I-Test drive Magic Fires: umlando wemishini ye-compressor

Kulolu chungechunge sizokhuluma ngokuphoqelelwa kokufaka uphethiloli nokuthuthukiswa kwezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo.

Ungumprofethi emibhalweni yokulungiswa kwezimoto. Ungumsindisi wenjini kadizili. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi abaklami benjini kaphethiloli benganaki lesi simo, kodwa namuhla sesiyinto yonke. I-turbocharger... Ithuthuke kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Umfowabo, icompressor eqhutshwa ngamandla, naye akanazo izinhlelo zokushiya inkundla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulungele umbimbi oluzoholela ekubumbaneni okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ezinxushunxushwini zombango wanamuhla wobuchwepheshe, abamele imisinga emibili engaphambi komlando baphikisene, okufakazela umqondo wokuthi iqiniso lihlala linjalo kungakhathalekile umahluko wemibono.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-4500 l / 100 km ne-oxygen eningi

I-arithmetic ilula uma kuqhathaniswa futhi isekelwe emithethweni ye-physics kuphela... Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi imoto enesisindo esingaba ngu-1000 kg futhi idonsa ngendlela engenathemba ihlanganisa amamitha angu-305 ukusuka lapho imile ngaphansi kwemizuzwana engu-4,0, ifinyelela isivinini esingu-500 km/h ingxenye yamandla enjini yale moto kumele idlule i-9000 hp. Izibalo ezifanayo zikhombisa ukuthi ngaphakathi kwe-cross section, i-crankshaft ejikelezayo yenjini egijima ku-8400 rpm izokwazi ukuphenduka izikhathi ezingaba ngu-560 kuphela, kodwa lokhu ngeke kuvimbele injini engu-8,2 litre ukuthi imunce cishe amalitha angu-15 kaphethiloli. Njengomphumela wesinye isibalo esilula, kuyacaca ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso esijwayelekile sokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwale moto kungaphezu kuka-4500 l/100 km. Ngezwi - amalitha ayizinkulungwane ezine namakhulu amahlanu. Eqinisweni, lezi zinjini azinazo izinhlelo zokupholisa - zipholiswa ngophethiloli...

Akukho lutho oluqanjiwe ngalezi zinombolo... Lawa makhulu, kodwa amanani angempela avela emhlabeni wemijaho yesimanje yokuhudula. Ngeke kube kuhle ukuhlukanisa izimoto eziqhudelana emijahweni egijima kakhulu njengezimoto ezigijimayo, njengoba izidalwa ezinamasondo amane ezimbozwe intuthu eluhlaza zingenakuqhathaniswa ngisho nokhilimu wobuchwepheshe besimanje bezimoto obusetshenziswa kuFormula 1. Ngakho-ke, sizosebenzisa i- igama elidumile "dragsters" . - Akungabazeki ukuthi ezithakazelisayo ngendlela yazo, izimoto eziyingqayizivele eziletha umuzwa oyingqayizivele kubalandeli abangaphandle kwethrekhi yamamitha angu-305 kanye nabashayeli ababuchopho babo, ngaphansi kokusheshisa okusheshayo kwe-5 g, cishe buthatha isimo sombala wesithombe esinezinhlangothi ezimbili. odongeni olungemuva logebhezi

Lezi zidonsela ngokusobala ziyizinhlobonhlobo ezidume kakhulu futhi ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zemotorport ethandwa kakhulu e-United States, engaphansi kwesigaba se-Top Fuel esinempikiswano. Leli gama lisuselwa ekusebenzeni okwedlulele kwamakhemikhali e-nitromethane okusetshenziswa imishini ye-hellish njengophethiloli wezinjini zawo. Ngaphansi kwethonya lale nhlanganisela eqhumayo, izinjini zisebenza kumodi yokugcwala ngokweqile futhi emijahweni embalwa nje iphenduka inqwaba yensimbi engadingekile, futhi ngenxa yokuthambekela kukaphethiloli ukuqhuma ngokuqhubekayo, umsindo wokusebenza kwazo ufana nokubhonga kwesibindi kwesilo esibala izikhathi zokugcina zempilo yakho. Izinqubo ezinjini zingaqhathaniswa kuphela nezinxushunxushu ezingalawuleki ngokuphelele ezisemngceleni wokufuna ukuzibulala. Imvamisa eyodwa yamasilinda yehluleka ekugcineni kwesigaba sokuqala. Amandla ezinjini ezisetshenziswe kulo mdlalo osangene afinyelela amanani angenakubalwa yi-dynamometer emhlabeni, futhi ukuhlukunyezwa kwemishini kudlula yonke imikhawulo yobushokobezi bobunjiniyela ...

