Ubani owasungula imoto yokuqala futhi yenziwa nini?
UHenry Ford uvame ukuthola isikweletu ngomugqa wokuqala womhlangano kanye nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwezimoto zeModel T ngo-1908.
Ubani owasungula imoto yokuqala? Impendulo eyamukelwa kabanzi nguKarl Benz waseJalimane, futhi abantu abasebenza enkampanini eyakhulela egameni lakhe, iMercedes-Benz, abakhathali ukukutshela.
Nokho, ngimi eMnyuziyamu wakwaMercedes-Benz eStuttgart, ngizizwa ngithuthumela futhi ngimangala kakhulu lapho ngibona imoto yokuqala emhlabeni enenyama esobala. Ngempela, igama elithi "inqola engenamahhashi" elalisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi libonakala lifaneleka kakhulu, kodwa kwakuyimoto ye-Benz, enegunya lobunikazi ngo-1886, eyathola ukuqashelwa njengemoto yokuqala eyake yenziwa, nakuba ezinye izimoto zomgwaqo zandulele umsebenzi wakhe ngeminyaka eminingi. .
Kungani kunjalo, futhi ngabe iBenz ikufanele ukutuswa ngokwakha imoto endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni?
Kwengeza uphethiloli emlilweni wengxabano ngemoto yokuqala
Yiqiniso, kungaphikiswana ngokuthi inhlakanipho engenangqondo eyaziwa ngabangane bayo ngokuthi uLeo ikhiphe ngaphambili iBenz ekuthuthukiseni imoto yokuqala ngeminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa.
Phakathi kwezinto eziningi ezimangalisayo eziqanjwe uLeonardo da Vinci omkhulu kwaba umklamo wemoto yokuqala emhlabeni ezishayelayo (ngaphandle kwamahhashi).
Ukuqamba kwakhe ngobuhlakani, okwadonswa ngesandla sakhe ngo-1495, kwakulayishwe entwasahlobo futhi kwadingeka ukuthi kuboshwe ngaphambi kokuthi ahambe, kodwa kwakuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi, njengoba kwenzeka, kungenzeka.
Ngo-2004, ithimba le-Institute and Museum of the History of Science e-Florence lasebenzisa izinhlelo ezinemininingwane zika-da Vinci ukwakha imodeli egcwele, futhi ngokuqinisekile, "imoto kaLeonardo" yasebenza ngempela.
Okumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthi idizayini yakudala ihlanganisa ikholomu yokuqala yokuqondisa emhlabeni kanye nesistimu ye-rack and pinion, isisekelo sokuthi sisashayela kanjani izimoto zethu namuhla.
Ukukhuluma iqiniso, nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi uLeonardo akakaze akwazi ukubeka umbono wakhe wesibonelo ukuze ufezeke - empeleni, kwakungeke kwenzeke ngamathuluzi ayetholakala ngaleso sikhathi - noma ukuwugibela edolobheni. Wakhohlwa nokuvula izihlalo.
Futhi, uma kuziwa ezimotweni zesimanje ezijwayeleke kakhulu esazi ngazo namuhla, into ebalulekile yayishoda emotweni yakhe iBenz eyayingaziqhayisa ngayo; injini yokuqala evuthayo yangaphakathi ngakho-ke imoto yokuqala kaphethiloli.
Kube wukusetshenziswa kwalo phethiloli kanye nokwakhiwa kwenjini okwagcina kuwunqobile umjaho wokwakha izinqola zokuqala ezingenamahhashi emhlabeni, yingakho umJalimane ethola ukuhlonishwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umFulentshi uNicolas-Joseph Cugnot wakha eyokuqala. imoto yomgwaqo ezishayelayo, okwabe kungugandaganda onamasondo amathathu okusetshenziswa amasosha, kusukela ngo-1769. Yebo, ibikwazi ukufika ku-4 km/h kuphela kanti bekungeyona imoto ngempela, kodwa isizathu esikhulu esidale ukuthi iphuthelwe yigama lasekhaya ukuthi ukufakwa kwayo kudle umusi, okwenza ibe nkulu. isitimela esiphansi.
Khumbula ukuthi i-Automobile Club yase-France isancoma u-Cugnot njengomdali wemoto yokuqala. Tres French.
Ngokufanayo, uRobert Anderson akakushayi mkhuba isimangalo sokuthi wenza imoto yokuqala emhlabeni ngenxa yokuthi umshini wakhe ozishayelayo, owakhiwa eScotland ngeminyaka yawo-1830, “wawuyinqola kagesi” kunenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi.
