Isondo kazibuthe likaMaxwell

Isazi sefiziksi esiyiNgisi uJames Clark Maxwell, owaphila kusukela ngo-1831-79, waziwa kakhulu ngokwenza uhlelo lwezibalo olungaphansi kwe-electrodynamics—futhi ulusebenzisele ukubikezela ukuba khona kwamagagasi kagesi. Nokho, lokhu akuzona zonke izimpumelelo zakhe ezibalulekile. UMaxwell wayephinde abambe iqhaza ku-thermodynamics, kuhlanganisa. wanikeza umqondo "wedemoni" elidumile eliqondisa ukunyakaza kwama-molecule egesi, futhi lithole ifomula echaza ukusatshalaliswa kwama-velocities awo. Wabuye wafunda ukwakheka kombala futhi wasungula idivayisi elula kakhulu futhi ethakazelisayo ukuze abonise omunye wemithetho eyisisekelo yemvelo - isimiso sokulondoloza amandla. Ake sizame ukwazi le divayisi kangcono.

Imishini eshiwo ibizwa ngokuthi isondo likaMaxwell noma i-pendulum. Sizobhekana nezinguqulo zayo ezimbili. Okokuqala kuzosungulwa nguMaxwell - ake sikubize nge-classic, lapho kungekho khona odonsa. Kamuva sizoxoxa ngenguqulo eguquliwe, okuyinto emangalisayo nakakhulu. Ngeke nje sikwazi ukusebenzisa kokubili izinketho zedemo, i.e. ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, kodwa futhi nokunquma ukusebenza kahle kwazo. Lo sayizi uyipharamitha ebalulekile yawo wonke injini nomshini osebenzayo.

Ake siqale ngenguqulo yakudala yesondo lika-Maxwell.

I-Lynx. eyodwa. Inguqulo yakudala yesondo likaMaxwell: 1 - ibha evundlile, 2 - intambo eqinile, 3 - i-axle, 4 - isondo elinomzuzu ophezulu we-inertia.

Inguqulo yakudala yesondo likaMaxwell ikhonjisiwe ku-Fig. umkhiwane. 1. Ukuze siyenze, sinamathisela induku eqinile ngokuvundlile - ingaba ibhulashi eliboshwe ngemuva kwesihlalo. Khona-ke udinga ukulungisa isondo elifanele futhi ulibeke linganyakazi ku-axle encane. Okufanelekile, ububanzi bendilinga kufanele bube ngu-10-15 cm, futhi isisindo kufanele sibe ngu-0,5 kg. Kubalulekile ukuthi cishe yonke inqwaba yesondo iwele kumjikelezo. Ngamanye amazwi, isondo kufanele libe nendawo ekhanyayo kanye nerimu elisindayo. Ngale njongo, ungasebenzisa isondo elincane eline-spoked kusuka enqoleni noma isivalo esikhulu sikathini esisuka ethini futhi uwalayishe azungeze isiyingi ngenombolo efanelekile yokujika kocingo. Isondo libekwe linganyakazi ku-ekseli encane engxenyeni yobude balo. I-axis yingxenye yepayipi ye-aluminium noma induku enobubanzi obungu-8-10 mm. Indlela elula ukubhoboza imbobo esondweni enobubanzi obungu-0,1-0,2 mm ngaphansi kobubanzi be-axle, noma usebenzise imbobo ekhona ukufaka isondo ku-axle. Ukuze kuxhunywe kangcono nesondo, i-axle ingagcotshwa ngeglue endaweni yokuxhumana yalezi zakhi ngaphambi kokucindezela.

Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zendilinga, sibopha izingxenye zentambo encane futhi eqinile ubude obungu-50-80 cm ku-axis. Kodwa-ke, ukulungiswa okuthembeke kakhudlwana kutholakala ngokubhoboza i-axis emikhawulweni yomibili nge-drill encane (1-2 mm) ngobubanzi bayo, efaka umucu kulezi zimbobo futhi ayibophe. Sibopha iziphetho ezisele zentambo endongeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela silenga umbuthano. Kubalulekile ukuthi i-axis yendilinga ivundlile ngokuqinile, futhi imicu iqondile futhi ihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo ukusuka endizeni yayo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluphelele, kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi ungakwazi futhi ukuthenga isondo likaMaxwell eliphelile ezinkampanini ezithengisa izinsiza zokufundisa noma amathoyizi okufundisa. Esikhathini esidlule, ibisetshenziswa cishe kuwo wonke amalebhu e-physics yesikole. 

