Ngubani osuse umthuthi

Olayini bokukhiqiza bayasebenza futhi, futhi lesi yisizathu sokukhumbula umdali wabo

Ngo-Okthoba 7, 1913 kwelinye lamahholo esitshalo sezimoto i-Highland Park. IFord yethula ulayini wokuqala wokukhiqiza izimoto emhlabeni. Lokhu okubalulekile kuyindlela yokuhlonipha izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza ezenziwe nguHenry Ford, owaguqula imboni yezimoto.

Inhlangano yokukhiqiza imoto namuhla iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemoto efektri kungu-15% wenqubo ephelele yokukhiqiza. Amaphesenti angu-85 asele ahilela ukukhiqizwa kwengxenye ngayinye kwezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo kwangaphambi kwezingxenye ezingaba yikhulu zokukhiqiza ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezibe sezithunyelwa emgqeni wokukhiqiza. Lokhu kokugcina kwenziwa inqwaba yabahlinzeki (isibonelo, 100 ku-VW) abenza uchungechunge oludidiyelwe oludidiyelwe kakhulu lwezinqubo zokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukudiliva okunembile nokufika ngesikhathi (okubizwa ngokuthi inqubo yesikhathi nje ) yezingxenye nabahlinzeki. izinga lokuqala nelesibili. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemodeli ngayinye kuyingxenye kuphela yokuthi ifinyelela kanjani kubathengi. Inani elikhulu lonjiniyela liyabandakanyeka ekuhleleni inqubo yokukhiqiza eyenzeka endaweni yonke efanayo, okuhlanganisa nezenzo zokuxhumanisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezingxenye ekuhlanganisweni kwazo ngokomzimba efektri ngosizo lwabantu namarobhothi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kungenxa yeminyaka ecishe ibe yi-110 yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa uHenry Ford wenza umnikelo omkhulu kakhulu ekudalweni kwayo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi lapho edala inhlangano yamanje, i-Ford Model T eyaqala ukufakwa yayilula kakhulu, futhi izingxenye zayo cishe zakhiqizwa yinkampani ngokwayo, kodwa yonke imikhakha yesayensi inamaphayona ayo abeka izisekelo cishe ngokungaboni. . UHenry Ford uzongena phakade emlandweni njengendoda eyashayela iMelika - kudala ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke e-Europe - ngokuhlanganisa imoto elula nethembekile nokukhiqiza kahle okwehlisa izindleko.

Iphayona

UHenry Ford wayehlala ekholelwa ukuthi inqubekela phambili yomuntu yayiyoqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wemvelo ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizeni, futhi wayezizonda zonke izinhlobo zenzuzo eziqagelayo. Ngokumangazayo, ophikisana nokuziphatha okunjalo komnotho uzoba yi-maximalist, futhi ukuphishekela ukusebenza kahle nokwakhiwa kolayini wokukhiqiza kuyingxenye yendaba yakhe yokuphumelela.

Eminyakeni yokuqala embonini yezimoto, izimoto zaziqoqwa ngokucophelela ngonjiniyela abanamakhono futhi ngokuvamile abanamakhono ezindlini zokusebenzela ezithobekile. Ngale njongo, basebenzisa imishini esaziwa kuze kube manje isetshenziselwa ukuhlangana kwamakalishi namabhayisikili. Ngokuvamile, umshini usesimweni esimile, futhi abasebenzi nezingxenye bahamba kuwo. Imishini yokunyathelisa, imishini yokushisela iqoqelwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, futhi imikhiqizo nezinto eziqediwe ngazinye zihlanganiswe emabhentshini okusebenzela, bese kufanele “zihambe” zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye futhi ziye emotweni uqobo.

Igama likaHenry Ford alitholakali phakathi kwamaphayona embonini yezimoto. Kepha kube ngokuhlanganiswa kokudala kwamakhono ahlukile kaHenry Ford, amakhono okuhlela kanye nawokuklama lapho imoto yaba yinto enkulu futhi yahambisa isizwe saseMelika ngemoto. Inesikhundla sokuba nelungelo kuye nakwabanye abantu baseMelika abanenqubekela phambili, kanti iModel T yekhulu lokuqala lama-XNUMX inikeze umlingiswa ophathekayo esicini sanamuhla sokuthi imoto ingaba yisidingo, hhayi ukunethezeka. Imoto edlala indawo enkulu kulokhu, iModel T, ayikhanyi nganoma yini ekhethekile, ngaphandle kokukhanya okulula namandla. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zikaHenry Ford zokukhiqiza le moto kahle kangaka zaba yisisekelo semibono emisha yezobuchwepheshe.

