I-Test drive Magic Fires: Umlando wobuchwepheshe be-compressor II

Ingxenye yesibili yochungechunge: Inkathi yama-compressor - eyedlule neyamanje

“UKarl washaya amabhuleki enganakile kanti uBuick wasifica kancane kancane. Amaphiko amakhulu acwebezelayo adlula ngakithi. Isiduli sakhafula intuthu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuzwakalayo ebusweni bethu. Kancane kancane, abakwaBuick bathola cishe amamitha angamashumi amabili wokuhola, kwathi-ke, njengoba besilindele, ubuso bomnikazi bavela efasiteleni, bemamatheka ngokunqoba.

Ubecabanga ukuthi uphumelele ... Usinike amasiginali ngokuthula ikakhulukazi, ethembele ekunqobeni kwakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi uKarl wagxuma. Kuqhume icompressor. Futhi ngokungazelelwe isandla esivele efasiteleni sanyamalala lapho uKarl emukela isimemo futhi esondela. Wasondela engalawuleki.

1938 Erich Maria Remarque. "Amaqabane amathathu". Uthando oluzobhujiswa, umphefumulo okhungathekile, kanye nenani lezinto ezincane ezimbalwa ezisikhumbuza ukuthi sazisa izinto ezilula kuphela lapho ziphela ngokushelela futhi ezingenakuguqulwa. Inoveli emayelana nelungelo lokuphila lapha namanje, egwedla izinkwanjana zenjabulo yokuphila, umsebenzi wobuciko ophathelene namagugu amakhulu omuntu futhi ... UCarl uyimoto enokuzazisa okuthobekile, kodwa enomphefumulo ongenamingcele.

AmaComrades amathathu ashicilelwa ngesikhathi sokuphenduka emlandweni wesintu ngo-1938. Ezinyangeni nje ezimbalwa ngemuva kokushicilelwa, ngoSepthemba 1, 1939, usuku lapho izimoto zeGrand Prix zaqhudelana khona emjahweni onzima weYugoslav Grand Prix, amathangi aseJalimane awela umngcele angena ePoland futhi aholela isintu ekuweni kwayo okukhulu. Lolu suku lumaka ukuphela kwesikhathi embonini yezimoto. Isikhathi sama-compressors sesizophela.

Kuze kube muva nje, igama elibhalwe ngokucophelela lesiJalimane elithi "Kompressor" belibonakala kumamodeli ambalwa eMercedes. Vele, kungaba lula kakhulu ukusebenzisa isifinyezo esilula njenge-CDI noma i-CGI, kepha isipelingi esihlolisisa igama lonke kuleli cala asikho ngengozi. Ngaphandle kwakho, umthelela omningi wokumaketha ubungeke ulahleke ukube inselelo bekuwukukhumbula lezo zikhathi ezikhazimulayo empilweni yomenzi wezimoto zikanokusho, lapho konke kwakususelwa esiqubeni esithi Kompressor oder Nichts ("compressor noma lutho").

Isifinyezo esithi TSI kwi-plastic hood ye-VW Golf GT ngo-2005 yayivinjelwe kakhulu futhi yayingahloselwe ukwakha amabhuloho amagugu athile amahle. Ukuthobeka okweqile nakanjani akuyona enye yezimfanelo ze-VW, futhi umenzi we-Wolfsburg ngeke aphuthelwe ithuba lokukhumbula ezinye zempumelelo yakhe, kodwa kulokhu, ilebula ye-TSI kwakudingeka ibonise i-avant-garde yobuchwepheshe, hhayi isiko. Ifomula yezobuchwepheshe esetshenziswa onjiniyela be-VW yayiyinto encane njengombono, iyinkimbinkimbi njengokuqaliswa - injini encane (kulokhu, amalitha angu-1,4 kuphela) inikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okunamandla namandla amangalisayo angu-170 hp. sibonga i-tandem ye-turbocharger enamandla kanye neyunithi yomshini encane kodwa esebenza kahle egcwalisa "imbobo" ecekelwe amandla amakhulu e-turbocharger futhi isebenza njengohlobo lwe-dope ngokumelene nokuhluleka kwenjini kokuqala. Kwathi lapho sicabanga ukuthi lo mbono ube yimpumelelo, kwangena ulayini omusha wezinjini zamalitha amabili endaweni yesigameko. I-Volvo, enamandla kunawo wonke enomshini ofanayo wokugcwalisa uphethiloli onemishini nama-turbocharger. Konke lokhu kusishukumisela ukuthi sibuyele emlandweni futhi sikhumbule ama-prototypes akude obuciko bobunjiniyela besimanje. Yebo, imisebenzi yobuciko, ngoba ukuthuthukiswa kweVolvo sekuphinde kwafaka ku-ajenda ikhambi lobuchwepheshe elithakazelisa kakhulu elasetshenziswa ngempumelelo emjahweni obiza kakhulu emashumini amabili edlule. Spear Delta S4.

