ukwesaba komhlaba

Ukwesaba kwasemhlabeni kanye nendawo yonke eseduze, okungukuthi, into ethile yesikhumbuzo sekwephuzile

Iminyaka engu-50 kanye neyama-60s inkathi eshisa kakhulu yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ukwesaba okukhulu kwenhlekelele yenuzi, izinsuku zenhlekelele yaseCuba (Okthoba 1962) kanye nokusheshisa okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe okubangelwa yilokhu kwesaba. Umngane WaseSoviet? wangena emzileni ngo-Okthoba 1957, ngemva kwenyanga uLaika wahamba ngaphandle kokubuya, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, eCape Canaveral, izintatheli zaseMelika zabona ukuqhuma kwe-rocket ye-Avangard TV3 futhi zeza namagama akhethekile ayo, isibonelo, i-Staiputnik ( kusuka, i.e. ) noma i-Kaputnik.

I-plywood yakamuva I-Sputnik ngesiJalimane yasungulwa ngoba ubaba wohlelo lwamarokhethi aseMelika kwakunguWernher von Braun. Ngosuku lokugcina lukaJanuwari 1958, abaseMelika ekugcineni bakwazi ukuthumela i-satellite yabo yokuqala ku-orbit, eminyakeni emibili kamuva u-Yuri Gagarin wangena emkhathini futhi wabuya, ngemva kwenyanga? naye, nakuba esendizeni encane, u-Alan Shepard. Ngemuva kwayo yonke imizamo yomjaho wesikhala kwakungekhona kakhulu ukuziqhenya kwezwe lamazwe abambe iqhaza noma (ngokuncokola) isifiso sokwazi okungaziwa, kodwa umuzwa wengozi, ngoba ukwethulwa kokuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-ICBM kwenzeka ngo-August 1957. Kwakuyi-R-7 Semiorka enekhono lokuthwala i-warhead enamandla angu-5 Mt. I-Sputnik, i-Laika, i-Yuri Gagarin, wonke ama-Soviet, ama-Russian kanye namanye ama-cosmonauts kanye nosomkhathi abandiza besuka kuma-cosmodromes ase-Russia baqaliswe ngokulandelayo, balungiswa futhi bahlanganiswa nezigaba ezintsha zamarokhethi alolu hlobo. Idizayini enhle eyisisekelo!

Amarokhethi amakhemikhali ayewukuphela kwendlela yokuthola imithwalo ekhokhelwayo kanye nabantu ku-orbit nangale kwalokho, kodwa kusekude nokuhle. Aziqhumi kaningi, kodwa isilinganiso somthwalo wenkokhelo kuya ku-Earth orbit ephansi (LEO) kuya kwesisindo se-rocket ngokwayo, okunzima ukwakha futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo esilahlwayo, sihlala sisezinkanyezi (igama elihle!) Isilinganiso siwukuthi 1 kuya ku-400 kulungiswe i-R-500 kanye nesigaba sesibili, 7 kg nge-5900 kg, entsha ye-Soyuz 300-000 kg ngerokhethi engu-7100 kg).

Usizo oluncane kungaba amarokhethi alula athwalwa yindiza, njengaku-American WhiteKnightTwo suborbital tourism system? I-SpaceShipTwo (2012?). Kodwa-ke, lokhu akushintshi kakhulu, ngoba kusadingeka ushise okuthile futhi uyiqhumise ohlangothini olulodwa ukuze undize kwenye. Akumangalisi ukuthi kucatshangelwa ezinye izindlela, okungenzeka ezimbili kuzo eziseduze kakhulu: inganono enkulu edubula i-projectile enokuqukethwe okukwazi ukumelana nokwethulwa kwama-g-force, kanye nekheshi emkhathini. Isixazululo sokuqala sase sisesigabeni esithuthuke kakhulu sentuthuko, kodwa umakhi waseCanada kwadingeka ekugcineni afune uxhaso lwezimali lomsebenzi kuSaddam H., futhi wabulawa ngoMashi 1990 abahlaseli abangaziwa? phambi kwefulethi lakhe eBrussels. Lokhu kwakamuva, okubonakala kungenangqondo ngokuphelele, sekusanda kwenzeka kakhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwemicu ye-ultralight carbon nanotube.

