Ubani owazi? Thina noma i-space-time?

I-Metaphysics? Ososayensi abaningi besaba ukuthi imibono ecatshangwayo mayelana nenani lengqondo nenkumbulo iyingxenye yalo mkhakha owaziwa kakhulu ongewona ongokwesayensi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yini, uma kungeyona isayensi, ukufuna isisekelo sokwazi ngokomzimba, nakuba i-quantum, esikhundleni sokufuna izincazelo ezingaphezu kwemvelo?

1. Ama-Microtubules - Ukubona ngeso lengqondo

Ukucaphuna kumagazini kaDisemba we-New Scientist, udokotela obulala izinzwa wase-Arizona uStuart Hameroff ubelokhu ethi iminyaka ama-microtubules - Izakhiwo ezine-fibrous ezinobubanzi obuyi-20-27 nm, ezakhiwe ngenxa ye-polymerization yeprotheni ye-tubulin futhi esebenza njenge-cytoskeleton eyakha iseli, kuhlanganise neseli yezinzwa (1) - zikhona I-Quantum "ama-superpositions"okubavumela ukuthi babe namafomu amabili ahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ifomu ngalinye kulawa lihlotshaniswa nenani elithile lolwazi, kubitem, kulesi simo sigcina idatha ephindwe kabili njengoba kubonakala kusukela ekuqondeni kwakudala kwalesi simiso. Uma sengeza kulokhu okwenzekayo qubit entanglement, okungukuthi ukusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya ezingekho eduze, kubonisa imodeli yokusebenza kobuchopho njengekhompyutha ye-quantumechazwe isazi sesayensi yemvelo esidumile uRoger Penrose. U-Hameroff uphinde wabambisana naye, ngaleyo ndlela echaza isivinini esingavamile, ukuguquguquka nokuguquguquka kobuchopho.

2. UStuart Hameroff noRoger Penrose

Umhlaba wezilinganiso kaPlanck

Ngokusho kwabasekeli bethiyori ye-quantum mind, inkinga yokuqaphela ixhunywe nesakhiwo sesikhathi sesikhala esikalini se-Planck. Ngokokuqala ngqa lokhu kwavezwa ososayensi okukhulunywe ngenhla - uPenrose noHameroff (90) emisebenzini yabo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-2. Ngokusho kwabo, uma sifuna ukwamukela i-quantum theory of consciousness, kufanele sikhethe indawo lapho izinqubo ze-quantum zenzeka khona. Kungaba ubuchopho - ngokombono wethiyori ye-quantum, isikhathi se-space-dimensional ezine esinesakhiwo saso sangaphakathi esikalini esincane ngendlela engenakucatshangwa, yokuhleleka kwamamitha angu-10-35. (Ubude be-Planck). Emazingeni anjalo, isikhathi sesikhala sifana nesipontshi, amabhamuza aso anomthamo

10-105 m3 (i-athomu ngokwendawo iqukethe cishe amaphesenti ayikhulu i-quantum vacuum). Ngokusho kolwazi lwanamuhla, i-vacuum enjalo iqinisekisa ukuzinza kwama-athomu. Uma ukwazi futhi kusekelwe ku-vacuum ye-quantum, kungaba nomthelela kuzakhiwo zento.

Ukuba khona kwama-microtubules ku-Penrose-Hameroff hypothesis kushintsha isikhathi sesikhala endaweni. "Uyazi" ukuthi siyikho, futhi angasithonya ngokushintsha i-quantum states kuma-microtubules. Kulokhu, kungafinyelelwa iziphetho ezingavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, kanjalo zonke izinguquko esakhiweni sendaba engxenyeni yethu yesikhathi-semkhathini, ezikhiqizwa ukwazi, ngaphandle kokubambezeleka kwesikhathi, zingarekhodwa ngokwethiyori kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesikhathi sesikhathi sasemkhathini, isibonelo, komunye umthala.

U-Hameroff uvela ezingxoxweni eziningi zabezindaba. umbono we-panpsychismngokusekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokuqwashisa kukho konke okuzungezile. Lona umbono wakudala obuyiselwe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nguSpinoza. Omunye umqondo esuselwe i-panprotopsychizm - Isazi sefilosofi uDavid Chalmers kwethulwa. Wakuqamba njengegama lomqondo wokuthi kukhona umuntu "ongaqondakali", okungenzeka ukuthi uyazi, kodwa oqaphela ngempela lapho senziwe sasebenza noma sihlukaniswa. Isibonelo, lapho amabhizinisi e-protoconscious enziwa asebenze noma afinyelelwe ubuchopho, ayaqaphela futhi anothise izinqubo ze-neural ngesipiliyoni. Ngokuka-Hameroff, izinhlangano ze-panprotopsychic ngolunye usuku zingachazwa ngokwefiziksi eyisisekelo endaweni yonke (3).

Ukuwa okuncane nokukhulu

URoger Penrose, naye, ngokusekelwe kumbono kaKurt Gödel, ufakazela ukuthi ezinye izenzo ezenziwa ingqondo azibaleki. Kukhombisa lokho awukwazi ukuchaza umcabango womuntu ngokwe-algorithmically, futhi ukuchaza lokhu kungahambisani, kufanele ubheke ukuwa komsebenzi we-quantum wave kanye namandla adonsela phansi e-quantum. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, uPenrose wazibuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini kube khona i-quantum superposition yama-neurons ashajiwe noma akhishwe. Wacabanga ukuthi i-neuron ingase ilingane nekhompyutha ye-quantum ebuchosheni. Amabhithi kukhompuyutha yakudala ahlala "evuliwe" noma "avaliwe", "ziro" noma "eyodwa". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakhompiyutha e-quantum asebenza nama-qubits, angaba ngesikhathi esisodwa endaweni ephezulu ye-"zero" kanye "neyodwa".

UPenrose uyakukholelwa lokho ubunzima bulingana nokugoba kwesikhathi sasemkhathini. Kwanele ukucabanga isikhathi sendawo ngendlela eyenziwe lula njengephepha elinezinhlangothi ezimbili. Bobathathu ubukhulu bendawo bucindezelwe ku-eksisi ka-x, kuyilapho isikhathi sihlelwa ku-eksisi ka-y. Isisindo endaweni eyodwa siyikhasi eligotshwe ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi isisindo kwenye indawo sigobe kwelinye icala. Iphuzu eliyinhloko liwukuthi ubukhulu, indawo, noma isimo sihambisana nokugoba okuthile ku-geometry eyisisekelo yesikhathi-semkhathini okubonisa indawo yonke ngezinga elincane kakhulu. Ngakho, enye inqwaba ekuphakameni okukhulu isho ukugoba eziqondisweni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ngesikhathi esisodwa, okulingana nebhamuza, iqhubu, noma ukwehlukana ku-geometry yesikhathi sasemkhathini. Ngokombono womhlaba wonke, lapho lokhu kwenzeka, kungase kube khona indawo ezungezile entsha—amakhasi esikhathi somkhathi ayahlukana futhi azivuleke ngawodwana.

UPenrose uyavumelana ngezinga elithile nalo mbono. Kodwa-ke, uyaqiniseka ukuthi ibhamuza alizinzile, okungukuthi, liwela emhlabeni owodwa noma kwelinye ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, okuhlobene okuthile nesilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa noma ubukhulu besikhathi sendawo yebhamuza. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokwamukela imihlaba eminingi, kodwa izindawo ezincane kuphela lapho umkhathi wethu uqhekeke khona. Ukusebenzisa isimiso sokungaqiniseki, isazi se-physics sithole ukuthi ukuhlukana okukhulu kuzowa ngokushesha, futhi okuncane kancane. Ngakho i-molecule encane, njenge-athomu, ingahlala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu isikhathi eside, ithi iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-10. Kodwa isidalwa esikhulu esifana nekati elinekhilogremu singahlala endaweni ephakeme imizuzwana eyi-10-37, ngakho-ke asivamisile ukubona amakati esendaweni ephakeme.

Siyazi ukuthi izinqubo zobuchopho zihlala kusukela emashumini kuya kumakhulu ama-millisecond. Isibonelo, ngama-oscillations ane-frequency engu-40 Hz, ubude bawo, okungukuthi, isikhawu, singama-millisecond angu-25. Isigqi se-alpha ku-electroencephalogram singamamillisecond ayi-100. Lesi sikali sesikhathi sidinga ama-nanograms amaningi endaweni ephezulu. Endabeni yama-microtubules ku-superposition, kuzodingeka ama-tubulins ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-120, okungukuthi inombolo yawo yi-20 XNUMX. ama-neuron, okuyinani elifanele lama-neurons emicimbini yezehlakalo.

Ososayensi bachaza lokho ngokucatshangelwa okungenzeka phakathi nesenzakalo esibaziyo. I-Quantum computing yenzeka kuma-tubulins futhi iholela ekuweni ngokwemodeli yokunciphisa kaRoger Penrose. Ukugoqa ngakunye kwakha isisekelo sephethini entsha yokucushwa kwe-tubulin, yona enquma ukuthi ama-tubulins alawula kanjani ukusebenza kweselula kuma-synapses, njll. Kodwa noma yikuphi ukuwa kwalolu hlobo kuphinde kuhlele kabusha i-geometry eyisisekelo yesikhathi sesikhala futhi kuvule ukufinyelela noma ukusebenzisa amabhizinisi ashumekwe kuleli zinga.

UPenrose noHameroff baqamba imodeli yabo ukuncishiswa kwenhloso okuhlanganisiwe (Orch-OR-) ngoba kukhona iluphu yempendulo phakathi kwebhayoloji kanye "nokuvumelana" noma "ukwakheka" kokuguquguquka kwe-quantum. Ngokubona kwabo, kunezinye izigaba zokuzihlukanisa nezokuxhumana ezichazwe yizifunda ze-gelation ngaphakathi kwe-cytoplasm ezungeze ama-microtubules, okwenzeka cishe njalo ngama-millisecond angama-25. Ukulandelana kwalezi "zehlakalo eziqaphelayo" kuholela ekwakhekeni komzila wethu wokuqaphela. Sikubona njengokuqhubeka, njengoba nje ifilimu ibonakala iqhubeka, nakuba ihlala iwuchungechunge lwamafreyimu ahlukene.

Noma mhlawumbe ngaphansi

Kodwa-ke, izazi zefiziksi zazingabaza mayelana nokuqagela kobuchopho be-quantum. Ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ze-cryogenic zaselabhorethri, ukugcina ukuhlangana kwezifunda ze-quantum isikhathi eside kunezingxenyana zomzuzwana kuyinkinga enkulu. Kuthiwani ngezicubu zobuchopho ezifudumele nezimanzi?

U-Hameroff ukholelwa ukuthi ukuze kugwenywe ukungaboni ngasolinye ngenxa yethonya lemvelo, I-quantum superposition kufanele ihlale yodwa. Kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kungase kwenzeke ngaphakathi kweseli ku-cytoplasmlapho, isibonelo, i-gelation eshiwo kakade ezungeze ama-microtubules ingabavikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-microtubules mancane kakhulu kune-neurons futhi axhumeke ngokwesakhiwo njengekristalu. Isilinganiso sosayizi sibalulekile ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi i-particle encane, njenge-electron, ingaba ezindaweni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uma into iba nkulu, kuba nzima nakakhulu elebhu ukuze isebenze ezindaweni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Nokho, ngokukaMatthew Fisher weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eSanta Barbara, ocashunwe esihlokweni esifanayo sika-December New Scientist, sinethuba lokuxazulula inkinga yokuhambisana kuphela uma sehlela ezingeni eliphansi. i-athomu spins. Ikakhulukazi, lokhu kusho ukujikeleza ku-nuclei ye-athomu ye-phosphorus, etholakala kuma-molecule enhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kobuchopho. UFisher uhlonze ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuthile ebuchosheni okukhiqiza ama-ion e-phosphate ezifundeni ezibambene. URoger Penrose ngokwakhe wathola lokhu okuphawuliwe kuyathembisa, nakuba esathanda i-microtubule hypothesis.

4. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa - umbono

Ama-hypotheses mayelana nesisekelo se-quantum sokuqaphela anemiphumela ethakazelisayo kumathemba okuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ngokombono wabo, asinalo ithuba lokwakha i-AI (4) eqaphela ngempela ngokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-classical, i-silicon kanye ne-transistor. Amakhompiyutha e-quantum kuphela - hhayi awamanje noma isizukulwane esilandelayo - azovula indlela "yangempela", noma eqaphelayo, ubuchopho bokwenziwa.