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala

Ake siqale ngesimo lapho isondo lilenga eksisi evundlile endaweni ephansi kakhulu, i.e. yomibili imicu ayilimalanga ngokuphelele. Sibamba i-ekseli yesondo ngeminwe yethu emikhawulweni yomibili bese siyizungezisa kancane. Ngakho, sisonta imicu ku-axis. Kufanele unake iqiniso lokuthi ukuphenduka okulandelayo kwentambo kuhlukaniswe ngokulinganayo - eyodwa eduze komunye. I-ekseli yesondo kufanele ihlale ivundlile. Lapho isondo lisondela endukwini, yeka ukugoqa futhi uvumele i-ekseli ukuthi ihambe ngokukhululeka. Ngaphansi kwethonya lesisindo, isondo liqala ukuhamba liye phansi futhi imicu ihlehle ku-axle. Isondo lijikeleza kancane kakhulu ekuqaleni, bese liyashesha futhi ngokushesha. Lapho izintambo zembuleke ngokugcwele, isondo lifinyelela iphuzu eliphansi kakhulu, bese kwenzeka okuthile okumangalisayo. Ukujikeleza kwesondo kuqhubekela ohlangothini olufanayo, futhi isondo liqala ukuya phezulu, futhi izintambo ziboshwe e-axis yalo. Ijubane lesondo liyehla kancane kancane futhi ekugcineni lilingane noziro. Isondo libe selibonakala lilingana nobude ngaphambi kokuthi likhishwe. Ukunyakaza okulandelayo kokuya phezulu naphansi kuyaphindwa izikhathi eziningi. Nokho, ngemva kokunyakaza okunjalo okumbalwa noma kweshumi nambili, siphawula ukuthi ukuphakama lapho isondo likhuphuka khona kuba kuncane. Ekugcineni isondo lizoma endaweni yalo ephansi kakhulu. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, kuvame ukukwazi ukubona i-oscillation ye-axis yesondo ngendlela eqondile emculweni, njengasendabeni ye-pendulum ebonakalayo. Ngakho-ke, isondo likaMaxwell ngezinye izikhathi libizwa ngokuthi i-pendulum.

I-Lynx. eyodwa. Imingcele eyinhloko yesondo likaMaxwell: - isisindo, - i-wheel radius, - i-axle radius, - isisindo sesondo nge-axle, - isivinini somugqa, ₀ - ukuphakama kokuqala.

Manje ake sichaze ukuthi kungani isondo likaMaxwell liziphatha ngale ndlela. Ukusonga imicu ku-ekseli, phakamisa isondo ngobude ₀ futhi usebenze ngakho (umkhiwane. 2). Ngenxa yalokho, isondo endaweni yalo ephakeme kakhulu linamandla adonsela phansi angaba khona _pkuvezwe ifomula [1]:

ikuphi ukusheshisa kokuwa kwamahhala.

Njengoba intambo ivuleka, ukuphakama kuncipha, kanye nawo amandla anamandla adonsela phansi. Nokho, isondo lithatha isivinini futhi ngaleyo ndlela lithola amandla e-kinetic. _kebalwa ngefomula [2]:

sikuphi umzuzu we-inertia yesondo, futhi isivinini salo se-angular (= /). Indawo ephansi yesondo (₀ = 0) amandla angaba khona nawo alingana noziro. Nokho, la mandla awazange afe, kodwa aphenduka abe amandla e-kinetic, angabhalwa ngokuvumelana nefomula [3]:

Njengoba isondo likhuphuka, ijubane layo liyancipha, kodwa ukuphakama kuyanda, bese amandla e-kinetic abe amandla angaba namandla. Lezi zinguquko zingathatha noma yisiphi isikhathi uma bekungengenxa yokumelana nokunyakaza - ukumelana komoya, ukumelana okuhambisana nokusongwa kwentambo, okudinga umsebenzi othile futhi kubangele ukuthi isondo lihlehlise ukuze lime ngokuphelele. Amandla awacindezeli, ngoba umsebenzi owenziwe ekunqobeni ukumelana nokunyakaza kubangela ukwanda kwamandla angaphakathi kwesistimu kanye nokwanda okuhambisanayo kwezinga lokushisa, okungase kutholwe nge-thermometer ebucayi kakhulu. Umsebenzi wemishini ungaguqulwa ube amandla angaphakathi ngaphandle komkhawulo. Ngeshwa, inqubo yokuhlehla ivinjelwa umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics, ngakho-ke amandla anamandla kanye ne-kinetic wesondo agcina eyancipha. Kuyabonakala ukuthi isondo likaMaxwell liyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokukhombisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla futhi lichaze isimiso sokuziphatha kwalo.

Ukusebenza kahle, kanjani ukubala?

Ukusebenza kahle kwanoma yimuphi umshini, idivayisi, isistimu noma inqubo kuchazwa njengesilinganiso samandla atholwe ngendlela ewusizo. _u ukuletha amandla _d. Leli nani livamise ukuvezwa njengephesenti, ngakho ukusebenza kahle kuvezwa ifomula [4]:

                                                        .

Ukusebenza kahle kwezinto zangempela noma izinqubo kuhlale kungaphansi kuka-100%, nakuba kungaba futhi kufanele kusondele kakhulu kuleli nani. Ake sifanekise le ncazelo ngesibonelo esilula.

Amandla awusizo emoto kagesi amandla e-kinetic okunyakaza okujikelezayo. Ukuze injini enjalo isebenze, kufanele inikezwe amandla kagesi, isibonelo, ebhethri. Njengoba wazi, ingxenye yamandla okufakwayo ibangela ukushisa kwama-windings, noma iyadingeka ukuze kunqobe amandla okungqubuzana kuma-bearings. Ngakho-ke, amandla e-kinetic awusizo angaphansi kukagesi wokufakwayo. Esikhundleni samandla, amanani we- [4] angashintshwa abe yifomula.

Njengoba sike saqala, isondo lika-Maxwell linamandla adonsela phansi angaba khona ngaphambi kokuba liqale ukuhamba. _p. Ngemva kokuqeda umjikelezo owodwa wokunyakaza kokuya phezulu naphansi, isondo libuye libe namandla anamandla adonsela phansi, kodwa ekuphakameni okuphansi. ₁ngakho-ke kukhona amandla amancane. Ake sisho la mandla ngokuthi _I-P1. Ngokwefomula [4], ukusebenza kahle kwesondo lethu njengesiguquli samandla kungavezwa ngefomula [5]:

Ifomula [1] ibonisa ukuthi amandla angaba khona alingana ngokuqondile nobude. Lapho ushintsha ifomula [1] kufomula [5] futhi kucatshangelwa amamaki obude ahambisanayo kanye ₁, ngithola ukuthi [6]:

Ifomula [6] yenza kube lula ukunquma ukusebenza kahle kombuthano wakwaMaxwell - kwanele ukukala ubude obuhambisanayo nokubala i-quotient yabo. Ngemva komjikelezo owodwa wokunyakaza, ukuphakama kusengaba eduze kakhulu komunye nomunye. Lokhu kungenzeka ngesondo eliklanywe ngokucophelela elinesikhathi esikhulu se-inetia esiphakanyiswe ukuphakama okukhulu. Ngakho-ke kuzodingeka uthathe izilinganiso ngokunemba okukhulu, okuzoba nzima ekhaya ngombusi. Yiqiniso, ungaphinda izilinganiso futhi ubale inani elimaphakathi, kodwa uzothola umphumela ngokushesha ngemva kokuthola ifomula ecabangela ukukhula ngemva kokunyakaza okwengeziwe. Uma siphinda inqubo yangaphambilini yokushayela imijikelezo, ngemva kwalokho isondo lizofinyelela ukuphakama kwalo okuphezulu _n, khona-ke ifomula yokusebenza kahle izoba [7]:

ukuphakama _n ngemva kwemijikelezo embalwa noma eyishumi nambili noma kanjalo yokuhamba, ihluke kakhulu ₀ukuthi kuzoba lula ukubona nokulinganisa. Ukusebenza kahle kwesondo le-Maxwell, kuye ngemininingwane yokwenziwa kwayo - ubukhulu, isisindo, uhlobo nokushuba kwentambo, njll - ngokuvamile ku-50-96%. Amanani amancane atholwa amasondo anesisindo esincane nama-radii amisiwe emicu eqinile. Ngokusobala, ngemva kwenani elikhulu ngokwanele lemijikelezo, isondo liyama endaweni ephansi kakhulu, i.e. _n = 0. Umfundi olalelayo, nokho, uzothi-ke ukusebenza kahle okubalwa ngefomula [7] kulingana no-0. Inkinga iwukuthi ekuthathweni kwefomula [7], samukela ngokuyimfihlo umcabango owengeziwe wokwenza lula. Ngokusho kwakhe, emjikelezweni ngamunye wokunyakaza, isondo lilahlekelwa isabelo esifanayo samandla alo amanje futhi ukusebenza kahle kwalo kuhlala njalo. Olimini lwezibalo, sicabange ukuthi ubude obulandelanayo bakha ukuqhubeka kwejometri nge-quotient. Eqinisweni, lokhu akufanele kube kuze kube yilapho isondo ekugcineni liyeka ekuphakameni okuphansi. Lesi simo siyisibonelo sephethini evamile, ngokuya ngawo wonke amafomula, imithetho kanye nezithiyori ezibonakalayo ezinomkhawulo olinganiselwe wokusetshenziswa, kuye ngokuqagela kanye nokwenza lula okwamukelwa ekubunjweni kwazo.