Engxenyeni yekhulu leminyaka edlule, okungukuthi, emngceleni wenkathi entsha yasemkhathini, izinga eliphansi lokusebenza kahle kanye nokuhluleka kobuchwepheshe be-rocket obuthuthuke kakhulu benza ososayensi bacabange mayelana nokwenzeka kokusebenzisa umthombo wamandla osebenza kahle kakhulu. Izitshalo zamandla enuzi bezilokhu zisebenza kusukela maphakathi nawo-50s, futhi umkhumbi-ngwenya wokuqala wenuzi, i-USS Nautilus, wasebenza. yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1954, kodwa ama-reactors ayenzima futhi ahlala enzima kangangokuthi, ngemva kokuhlolwa okuningana, imizamo yokuzisebenzisa ezinjinini zezindiza yayekwa, futhi amaphrojekthi e-utopian endalo yawo emkhathini awazange athuthukiswe.

Kwasala ithuba lesibili, elilinga kakhulu, lokusebenzisa iziqhumane zenuzi ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili, okungukuthi, ukujikijela amabhomu enuzi emikhumbi-mkhathini ukuze iye emkhathini. Umbono wenjini ye-nuclear impulse engine ungowesazi sezibalo sasePoland esivelele kanye nesazi sefiziksi uStanislaw Ulam, owabamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwebhomu le-athomu laseMelika (Manhattan Project), futhi kamuva wabhala ibhomu le-thermonuclear laseMelika (Teller-Ulam). ). Ukusungulwa kwe-nuclear propulsion (1947) kubikwa ukuthi kwakuwumbono oyintandokazi kasosayensi wasePoland futhi kwasungulwa iqembu elikhethekile elalisebenza ngo-1957-61 kuphrojekthi ye-Orion.

Incwadi engilokotha ngiyincoma kubafundi bami abathandekayo inesihloko, umbhali wayo nguKenneth Brower, futhi abalingiswa bayo abakhulu nguFreeman Dyson nendodana yakhe uGeorge. Owokuqala uyisazi sefiziksi nesazi sezibalo esivelele, kuhl. unjiniyela wenuzi futhi owawina uMklomelo we-Templeton. Wahola ithimba lososayensi esisanda kushiwo, futhi encwadini umelela amandla esayensi nesayensi ukufinyelela izinkanyezi ngenkathi indodana yakhe inquma ukuhlala endlini yezihlahla eBritish Columbia futhi ihambe ogwini olusentshonalanga yeCanada ne-Alaska nge-kayak. uyakha. Lokhu akusho, nokho, ukuthi indodana eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala yalahla umhlaba ukuze ihlawulele izono ze-athomu zikayise. Akukho okufana nalokho, ngoba nakuba isenzo sokushiya amanyuvesi aseMelika avelele kakhulu ngokuthanda amaphayini nogu olunamadwala kwakuyisici sokuvukela, uGeorge Dyson wakha ama-kayak nezikebhe zakhe kusukela kwakamuva (ngaleso sikhathi) ingilazi laminates kumafreyimu e-aluminium, futhi kamuva, okungukuthi phakathi nenkathi , engahlanganiswa nesakhiwo sencwadi., wabuyela emhlabeni weyunivesithi njengomlando wesayensi futhi wabhala, ikakhulukazi, incwadi mayelana nokusebenza kuphrojekthi ye-Orion ().

