Lisa Meitner
Kwakungowesifazane - uLise Meitner owaba ngowokuqala ukuchaza ngokwethiyori ukwenzeka kokubola kwenyukliya. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yemvelaphi yayo? WayengumJuda futhi esebenza eJalimane - akazange afakwe ekucutshungulweni kweKomidi likaNobel futhi ngo-1944 u-Otto Hahn wathola uMklomelo KaNobel we-nuclear fission.
Engxenyeni yesibili yawo-30, uLisa Meitner, u-Otto Hahn noFritz Strassmann basebenza ndawonye kulolu daba eBerlin. Abanumzane babengosokhemisi, uLisa eyisazi sefiziksi. Ngo-1938, kwadingeka abaleke eJalimane aye eSweden esuka ekushushisweni amaNazi. Iminyaka eminingi, u-Hahn wagcizelela ukuthi ukutholakala kwakusekelwe kuphela ekuhlolweni kwamakhemikhali ngemva kokuba uMeitner ehambile eBerlin. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwesikhashana kwavela ukuthi ososayensi bahlale beshintshana ngezinhlamvu, futhi kuzo iziphetho zabo zesayensi kanye nokubona. UStrassmann ugcizelele ukuthi uLise Meitner wayengumholi okhaliphile weqembu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Konke kwaqala ngo-1907 lapho uLise Meitner esuka eVienna eya eBerlin. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engu-28. Uqale ucwaningo nge-radioactivity no-Otto Hahn. Ukubambisana kwaphumela ekutholakaleni ngo-1918 kwe-protactinium, isici esinamandla somsakazo. Bobabili babengososayensi abahlonishwayo kanye noprofesa eKaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft fur Chemie. U-Lise wayephethe umnyango ozimele we-physics, u-Otto ephethe i-radiochemistry. Lapho banquma ndawonye ukuchaza lo mkhuba we-radioactivity. Naphezu kwemizamo emikhulu yobuhlakani, umsebenzi kaLise Meitner awuzange waziswa phakathi neminyaka edlule. Kuphela ngo-1943, uLisa Meitmer wamenywa e-Los Alamos, lapho ucwaningo lwaluqhubeka lokudala ibhomu le-athomu. Akayanga. Ngo-1960 wathuthela eCambridge, eNgilandi futhi washonela khona ngo-1968 eneminyaka engu-90, nakuba ayebhema ugwayi futhi esebenza ngezinto ezikhipha imisebe ukuphila kwakhe konke. Akazange abhale umlando wempilo yakhe, futhi akazange agunyaze izindaba eziphathelene nempilo yakhe ezibhalwe abanye.
Nokho, siyazi ukuthi wayethanda isayensi kusukela ebuntwaneni futhi wayefuna ukuzuza ulwazi. Ngeshwa, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1901, amantombazane ayengavunyelwe ukuya ezindaweni zokuzivocavoca, ngakho uLisa kwadingeka aneliseke ngesikole sikamasipala (Bürgerschule). Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, wakwazi ngokuzimela izinto ezidingekayo zokuhlolwa kukamatikuletsheni, futhi wakuphasa eneminyaka engu-22, eneminyaka engu-1906, e-gymnasium yezemfundo eVienna. Ngawo lowo nyaka, waqala ukutadisha physics, mathematics kanye nefilosofi e-University of Vienna. Phakathi koprofesa bakhe, uLudwig Boltzmann waba nethonya elikhulu kuLisa. Kakade ngonyaka wakhe wokuqala, waba nesithakazelo enkingeni ye-radioactivity. Ngo-1907, njengowesifazane wesibili emlandweni we-University of Vienna, wathola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela ku-physics. Isihloko socwaningo lwakhe sasithi "Thermal Conductivity of Inhomogeneous Materials". Ngemva kokuvikela iziqu zakhe zobudokotela, wazama ukusebenzela iSkłodowska-Curie eParis wahluleka. Ngemva kokwenqaba, wasebenza e-Institute for Theoretical Physics eVienna. Lapho eneminyaka engu-30, wathuthela eBerlin eyolalela izinkulumo zikaMax Planck. Kulapho ahlangana khona no-Otto Hahn osemncane asebenze naye ngamakhefu amafushane iminyaka eyi-XNUMX eyalandela.