Inguqulo yamagnetic

I-Lynx. eyodwa. Isondo lamagnetic likaMaxwell: 1 - isondo elinomzuzu ophezulu we-inertia, 2 - i-axis enamadonsa, 3 - umhlahlandlela wensimbi, 4 - isixhumi, 5 - induku.

Manje sizobhekana nenguqulo kazibuthe yesondo likaMaxwell - imininingwane yokwakha yethulwa Ilayisi. 3 kanye 4. Ukuyihlanganisa, uzodinga omazibuthe ababili be-cylindrical neodymium abanobubanzi obuyi-6-10 mm nobude obuyi-15-20 mm. Sizokwenza i-ekseli yesondo ngeshubhu ye-aluminium enobubanzi obungaphakathi obulingana nobubanzi bukazibuthe. Udonga lweshubhu kufanele lube mncane ngokwanele

1 mm. Sifaka odonsa ku-tube, sibabeke kude no-1-2 mm ukusuka ekugcineni kwayo, bese sibanamathisela nge-epoxy glue, njenge-Poxipol. Ukuma kwezigxobo zikamazibuthe akunandaba. Sivala iziphetho ze-tube ngamadiski amancane e-aluminium, azokwenza amagnethi angabonakali, futhi i-axis izobukeka njengenduku eqinile. Izimo okumele zihlangatshezwe yisondo nendlela yokulifaka ziyafana nakuqala.

Kule nguqulo yesondo, kuyadingeka futhi ukwenza iziqondiso zensimbi ezivela ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezifakwe ngokuhambisana. Isibonelo sobude beziqondiso, ezisebenziseka kalula, zingama-cm angama-50-70. Okubizwa ngokuthi amaphrofayili avaliwe (angenalutho ngaphakathi) wesigaba sesikwele, ohlangothini olunobude obuyi-10-15 mm. Ibanga phakathi kweziqondiso kumele lilingane nebanga lezidonsa ezibekwe ku-eksisi. Iziphetho zeziqondiso ohlangothini olulodwa kufanele zifakwe ku-semicircle. Ukuze kugcinwe kangcono i-eksisi, izingcezu zensimbi zingacindezelwa eziqondisweni eziphambi kwefayela. Iziphetho ezisele zazo zombili izintambo kufanele zixhunywe kusixhumi senduku nganoma iyiphi indlela, isibonelo, ngama-bolts namantongomane. Ngenxa yalokhu, sithole isibambo esikhululekile esingabanjwa ngesandla sakho noma sinamathiselwe ku-tripod. Ukubukeka kwelinye lamakhophi akhiqiziwe emibukiso yamasondo kazibuthe kaMaxwell ISITHOMBE. eyodwa.

Ukuze wenze kusebenze isondo kazibuthe lika-Maxwell, beka iziphetho ze-asili yalo endaweni ephezulu yamareyili eduze nesixhumi. Ubambe amagayidi ngesibambo, uwatshekise ngokudayagonali ngasekugcineni okuyindilinga. Khona-ke isondo liqala ukugoqa phakathi kweziqondiso, njengokungathi lisendizeni ethambekele. Lapho iziphetho eziyindilinga zeziqondiso zifinyelelwa, isondo aliwi, kodwa ligoqa phezu kwabo futhi

I-Lynx. eyodwa. Imininingwane yokwakheka kwesondo kazibuthe likaMaxwell ikhonjisiwe esigabeni se-axial:

I-1 - isondo elinomzuzwana ophezulu we-inertia, 2 - i-aluminium tube axle, 3 - cylindrical neodymium uzibuthe, 4 - idiski ye-aluminium.

yenza inguquko emangalisayo - igoqa izindawo ezingezansi zamagayidi. Umjikelezo ochaziwe wokunyakaza uphindwa izikhathi eziningi, njengenguqulo yakudala yesondo lika-Maxwell. Singakwazi ngisho ukusetha ama-rails abheke phezulu futhi isondo lizoziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Ukugcina isondo endaweni yomhlahlandlela kungenzeka ngenxa yokukhanga kwe-axle enamazibuthe e-neodymium afihlwe kuyo.

Uma, nge-angle enkulu yokuthambekela kweziqondiso, isondo lislayida eduze kwabo, khona-ke iziphetho ze-axis zalo kufanele ziboshwe ngesendlalelo esisodwa se-sandpaper ehlanjululwe kahle futhi sihlanganiswe ne-Butapren glue. Ngale ndlela, sizokwandisa ukungqubuzana okudingekayo ukuze siqinisekise ukugoqa ngaphandle kokushelela. Lapho inguqulo kazibuthe yesondo likaMaxwell inyakaza, izinguquko ezifanayo zamandla emishini zenzeka, njengasendabeni yenguqulo yakudala. Kodwa-ke, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kungase kube kukhulu ngenxa yokungqubuzana nokuhlehliswa kazibuthe kweziqondiso. Kule nguqulo yesondo, singakwazi futhi ukunquma ukusebenza kahle ngendlela efanayo njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambilini kunguqulo yakudala. Kuyoba okuthakazelisayo ukuqhathanisa amanani atholiwe. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi iziqondiso akudingeki ziqonde (zingaba, isibonelo, i-wavy) bese ukunyakaza kwesondo kuyoba okuthakazelisayo nakakhulu.

kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla

Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ngesondo le-Maxwell kusivumela ukuthi sifinyelele iziphetho ezimbalwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamandla kuvame kakhulu emvelweni. Kukhona njalo lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwamandla, okuyinto empeleni ukuguqulwa kwezinhlobo zamandla ezingasizi kithi esimweni esithile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukusebenza kahle kwemishini yangempela, amadivaysi kanye nezinqubo kuhlale kungaphansi kwe-100%. Yingakho kungenakwenzeka ukwakha umshini othi, uma usuqalile, uzohamba unomphela ngaphandle kokunikezwa kwamandla angaphandle adingekayo ukumboza ukulahlekelwa. Ngeshwa, ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, akuwona wonke umuntu okwaziyo lokhu. Kungakho, ngezikhathi ezithile, iHhovisi Lelungelo Lobunikazi laseRiphabhulikhi yasePoland lithola uhlaka olusungulwe lohlobo lwe- "Universal device yemishini yokushayela", lisebenzisa amandla "angapheli" azibuthe (mhlawumbe kwenzeka nakwamanye amazwe). Yiqiniso, imibiko enjalo iyenqatshwa. Ukulungiswa kufushane: idivayisi ngeke isebenze futhi ayifanele ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni (ngakho-ke ayihlangabezani nezimo ezidingekayo zokuthola ilungelo lobunikazi), ngoba ayihambisani nomthetho oyisisekelo wemvelo - isimiso sokulondoloza amandla.

Isithombe 1. Ukubukeka kwelinye lamasondo kazibuthe kaMaxwell.

Abafundi bangase babone ukufana okuthile phakathi kwesondo likaMaxwell nethoyizi elidumile elibizwa ngokuthi i-yo-yo. Endabeni ye-yo-yo, ukulahlekelwa amandla kugcwaliswa umsebenzi womsebenzisi wethoyizi, ophakamisa futhi ehlise isiphetho esiphezulu sentambo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuphetha ngokuthi umzimba onomzuzu omkhulu we-inertia kunzima ukujikeleza futhi kunzima ukuwuyeka. Ngakho-ke, isondo likaMaxwell liyakhula kancane kancane uma lehla futhi liyalehlisa kancane njengoba liya phezulu. Imijikelezo eya phezulu naphansi nayo iyaphindwa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba isondo ligcine lime. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla amakhulu e-kinetic agcinwa esondweni elinjalo. Ngakho-ke, amaphrojekthi acatshangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamasondo anomzuzu omkhulu we-inertia futhi ngaphambili alethwe ekujikelezeni okusheshayo, njengohlobo lwe "accumulator" yamandla, okuhloswe ngayo, isibonelo, ukunyakaza okwengeziwe kwezimoto. Esikhathini esedlule, ama-flywheels anamandla ayesetshenziswa ezinjinini zesitimu ukuze anikeze ukuzungezisa okuningi, futhi namuhla ayingxenye ebalulekile yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zemoto.