Kosmolot ngebhomu

Umgomo u-Ulam aqhamuke nawo ulula kakhulu, kodwa ithimba likaDyson lachitha iminyaka engu-4 emsebenzini we-titanic ukuthuthukisa izisekelo zethiyori kanye nokuqagela kokuklanywa komkhumbi-mkhathi omusha. Amabhomu e-athomu awazange aqhume, kodwa kwaba nokuhlola okuphumelelayo lapho ukuqhuma kwezindleko ezincane kusetha amamodeli anyakazayo. Isibonelo, ngoNovemba 1959, imodeli enobubanzi obuyi-1 m yaphakama endizeni elawulwayo yafinyelela ubude obungamamitha angama-56. Kwacatshangwa osayizi abambalwa abahlosiwe bomkhumbi-mkhathi, izibalo ezinikezwe ekucatshangweni ziwela phansi, enye yezimbili ezinkulu. amaphutha okuklama axazululwa yi-elevator eshiwo ngenhla, ngakho-ke kwazi bani, mhlawumbe sizondizela ndawana thize kude?!

Ukusikisela kokuqala okusebenzayo kuka-Ulam kwaba ukuthi ukuqhuma kwe-athomu kwakungenakuqukwa endaweni ethile elinganiselwe ekamelweni elivuthayo, njengoba umklamo wethiyori kaFreeman Dyson wawubikezele ekuqaleni. Ingabe umkhumbi-mkhathi owaklanywa iqembu le-Orion kwakufanele ube nesibuko sensimbi esindayo? ipuleti eliqoqa amandla okuqhuma kusuka kuzindleko ezincane ezikhishwe ngokulandelana ngembobo emaphakathi.

Igagasi lokushaqeka kwe-meganewton elishaya ipuleti ngo-30 m/s ngomzuzwana owodwa lingayinikeza ukugcwala okukhulu ngisho nesisindo esikhulu, futhi nakuba isakhiwo esiklanywe kahle kanye nezinto zokusebenza zingamelana nokulayishwa ngokweqile kufika ku-000 G,? babefuna ukuthi umkhumbi wabo ukwazi ukundiza abantu, ngakho-ke kwathuthukiswa isimiso somswakama esinezigaba ezimbili ukuze “sibushelelezi”. ukuhlohla okuqhubekayo kusuka ku-100 kuye ku-2 G kubasebenzi.

Idizayini eyisisekelo yomkhumbi-mkhathi we-Orion we-interplanetary (interplanetary) ithatha isisindo samathani angu-4000, ububanzi besibuko obungamamitha angu-40, ubude obuphelele obungamamitha angu-60, namandla ezindleko ezisetshenzisiwe angu-0,14 kt. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu, yiqiniso, idatha eqhathanisa ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi yokuqhuma namarokhethi asendulo: I-Orion kwakufanele isebenzise amabhomu angu-800 ukuze izibeke yona kanye namathani angu-1600 omthwalo okhokhelwayo ku-Earth orbit (LEO), enesisindo samathani angu-3350? ISaturn V yohlelo lwenyanga lwe-Apollo ithwele amathani ayi-130.

Ukufafaza iplanethi yethu nge-plutonium kwaba ukuhlehla okubaluleke kakhulu kwephrojekthi kanye nesinye sezizathu zokushiywa kwe-Orion ngemuva kokusayinwa kweSivumelwano ngo-1963 sokunciphisa ingxenye yokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, esavimbela ukuqhunyiswa kwezindleko ze-athomu emkhathini woMhlaba. , indawo engaphandle nangaphansi kwamanzi. Ikheshi lesikhala sesikhathi esizayo esishiwo ngenhla singayixazulula ngempumelelo le nkinga ekhipha imisebe, futhi umkhumbi-mkhathi ongasetshenziswa kabusha okwazi ukuletha amathani angu-800 omthwalo okhokhelwayo ku-Mars orbit nangemuva kuyisiphakamiso esilingayo. Lesi sibalo sithathwa kancane, ngoba ukusuka phansi kanye nomklamo wendiza ephethwe umuntu enemiphumela esobala esisindweni sezinto zokudonsa ukushaqeka kwabekwa phansi, ngakho-ke uma umshini onjalo unomklamo we-modular onekhono lokudiliza izinto ezithinta ukushaqeka kanye nengxenye yabasebenzi bezindiza ezizenzakalelayo .. .

Ikheshi elisusa uMhlaba kumkhumbi-mkhathi wenuzi lingaphinda lixazulule ezinye izinkinga, njengomphumela we-electromagnetic pulses (EMP) kumishini kagesi. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iplanethi yasekhaya iyasivikela ngamabhande kaVan Allen emisebeni ye-cosmic nama-flare elanga, kodwa abasebenzi kanye nemishini yawo wonke umkhumbi osemkhathini kufanele kuvikelwe izihlangu ezengeziwe. Ama-Orions azoba nesivikelo esisebenza kahle kakhulu emisebeni evela ekuqhumeni kwenjini ngendlela yepuleti lesibuko lensimbi eliwugqinsi futhi ligcine umthamo ngisho nezihlangu eziqinile ezengeziwe.

Izinguqulo ezilandelayo ze-Orions zazinamandla angcono kakhulu okuthwala i-taro, ngoba. ngesisindo esingamathani ayi-10, amandla omthwalo akhuphukela ku-000 kt, kepha umthwalo ovela eMhlabeni (fu, tfu, apage, ngokwethiyori nje ukuze uqhathanise) e-LEO besewuvele u-0,35% wesisindo somkhumbi (amathani angama-61), kanti emzileni we-Mars bekungaba amathani angu-6100. Umsebenzi owedlulele kunawo wonke wawuhilela ukwakhiwa “komkhumbi ohlanganisa izinkanyezi?” enesisindo esingamathani angu-5300 8 000, okungenzeka kakade idolobha langempela emkhathini, futhi izibalo zabonisa ukuthi ama-Orions axhaswe amandla e-thermonuclear angasheshisa aze afike ku-000 s (0,1% wejubane lokukhanya) futhi indizele enkanyezini eseduze nathi. U-Proxima Centauri, ngeminyaka eyi-10.

Ithimba likaDyson lixazulule zonke izinkinga ezinkulu zokuklama, eziningi zazo ezalungiswa eminyakeni eyalandela ngabanye ososayensi, ukungabaza okuningi kwaqedwa ngokubona okungokoqobo okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi ezisekelwe phansi. Kufakazelwe, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ukugqokwa kwepuleti lensimbi noma i-aluminium emunca isibuko ngesikhathi sokukhipha umoya (ukuhwamuka) kuncane, njengoba izinga lokushisa elilinganiselwa ku-67 ° C, i-ultraviolet ikhishwa ikakhulukazi, engangeni kakhulu. izinto zokwakha. , ikakhulukazi ezingcindezini zohlelo lwe-000 MPa ezenzeka ebusweni bepuleti, ukuchithwa kungabuye kuqedwe kalula ngokufafaza ipuleti ngamafutha phakathi kokuqhuma. Ama-Orionists? kwakuhlelwe ukukhiqiza ama-cylindrical akhethekile futhi ayinkimbinkimbi? isisindo 340 kg, kodwa okwamanje kungenzeka ukuba kubangele ukuqhuma ngokuzenzekelayo kukhiqizwa igremu eyodwa "amaphilisi athomu"? i-laser beam, futhi ukuqhuma okukodwa okunjalo kunamandla okuhleleka kwamathani ayi-140-10 we-TNT.

Buka amamuvi

Ukuvakasha kwe-cosmonaut yokuqala u-Yuri Gagarin eya ePoland.

Ukuvakasha kwe-cosmonaut yokuqala u-Yuri Gagarin eya ePoland

Iphrojekthi ye-Orion? On Mars A. Bomb 1993, 7 izingxenye, ngesiNgisi

I-Project Orion - Iya ku-Mars ngebhomu A. 1993

I-Project Orion - Iya ku-Mars ngebhomu A. 1993 ingxenye 2

I-Project Orion - Iya ku-Mars ngebhomu A. 1993 ingxenye 3

I-Project Orion - Iya ku-Mars ngebhomu A. 1993 ingxenye 4

I-Project Orion - Iya ku-Mars ngebhomu A. 1993 ingxenye 5

I-Project Orion - Iya ku-Mars ngebhomu A. 1993 ingxenye 6

I-Project Orion - Iya ku-Mars ngebhomu elingu-A. Ifayinali yango-1993