Ngo-1900, kwakukhona izinkampani ezingaphezu kwama-300 ezazenza izimoto ezinezinjini zangaphakathi emhlabeni, futhi amazwe ahamba phambili kuleli bhizinisi kwakuyi-USA, France, Germany, England, Italy, Belgium, Austria, neSwitzerland. Ngaleso sikhathi, imboni kawoyela yayithuthuka ngesivinini esikhulu, futhi manje iMelika ibingeyena nje kuphela umkhiqizi omkhulu wegolide elimnyama, kodwa futhi wayengumholi wezobuchwepheshe kule ndawo. Lokhu kudala ingxubevange ezinze ngokwanele ukulahla ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha waseMelika.

Imoto yabantu baseMelika

Endaweni ethile kulokhu kudideka, igama likaHenry Ford liyavela. Ebhekene nokuphikisana nabalingani benkampani yakhe yokuqala ngesifiso sakhe sokwenza imoto ephathekayo, ethembekile, eshibhile nekhiqizayo, ngo-1903 wasungula inkampani yakhe, ayibiza ngeFord Motor Company. UFord wakhe imoto yokuwina lo mjaho, wabeka umgibeli wamabhayisikili wezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili ngemuva kwesondo, futhi wakhulisa kalula ama- $ 100 kubatshali bezimali abanomusa ngokuqala kwakhe; abazalwane bakwaDodge bayavuma ukumnikeza izinjini. Ngo-000, wayeselungile ngemoto yakhe yokuqala yokukhiqiza, ayiqamba ngokuthi iFord Model A. Ngemuva kokwethula izinhlobo eziningi ezibizayo, wanquma ukubuyela emcabangweni wakhe wokuqala wokwenza imoto ethandwayo. Ngokuthenga ingxenye yamasheya wabaninimasheya, uthola amakhono nezikhundla ezanele enkampanini ukuqala umkhiqizo wakhe.

I-Ford iyinyoni engavamile ngisho nokuqonda okukhululekile kwamaMelika. U-Ticklish, owayenesifiso sokuvelela, wayenemibono yakhe mayelana nebhizinisi lezimoto, ngaleso sikhathi elalihluke kakhulu emibonweni yezimbangi zakhe. Ebusika bango-1906, waqasha igumbi embonini yakhe yaseDetroit futhi wachitha iminyaka emibili nozakwabo beklama futhi behlela ukukhiqizwa kweModel T. Imoto eyagcina ibe khona ngenxa yomsebenzi oyimfihlo weqembu lakwaFord yashintsha. . isithombe saseMelika kuze kube phakade. Ngo-$825, umthengi we-Model T angathola imoto enesisindo esingu-550kg enenjini enamandla kakhulu engu-20hp enamasilinda amane okulula ukuyishayela ngenxa yokudluliswa kweplanethi okuhamba ngamagiya amabili. Ilula, ithembekile futhi inethezekile, imoto encane ijabulisa abantu. I-Model T futhi kwakuyimoto yokuqala yaseMelika ukwakhiwa ngensimbi ye-vanadium elula, eyayingaziwa ngabanye abakhiqizi baphesheya kwezilwandle ngaleso sikhathi. AbakwaFord balethe le ndlela ivela eYurophu, lapho yayisetshenziselwa khona ukwenza ama-limousine aphambili.

Eminyakeni yokuqala, i-Model T yakhiqizwa njengazo zonke ezinye izimoto. Nokho, ukukhula kwesithakazelo kuyo kanye nesidingo esikhulayo kwenze abakwaFord baqala ukwakha imboni entsha, kanye nokuhlela uhlelo lokukhiqiza olusebenza kahle kakhulu. Empeleni, akafuni ukubheka imali ebolekiwe, kodwa ukuxhasa ngezimali izabelo zakhe ezigciniwe zakhe. Impumelelo yemoto yamvumela ukuthi atshale imali ekudalweni kwesitshalo esiyingqayizivele e-Highland Park, esiqanjwe nguRockefeller ngokwakhe, okucwengisiswe kwayo kuyisici sokukhiqiza kwesimanje kakhulu "isimangaliso sezimboni zesikhathi saso." Umgomo wakwaFord uwukwenza imoto ibe lula futhi ilula ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ukuthenga izingxenye ezintsha kunenzuzo engaphezu kokuyilungisa. Imodeli elula T inenjini eno-gearbox, uhlaka olulula nomzimba, nama-axle amabili ayisisekelo.

7 Okthoba 1913

Eminyakeni yokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kwalesi sitshalo esinezitezi ezine kwahlelwa kusuka phezulu kuya phansi. "Wehla" usuka esitezi sesine (lapho kuhlanganiswe khona ifreyimu) uye esitezi sesithathu, lapho abasebenzi bebeka khona izinjini namabhuloho. Ngemuva kokuthi umjikelezo uphele esitezi sesibili, izimoto ezintsha zikhuphuka ngomgwaqo wokugcina zidlule amahhovisi esitezi sokuqala. Ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuke kakhulu eminyakeni emithathu, kusuka ku-19 ngo-000 kuya ku-1910 ngo-34, kwafinyelela kumayunithi angama-000 ngo-1911. Futhi lokhu kuyisiqalo nje, ngoba abakwaFord sebevele besabisa ngokuthi "bazoyenza intando yeningi imoto."