Kepha ake sibuyele enhliziyweni yendaba yethu futhi sibhekisise izakhiwo zephethiloli ye-nitromethane (ehlanganiswe namaphesenti ambalwa wokulinganisa i-methanol), okungangabazeki ukuthi yinto enamandla kakhulu esetshenziswa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomjaho wezimoto. umsebenzi. I-athomu ngayinye yekhabhoni ku-molecule yayo (i-CH3NO2) inama-athomu amabili e-oksijeni, okusho ukuthi uphethiloli uphatha iningi le-oksijeni edingekayo ekushiseni. Ngesizathu esifanayo, okuqukethwe amandla elitha ngalinye le-nitromethane kuphansi kunelitha ngalinye likaphethiloli, kodwa ngenani elifanayo lomoya omusha injini engaluncela emagumbini omlilo, i-nitromethane izohlinzeka ngamandla aphelele kakhulu ngesikhathi somlilo. ... Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba nakho kuqukethe i-oksijeni ngakho-ke kungakhipha inqwaba yezakhi zikaphethiloli ze-hydrocarbon (imvamisa engashisi uma kungekho-oxygen). Ngamanye amagama, i-nitromethane inamandla angaphansi kuka-3,7 kunophethiloli, kepha ngomoya ofanayo, i-nitromethane ephindwe izikhathi eziyi-8,6 ingahlanganiswa ne-petroli.

Noma ubani ojwayelene nezinqubo zokushisa enjini yemoto uyazi ukuthi inkinga yangempela yokukhama amandla engeziwe enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ayikhulisi ukugeleza kukaphethiloli emakamelweni - amaphampu anamandla we-hydraulic anele ukwenza lokho. ukufinyelela umfutho ophakeme ngokwedlulele. Inselele yangempela ukuhlinzeka komoya owanele (noma umoya-mpilo) ukuze kukhishwe ama-hydrocarbons nokuqinisekisa ukuvutha okunamandla okuphezulu. Yingakho i-nitrohetane isetshenziselwa uphethiloli we-dragsters, ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube yinto engacabangeki neze ukufeza imiphumela yalolu hlelo ngenjini ene-displacement 8,2 amalitha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimoto zisebenza ngezingxube ezicebile (ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, i-nitromethane ingaqala ukuxubha), ngenxa yokuthi ezinye ze-fuel oxidizes ku-exhaust amapayipi futhi zakha izibani ezimangalisayo zemilingo ngaphezu kwazo.

Torque 6750 Newton amamitha

I-torque evamile yalezi zinjini ifinyelela ku-6750 Nm. Cishe usubonile kakade ukuthi kunento eyinqaba ngayo yonke lezibalo... Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuze kufinyelelwe amanani omkhawulo ashiwo, njalo ngomzuzwana injini egijima ngo-8400 rpm kufanele imunce ingapheli, ingabi ngaphansi kuka-1,7 cubic metres. womoya omusha. Yinye kuphela indlela yokwenza lokhu - ukugcwaliswa ngamandla. Indima eyinhloko kuleli cala idlalwa iyunithi enkulu yemishini yakudala yohlobo lwe-Roots, ngenxa yokuthi ingcindezi ezinhlobonhlobo zenjini ye-dragster (ngokusekelwe ku-prehistoric Chrysler Hemi Elephant) ifinyelela ibha engu-5 emangalisayo.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono imithwalo ehilelekile kuleli cala, ake sithathe njengesibonelo enye yezinganekwane zeminyaka yegolide ye-compressor mechanical - injini yokugijima engu-3,0-litre V12. I-Mercedes-Benz W154. Amandla ale moto ayengama-468 hp. s., kodwa kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi idrayivu ye-compressor ithathe isivinini esingu-150 hp. s., ngaphandle kokufinyelela ibha eshiwo engu-5. Uma manje sengeza izinkulungwane eziyi-150 zehp kumthethosivivinywa, sifika esiphethweni sokuthi i-W154 ngempela yayine-hp engakholeki engu-618 ngesikhathi sayo. Ungazahlulela ngokwakho ukuthi angakanani amandla angempela atholwa izinjini zesigaba se-Top Fuel nokuthi angakanani adonswa yi-mechanical compressor drive. Yiqiniso, ukusebenzisa i-turbocharger kuleli cala kuzosebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa ukuklama kwayo akukwazanga ukubhekana nomthwalo oshisayo oshisayo ovela kumagesi okukhipha.

Ukuqala kokuncipha

Emlandweni omkhulu wezimoto, ukuba khona kwento ephoqelela ukuthungela izinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo kube yisibonakaliso sobuchwepheshe bamuva besigaba sokuthuthuka esihambisanayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-2005 ngenkathi umklomelo wokuhlonishwa kwezobuchwepheshe embonini yezimoto nezemidlalo, owaqanjwa ngegama lomsunguli walo magazini, uPaul Peach, wethulwa kwiNhloko ye-VW Engine Development uRudolf Krebs nethimba lakhe lezentuthuko. ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe beTwincharger enjinini kaphethiloli ongu-1,4 litre. Ngenxa yokugcwaliswa okuphoqiwe kwamasilinda kusetshenziswa isistimu yokuvumelanisa yemishini kanye ne-turbocharger, iyunithi lihlanganisa ngobuciko ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwe-torque namandla amakhulu ajwayelekile ezinjini ezihlosiwe ngokwemvelo ezinokuhamba okukhulu ngomnotho nomnotho wezinjini ezincane. Eminyakeni eyishumi nanye kamuva, injini yakwa-VW eyi-11 litre TSI (enokufuduka okuthe xaxa ukukhokhela ukusikwa kwayo okusebenzayo ngenxa yomjikelezo kaMiller osetshenzisiwe) manje sekunobuchwepheshe obuphambili be-VNT turbocharger futhi iphinde yaphakanyiselwa iPaul Peach Award.

Eqinisweni, imoto yokuqala yokukhiqiza enenjini kaphethiloli nejometri eguquguqukayo ene-turbocharged, iPorsche 911 Turbo yakhishwa ngo-2005. Womabili ama-compressors, ahlanganiswe ngokuhlanganyela ngonjiniyela be-Porsche R & D kanye nozakwabo e-Borg Warner Turbo Systems, i-VW isebenzisa umqondo owaziwayo futhi osunesikhathi eside we-geometry eguquguqukayo kumayunithi we-turbodiesel, ongazange usetshenziswe ezinjini zikaphethiloli ngenxa yenkinga ngezinga eliphakeme (cishe ngama-degree angama-200 uma kuqhathaniswa nodizili) izinga lokushisa kwegesi eliqediwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinto ezihlanganisayo ezingamelana nokushisa ezivela embonini ye-aerospace zisetshenziselwe amaveni wezinkomba zegesi kanye ne-ultra-fast control algorithm ohlelweni lokulawula. Ukuzuzwa konjiniyela be-VW.

Isikhathi segolide se-turbocharger

Kusukela kumiswa kwe-745i ngo-1986, iBMW sekunesikhathi eside ivikela ifilosofi yayo yokwakhiwa kwezinjini zikaphethiloli, okusho ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela "evamile" yokuthola amandla amaningi kwakuwukuqhuba injini ngejubane eliphezulu. Azikho izihlubuki nokudlala ngothando ngama-mechanical compressors a la Mercedes (C 200 Kompressor) noma iToyota (Corolla Compressor), akukho ukukhetha kwiVW noma kwa-Opel turbochargers. Abakhi bezinjini zaseMunich bakhetha ukugcwaliswa kwemvamisa ephezulu nengcindezi ejwayelekile yasemkhathini, ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufuduka okukhudlwana. Isivivinyo seCompressor esuselwe ezinjinjini zaseBavaria sicishe sadluliselwa ngokuphelele "kuma-fakir" yinkampani ye-tuning i-Alpina, eseduze nokukhathazeka kweMunich.

Namuhla, abakwaBMW abasazikhiqizi izinjini zikaphethiloli ezishibhile ngokwemvelo, kanti uhla lwenjini kadizili manje seluhlanganisa ne-turbocharged four-cylinder engine. I-Volvo isebenzisa inhlanganisela yokushaja nge-mechanical kanye ne-turbocharger, i-Audi idale injini kadizili enenhlanganisela ye-compressor kagesi nama-turbocharger amabili e-cascade, i-Mercedes idale injini kaphethiloli enogesi kanye ne-turbocharger.

Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba sikhulume ngazo, sizobuyela emuva ukuze sithole izimpande zalolu shintsho kwezobuchwepheshe. Sizofunda ukuthi eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, abakhiqizi baseMelika bazama kanjani ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-turbo ukunxephezela ukwehla kwevolumu yenjini ngenxa yezinkinga ezimbili zikawoyela, nokuthi bahluleka kanjani kule mizamo. Sizokhuluma ngemizamo kaRudolf Diesel engaphumelelanga yokwakha injini yokucindezela. Sizokhumbula inkathi ekhazimulayo yezinjini ze-compressor zama-20s nama-30s, kanye neminyaka ende yokukhohlwa. Yiqiniso, ngeke siphuthelwe ukubonakala kwamamodeli okuqala okukhiqiza ama-turbocharger ngemuva kwenkinga enkulu yokuqala kawoyela yama-70s. Noma ngohlelo oluyinhlanganisela lweScania Turbo. Ngamafuphi, sizokutshela ngomlando kanye nokuvela kobuchwepheshe be-compressor...

(ukulandela)

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev