalo onjalo usemotweni yaseYurophu noma yaseMelika, khona-ke ukufakwa kwezibani ze-xenon kuzo futhi akuvunyelwe! Ngakho-ke, izibani ze-halogen kuphela ezingasetshenziselwa zona. Futhi lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili izibani eziphansi nezibani eziphezulu.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinombolo zibhalwa ngaphambi kwezimpawu ezishiwo ngenhla (isibonelo, 04). Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukuthi izinguquko zenziwe ekubhalweni nasekuklanyweni kwezibani ezihamba phambili ngokuhambisana nezidingo zoMthethonqubo we-UNECE ngenombolo ekhonjiswe ngaphambi kwezimpawu ezishiwo.

Ngokuqondene nezindawo lapho ulwazi mayelana nesibani esikhulu sisetshenziswa khona, imithombo yokukhanya ye-xenon ingaba nezintathu zazo:

• ngokunembile engilazini kusuka ngaphakathi kwayo;
• phezu kwekhava le-headlight, elenziwe ngengilazi noma epulasitiki, ukuze ufunde ulwazi olufanele, ngokuvamile udinga ukuvula i-hood yemoto;
• ngemuva kwesembozo sengilazi.

Amalambu e-Xenon nawo anezinombolo zokuqanjwa ngakunye. Phakathi kwazo kunezinhlamvu eziningana zesiNgisi:

• A - uhlangothi;
• B - inkungu;
• C - ugongolo ocwilisiwe;
• R - ugongolo oluphezulu;
• I-C / R (CR) - ukuze isetshenziswe kumalambu njengemithombo yakho kokubili imishayo ephansi nephezulu.

isitika sezibani zangaphambili ze-xenon

Amasampula ezitika ezihlukahlukene

Muva nje, phakathi kwabashayeli bezimoto, izimoto zabo ze-xenon azifakiwe embonini, kodwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza, isihloko sokuzenzela izitika zezibani zangaphambili sithola ukuthandwa. okungukuthi, lokhu kuyiqiniso kuma-xenon asetshenzwe kabusha, okungukuthi, amalensi e-xenon avamile ashintshiwe noma afakiwe (ku-optics ngaphandle kwezinguquko, isitika esihambisanayo senziwa umenzi wesibani noma imoto).

Lapho wenza izitika zamalambu e-xenon ngokwakho, kufanele wazi le mingcele elandelayo:

• Uhlobo luni lwamalensi afakiwe - ama-bilenses noma ama-mono ajwayelekile.
• Ama-bulb asetshenziswa ekukhanyeni kwekhanda angowe-beam ephansi, i-beam ephezulu, isignali yokujika, izibani ezigijimayo, uhlobo lwesisekelo, njalonjalo. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi kumalensi e-Chinese Plug-n-play, ilensi yesiShayina nesisekelo se-halogen (uhlobo H1, H4 nezinye) azikwazi ukukhonjiswa esitikha. futhi, ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwabo, kubalulekile ukufihla izintambo zabo, ngoba ngokubukeka kwazo (ukufakwa) umuntu angakwazi ukubona kalula lezi zixhobo, futhi angene enkingeni lapho ehlola abasebenzi be-State Road Service.
• Ubukhulu beJiyomethri besitika. Kufanele ingene ngokuphelele endlini yezibani futhi inikeze ulwazi olugcwele uma uyibuka.
• Umkhiqizi wezibani zekhanda (ziningi zazo manje).
• Ulwazi olwengeziwe, njengedethi yokwenziwa kwezibani zangaphambili.

Izibani zokumaka ezimelene nokweba

Njengama-windshields, amalambu emoto nawo abhalwe inombolo ebizwa nge-VIN, umsebenzi wawo ukuhlonza ingilazi ethile ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuntshontshwa kwamalambu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezimoto ezibizayo zakwamanye amazwe zabakhiqizi abadumile emhlabeni, izindleko zezibani eziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ama-analogues awakho noma anenani elikhulu. I-VIN ivame ukuqoshwa ezindlini zamalambu. Ulwazi olufanayo lufakwe emibhalweni yobuchwepheshe yemoto. Ngakho-ke, lapho uhlola ukumiswa kwemoto yephoyisa lomgwaqo, uma inani lekhodi lingahambisani, bangase babe nemibuzo kumnikazi wemoto.

iyikhodi ye-VIN eyikhodi enezinombolo eziyishumi nesikhombisa ehlanganisa izinhlamvu nezinombolo, futhi inikezwa umkhiqizi wemoto noma umkhiqizi welambu ngokwalo. Le khodi iphinde iphindwe ezindaweni eziningana emzimbeni wemoto - ekamelweni, ku-nameplate ngaphansi kwe-hood, ngaphansi kwe-windshield. Ngakho-ke, lapho uthenga izibani ezithile, kuhle ukhethe imithombo yokukhanya lapho ikhodi ye-VIN ibonakala ngokucacile, futhi lonke ulwazi mayelana nomkhiqizo luyaziwa.