Ecabanga ngendlela yokwenza umkhiqizo okhuthele ngokwengeziwe, ugcina ngephutha esilaheni, lapho ebuka khona umugqa weselula wokusika inyama yenkomo. Inyama yesidumbu ilenga emahhukwini ahamba ojantshi, nasezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zesilaha, abahlinza inyama bayayihlukanisa kuze kungasali lutho.

Kwabe sekufika umbono emqondweni wakhe, futhi uFord wanquma ukuhlehlisa inqubo. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kusho ukudala ulayini wokukhiqiza ohambayo oyinhloko, oxhaswe imigqa eyengeziwe exhunywe kuyo ngesivumelwano. Isikhathi sibalulekile - noma ikuphi ukubambezeleka kunoma yiziphi izici ezizungezile kuzobambezela okuyinhloko.

Ngo-October 7, 1913, iqembu lakwaFord lakha umugqa wokuhlanganisa olula womhlangano wokugcina ehholo lefekthri enkulu, kuhlanganise newintshi nentambo. Ngalolu suku, abasebenzi abangu-140 baklelise cishe amamitha angu-50 omugqa wokukhiqiza, futhi umshini wawudonswa phansi ngewintshi. Endaweni yokusebenza ngayinye, ingxenye yesakhiwo yengezwa kuso ngokulandelana okuchazwe ngokuqinile. Ngisho nalokhu kuqanjwa kabusha, inqubo yokugcina yokuhlanganisa yehliswa isuka ngaphezu kwamahora ayi-12 iye ngaphansi kwamathathu. Onjiniyela bathatha umsebenzi wokuphelelisa umgomo wokuthutha. Bazama ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinketho - ngezihlibhi, amathrekhi wezigubhu, amabhande okuthutha, i-chassis yokudonsa ngekhebula futhi basebenzise amakhulukhulu eminye imibono. Ekugcineni, ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 1914, i-Ford yakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-endless chain conveyor, lapho i-chassis yathuthela kubasebenzi. Ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva, kwadalwa uhlelo oluphakeme lwendoda, lapho zonke izingxenye kanye nebhande lokuthutha litholakala ezingeni lezinqe futhi lihlelwe ukuze abasebenzi bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle kokunyakazisa imilenze yabo.

Umphumela womqondo omuhle

Ngenxa yalokho, kakade ngo-1914, abasebenzi abangu-13 260 beFord Motor Company bahlanganisa izimoto ezingu-720 66 ngezinombolo nangamagama. Uma kuqhathaniswa, kuyo yonke imboni yezimoto, abasebenzi abangu-350 bakhiqiza izimoto ezingu-286. Ngo-770, iFord Motor Company yakhiqiza amaModel Ts angu-1912, angu-82 iyinye. Ngo-388, ukukhiqizwa kwe-Model T kukhuphuke kwafinyelela ku-600 futhi intengo yehla yaya ku-$1916.

Abaningi basola abakwaFord ngokuphendula abantu imishini, kodwa kosozimboni isithombe sihluke ngokuphelele. Ukuphatha nokuthuthukiswa okunempumelelo ngokwedlulele kuvumela labo abakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ekuhlelweni kwenqubo, kanye nabasebenzi abangafundile futhi abangaqeqeshekile kahle - inqubo ngokwayo. Ukunciphisa inzuzo, uFord wenza isinqumo esinesibindi futhi ngo-1914 wenyusa iholo lakhe lisuka ku-$2,38 ngosuku laya ku-$1914. Phakathi kuka-1916 no-30, ngesikhathi kuqubuka iMpi Yezwe I, inzuzo yenkampani yaphindeka kabili isuka ezigidini ezingu-60 zamaRandi yaya ezigidini ezingu-XNUMX zamaRandi, izinyunyana zafuna ukugxambukela ezindabeni zakwaFord, futhi izisebenzi zayo zaba abathengi bemikhiqizo yazo. Ukuthenga kwabo kubuyisela ngempumelelo ingxenye yeholo lesikhwama, futhi ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kugcina inani lesikhwama liphansi.

Ngisho nango-1921, i-Model T yabamba ama-60% emakethe yezimoto entsha. Ngaleso sikhathi inkinga yakwaFord kwakuwukuphela kwendlela yokukhiqiza ezinye zalezi zimoto. Ukwakhiwa kwesitshalo esikhulu sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kuyaqala, okuzokwethula indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yokukhiqiza - inqubo efika ngesikhathi. Kodwa leyo ngenye indaba.

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev