Bajikijela umoya-mpilo
UZygmunt Wróblewski noKarol Olszewski babengabokuqala emhlabeni ukuncibilikisa amagesi ambalwa okuthiwa ahlala njalo. Ososayensi abangenhla babengoprofesa eNyuvesi yaseJagiellonian ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Kunezimo ezintathu ezibonakalayo emvelweni: okuqinile, okuwuketshezi kanye negesi. Lapho kushisa, okuqinile kuphenduka uketshezi (isibonelo, iqhwa libe amanzi, insimbi nayo ingancibilika), kodwa ibe uketshezi? kumagesi (isb. ukuvuza kukaphethiloli, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi). Ososayensi bazibuza: ingabe inqubo ehlehlayo ingenzeka? Ingabe kungenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza igesi ibe uketshezi noma iqine?
ososayensi bafaka isitembu sokungafi
Yiqiniso, kwatholakala ngokushesha ukuthi uma umzimba owuketshezi uphenduka igesi lapho ushiswa, khona-ke igesi ingashintsha ibe yisimo se-liquid. lapho ukupholisa kuyena. Ngakho-ke, kwenziwa imizamo yokunciphisa amagesi ngokupholisa, futhi kwavela ukuthi i-sulfur dioxide, i-carbon dioxide, i-chlorine namanye amagesi angafinyezwa ngokuncipha okuncane kwezinga lokushisa. Kwabe sekutholakala ukuthi amagesi angancibilika kusetshenziswa high blood pressure. Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zombili ndawonye, cishe wonke amagesi angancibilika. Kodwa-ke, i-liquefy nitric oxide, i-methane, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, i-carbon monoxide nomoya. Baqanjwa ngamagama amagesi aphikelelayo.
Nokho, ukuze kunqanyulwe ukumelana namagesi ahlala njalo, kwasetshenziswa amazinga okushisa ahlala ephansi nokucindezela okuphezulu. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi noma iyiphi igesi engaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elithile ayikwazi ukuminyana, naphezu kokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu. Yiqiniso, lelizinga lokushisa lalihlukile ngegesi ngayinye.
Ukufinyelela emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu akuzange kuphathwe kahle kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMichal Faraday waxuba isikhutha esiqinile ne-ether wabe esehlisa ukucindezela kulo mkhumbi. I-carbon dioxide ne-ether kwabe sekuhwamuka; ngesikhathi sokuhwamuka, bathatha ukushisa emvelweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela bapholisa imvelo ekushiseni kwe--110 ° C (yebo, emikhunjini ye-isothermal).
Kwaphawulwa ukuthi uma kufakwe igesi, ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa nokwanda kwengcindezi, kwathi ngomzuzu wokugcina ukucindezela kwehliswa kakhuluizinga lokushisa lehla ngokushesha nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuthiwa indlela ye-cascade. Ngokuvamile, kusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi amagesi amaningana akhethiwe, ngalinye elihambisana nobunzima obandayo futhi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kancane kancane. Ngaphansi kwethonya, isibonelo, iqhwa nosawoti, igesi yokuqala iyancipha; Ngokunciphisa ukucindezela emkhunjini ngegesi, ukwehla okuphawulekayo ekushiseni kwawo kufinyelelwa. Emkhunjini onegesi yokuqala kukhona i-cylinder enegesi yesibili, futhi ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Eyokugcina, epholiswe igesi yokuqala futhi iphinde icindezeleke, iyajiya futhi inikeze izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu kunalelo legesi yokuqala. I-cylinder enegesi yesibili iqukethe eyesithathu, njalonjalo. Mhlawumbe, ngale ndlela izinga lokushisa -240 ° C latholwa.
U-Olshevsky noVrublevsky banquma ukusebenzisa izindlela zombili, okungukuthi, okokuqala indlela ye-cascade, ukuze bakhulise ukucindezela, bese behlisa kakhulu. Ukucindezela amagesi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu kungaba yingozi futhi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ethylene nomoya-mpilo kwenza ingxube eqhumayo ngamandla e-dynamite. Phakathi nokuqhuma kweVrublevsky wavele wasindisa impilongoba ngaleso sikhathi wayeseqhelelene nekhamera; Ngosuku olulandelayo, u-Olshevsky waphinde walimala kanzima, ngoba isilinda sensimbi esine-ethylene nomoya-mpilo saqhuma eduze kwakhe.
Ekugcineni, ngo-April 9, 1883, ososayensi bethu bakwazi ukukumemezela lokho bagcwalisa umoya-mpiloukuthi iwuketshezi ngokuphelele futhi ayinambala. Ngakho, oprofesa ababili baseKrakow babedlula yonke isayensi yaseYurophu.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, bahlanganisa i-nitrogen, i-carbon monoxide nomoya. Ngakho bafakazela ukuthi "amagesi amelana" awekho, futhi bathuthukisa uhlelo lokuthola amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu.