Vele, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uKarl Benz bekungeyena owokuqala ukuqhamuka nenjini. Emuva ngo-1680, isazi sefiziksi esingumDashi okuthiwa uChristian Huygens saqhamuka nombono wenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, futhi mhlawumbe kuyinto enhle ukuthi akakaze ayakhe, ngoba icebo lakhe kwakuwukuyinika amandla ngesibhamu.
Ngisho noKarl Benz wasizwa enye indoda enegama elalijwayele abalandeli beMercedes-Benz (noma iDaimler Benz, njengoba ayebizwa kanjalo), uGottlieb Daimler, owaklama injini yokuqala yesimanje emhlabeni ngo-1885 enosilinda owodwa, oqondile futhi uphethiloli ojovwe nge-carburetor. Waze walinamathisela ohlotsheni oluthile lomshini olubizwa ngokuthi i-Reitwagen ("inqola yokugibela"). Injini yayo ibifana ncamashi nenjini kaphethiloli eyisilinda eyodwa, enezinhlangothi ezimbili ezosetshenziswa yimoto egunyazwe uKarl Benz ngonyaka olandelayo.
U-Benz, unjiniyela wemishini, uthatha ingxenye enkulu yekhredithi ngokudala imoto yokuqala yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi waba ngowokuqala ukufaka ilungelo lobunikazi bento enjalo, ayithola ngo-January 29, 1886. .
Ukuze ahloniphe u-Carl omdala, uphinde wagunyaza owakhe amapulaki ezinhlansi, isistimu yokudlulisa, ukwakheka komzimba okudonsa kanzima kanye nerediyetha.
Nakuba i-Benz Patent Motorwagen yasekuqaleni kwakuyimoto enamasondo amathathu eyayifana ncamashi nekalishi yangaleso sikhathi, ihhashi lathathelwa indawo isondo elilodwa langaphambili (namasondo amabili amakhulu ngempela kodwa azacile ngemuva), iBenz yasheshe yalithuthukisa. iphrojekthi yokwakha imoto yangempela enamasondo amane ngo-1891.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, iBenz & Cie, ayisungula, yaba umkhiqizi omkhulu wezimoto emhlabeni.
Kusukaphi lapho?
Umbuzo wokuthi imoto yokuqala yasungulwa nini uphikisana njengencazelo. Impela uGottlieb Daimler uthi lesi sihloko, njengoba engasungulanga nje le njini yokuqala eyisisekelo, kodwa futhi nenguqulo eyathuthukiswa kakhulu ngo-1889 enenjini eyi-V-stroke twin-cylinder eyi-V eseduze kakhulu nomklamo osasetshenziswa nanamuhla iyunithi ye-cylinder eyodwa ku-Benz Patent Motorwagen.
Ngo-1927, uDaimler noBenz bahlangana bakha iDaimler Group, eyayizoba iMercedes-Benz ngolunye usuku.
Kufanele futhi kunikezwe i-French: Panhard and Levassor ngo-1889, kwase kuba ngabakwaPeugeot ngo-1891, baba ngabakhi bezimoto bokuqala emhlabeni, okusho ukuthi abagcinanga nje ukwakha ama-prototypes, bakha izimoto eziphelele bazidayisa.
AmaJalimane asheshe abamba futhi abadlula, kunjalo, kodwa noma kunjalo, kuyisimangalo esizwakalayo sokuthi awuvamile ukuzwa i-rap ye-Peugeot mayelana nokuthile.
Imoto yokuqala ekhiqizwe ngobuningi ngomqondo wesimanje iCurved Dash Oldsmobile yango-1901, eyakhiwa eDetroit nguRansom Eli Olds, owaqhamuka nomqondo womugqa wokuhlanganisa izimoto wase eqala iMotor City.
UHenry Ford odume kakhulu ngokuvamile uthola isikweletu ngomugqa wokuqala wokuhlanganisa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimoto ngobuningi ngeModel T yakhe edumile ngo-1908.
Akwenza kwaba uhlobo oluthuthuke kakhulu futhi olwandisiwe lolayini wokuhlanganisa olusekelwe kumabhande okuthutha, kunciphisa kakhulu kokubili izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nezikhathi zokuhlanganisa izimoto, ngokushesha okwenza iFord yaba umkhiqizi wezimoto omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni.
Ngo-1917, kwase kwakhiwa izimoto ezimangalisayo zamaModel T eziyizigidi ezingu-15, futhi umkhuba wethu wesimanje wezimoto wawusubambile.