Njengoba sekushiwo, akukho lutho oluyinkimbinkimbi noma olungajwayelekile ngomqondo womqondo wezinjini ze-VW neVolvo. Kudala siphile ngendikimba ye-neuralgic yamanani aphezulu kaphethiloli kanye nezingqinamba eziyinselele ezibhekene nabadwebi bezimoto banamuhla emizameni yabo yokudala amandla we-powertrains asebenzayo futhi asebenza kahle.

Isivunguvungu senjabulo yobuchwepheshe asikwazanga ukudlula ama-compressors ezinhlotsheni zawo ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla ama-turbocharger aphakathi kwabadlali abakhulu emjahweni wokusebenza kahle, enezela uphethiloli omusha emlilweni wendaba endala eyaqala ku-1885 ...

I-Rudolph Diesel nemishini ye-compressor

Kunento ethize yokunambitheka kwemizwa yenoveli yasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1896 mayelana nezimoto zokuqala zangaphakathi zenjini evuthayo. Kodwa-ke, abadali babo babengebona nje “abathaki bemithi” abanesifiso sokuvelela nabangenalwazi kanye nabahloli abahlanyayo, kodwa ngokuvamile abantu abafundile kakhulu abaqanjwa babo basekelwe esisekelweni sesayensi esingathi sína. Yilesi sisekelo solwazi esiqinile esivusa engqondweni ka-Gottlieb Daimler umqondo wokuhlomisa izinjini zakhe zikaphethiloli nekaphalafini ngomshini wangaphandle wokucindezela. Ngeshwa, imizamo yakhe yokuqala kule ndlela ayiphumelelanga, futhi ekugcineni wayiyeka intuthuko eyengeziwe. Ngokusobala, ngaleso sikhathi, amathuba pre-compress umoya ohlanzekile engena amasilinda ayemancane kakhulu - kwanele ukusho ukuthi Daimler waphinde wahlanganyela ucwaningo olusebenzayo kule ndawo kuphela ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Indlela kaRudolf Diesel iyafana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ezama ukuphatha amalungelo akhe obunikazi enkampanini enkulu kawoyela futhi wagcina ewadayisele abazalwane baseSweden bakaNobel abasebenza emasimini kawoyela aseRussia eCaucasus, wadweba imidwebo wathola ukuthi angaqhubeka kanjani. thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, injini yayo yokushisa esebenza kahle ngokwezimiso. Iqiniso elincane elaziwa namuhla ukuthi i-Diesel yafaka iyunithi yokucindezela kuqala kusampula yayo yesibili yaselabhorethri, esebenza endaweni yokuthuthukiswa kwe-MAN e-Augsburg, kwathi ngo-December XNUMX kwavela uchungechunge lonke lwezinjini zikadizili ezihlome ngama-compressor.

Kamuva kakhulu, indima yomsizi omkhulu wenjini kadizili izodlalwa yi-exhaust turbocharger, ngenxa yokuthi ukusungulwa kukaRudolf Diesel kuzokhuphukela ezingeni layo lamanje. Izinjini zokuqala zokuhlola zikaRudolf Diesel ezine-compressor yemishini zaphawula ukukhuphuka kwamandla okulindelekile, kepha ngokubuka kahle, izinto bezingezinhle kangako. Udizili, umnotho wenjini obaluleke kakhulu kuwo, uhlola imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwawo njengombi. Kunjiniyela okhaliphile, baba yimpicabadala ephelele nengancibiliki, yize kunemithetho yakhe eyaziwayo ye-thermodynamics. Ngemuva kokuphothula izivivinyo zakhe kule ndawo, wabhala okulandelayo encwadini yakhe yokubhalela: “Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngoJanuwari 28, 1897, nokuqhathanisa nokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini ngoJanuwari 12, kwaphakamisa umbuzo womphumela wokucindezelwa kwangaphambi kokucindezelwa. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuyingozi enkulu, ngakho-ke kusukela manje kufanele siwushiye lo mbono bese sigxila enjinini ejwayelekile yama-cylinder amane angena ngqo emoyeni omusha ovela emkhathini njengamanje. " Ngiyabonga uNkulunkulu, i-Diesel ekhaliphile iyiphutha elikhulu lapha! Kamuva kwacaca ukuthi kwakungewona umqondo wokugcwaliswa ngenkani owawungalungile, kodwa indlela yokuqaliswa kwawo….

Izinjini zamandla kadizili emikhunjini

Ngemva kochungechunge lwezivivinyo ezingaphumelelanga zikaRudolf Diesel kanye neziphetho eziyiphutha ezabalandela, abaklami bayeka isikhathi eside ukusetshenziswa kwedivayisi enjalo ukuze kutholakale umoya omusha ophoqelelwe, bethembele kuphela ekucindezelweni komkhathi wemvelo. Okuwukuphela kwendlela eyiqiniso nefakazelwe yokuzuza amandla engeziwe ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukwenyusa izinga lokufuduka kanye nesivinini, njengoba lokhu kwakamuva kungenzeka ngokwezobuchwepheshe. Inkungu yenkohliso yahlala iminyaka engamashumi amabili, kwaze kwaba yilapho ubuchwepheshe bufinyelela ezingeni elidingekayo, futhi inkampani yenjini ye-MAN yasedolobheni laseJalimane i-Augsburg yaphinde yabeka lo mbono ku-ajenda. Njengomphumela womsebenzi onzima wenkampani ekuqaleni kwawo-20s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwavela amayunithi edizili akhiqizwa ngobuningi ngokuphoqwa kwe-refueling esebenzisa i-compressor mechanical. Ngo-1924 kwakukhona kakade imikhumbi enezinjini ze-compressor diesel, phakathi kwazo umuntu angathola isisombululo esithakazelisayo sezobuchwepheshe lapho ama-compressor engaqhutshwa ngokuqondile ku-crankshaft, kodwa kusukela kuma-motor kagesi ahlelwe ngokukhethekile (uqaphele ukufaniswa ne-V8 diesel yanamuhla ku-Audi) , ngenxa yalokho okwandisa amandla abo ukusuka ku-900 evamile kuya ku-1200 hp. Yiqiniso, kuzo zonke lezi zimo sikhuluma ngamayunithi aqhutshwa ngomshini - nakuba ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka umqondo we-compressor yegesi wawunelungelo lobunikazi, ngenkathi isetshenziswa kumamodeli we-serial, kuyoba isikhathi eside. . Ukuthuthuka okuhamba kancane kakhulu kobuchwepheshe be-compressor kungenxa yezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko - ukungaqapheli kahle ukuziphatha kukaphethiloli nokuthambekela kwabo okungokwemvelo kokungqongqoza nokungaqiniseki mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamayunithi we-compressor.

Ukugcwalisa izinjini zikaphethiloli kwaqala ngo-1901 ngenkathi uSir Dugald Clerk (owayengomunye wamaphayona kule njini enama-stroke amabili, ngasendleleni) ethatha isinqumo sokusebenzisa ipompo ukuphoqa umoya omusha owengeziwe emagumbini omlilo. injini enokuhamba okukhulu. Umabhalane uzithatha ngokungathi sína nezinkinga zezinjini zokushisa nangokwesayensi, futhi ngale divayisi ufuna ukuthuthukisa ngamabomu ukusebenza kwe-thermodynamic yenjini. Kodwa-ke, ekugcineni, njengoDiesel ngaphambi kwakhe, ukwazile ukukhulisa amandla akhe kuphela.

Ama-Roots compressors asetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla asuselwa kudivayisi yokudonsa enelungelo lobunikazi nguFrank noPhilander Roots wase-Indiana ngawo-1907. Umgomo wokusebenza kwempande yeZimpande wabolekwa kupompo yegiya eyasungulwa ngekhulu le-100 nguJohannes Kepler, kanti ukuhlolwa kokuqala kukaGottlieb Daimler nonjiniyela wakhe omkhulu uWilhelm Maybach kwakususelwa kuma-Roots compressors. Umphumela ohlaba umxhwele kakhulu wokugcwaliswa okuhle ngomshini, nokho, uvela ku-American Lee Chadwick, owathi ngo-80 wafaka icompressor enjinini yakhe enkulu yamasilinda ayisithupha enejubane lokusebenza ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalolunye kunejubane lecrankshaft. Ngakho-ke, uChadwick wazuza amandla amakhulu, futhi imoto yakhe yaba ngeyokuqala emhlabeni ukufinyelela ejubaneni elibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni lamamayela angu-XNUMX ngehora. Vele, ezinsukwini zokuqala zalobu buchwepheshe, abaklami abaningi bazame ezinye izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamadivayisi we-compressor njenge-centrifugal ne-vane. Phakathi kwezicelo ze-patent kungatholakala umanduleli we-rotary piston compressor, esetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-XNUMX-ies wekhulu leminyaka elidlule yizinkampani eziningana, kanye ne-vane compressor ka-Arnold Theodor Zoller.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukugcwaliswa okuphoqelelwe kuvumela ukwanda okulindelekile komthamo wamalitha futhi kugcine sekuyithuluzi elihle lokuthuthukisa amapharamitha ashukumisayo amayunithi asevele aklanyiwe.

Kodwa izimoto kwakungeyena kuphela abasekeli balo - kusukela ngo-1913, izinjini zesitimela ezine-compressor sezivele zikhona, futhi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ukushaja okuphoqelekile kwaba yindlela ekahle yokukhokhela umoya ongavamile ezindizeni eziphakeme.

(ukulandela)

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev