Ubani ophethe imoto "ngomsila" nokuthi yini ebangela umphumela onjalo

Ngezinye izikhathi imoto ingalahlekelwa amandla ngokuzumayo. Umshayeli ucindezela i-pedal, kodwa imoto ayinyakazi. Noma ugibele, kodwa kancane kakhulu, nakuba ijubane lenjini liseduze kakhulu. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka, futhi yini evimbela imoto ukuthi ihambe ngendlela evamile? Ake sizame ukuthola.

Izifiso ziyanyamalala nini futhi kungani zenzeka?

Injini yemoto ingayeka ukusebenza kahle noma kunini. Ziningi izizathu ezenza amandla enjini ehle kakhulu. Akwenzeki ukuba uhlu lwazo zonke ngaphakathi kohlaka lwendatshana eyodwa encane, ngakho-ke ake sigxile kwezivame kakhulu:

• uphethiloli omubi. Uma imoto "ibanjwe umsila", khona-ke cishe ku-60% yamacala lokhu kubangelwa izinga eliphansi likaphethiloli. Futhi umnikazi wemoto angathela ngephutha uphethiloli ongafanele emotweni. Isibonelo, i-AI92 esikhundleni se-AI95;
• izinkinga ohlelweni lokuthungela. Ikakhulukazi, ukushiswa kwengxube kaphethiloli kungenzeka kusenesikhathi, lapho ama-piston enjini esanda kuqala ukukhuphukela emakamelweni omlilo. Uma inhlansi ivela kuleli qophelo, ukucindezela okuvela kuphethiloli oqhumayo kuzovimbela ipiston ukuthi ifinyelele endaweni efile ephezulu. Futhi ngokusebenza kahle kokushisa, i-piston ifinyelela ngokukhululekile endaweni ephezulu, futhi ngemva kwalokho kuphela lapho kuba khona ukukhanya, ukuyiphonsa phansi. Injini lapho ukuthungela kuthuthukisiwe, empeleni, ayikwazi ukuthuthukisa amandla aphelele;
• izinkinga zephampu yamafutha. Le yunithi inezihlungi ezingase zivaleke, noma iphampu ngokwayo ingase ingasebenzi kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, ukunikezwa kwamandla enjini kuyaphazamiseka futhi ukwehluleka kwamandla ngeke kuthathe isikhathi eside;
  

  Ngokuvamile amandla enjini ehla ngenxa yephampu yamafutha engalungile.
• izinkinga zikaphethiloli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bangalahlekelwa ukuqina kwabo, noma ngenxa yokugqoka ngokomzimba noma ukulimala komshini. Umphumela uzoba okufanayo: umoya uzoqala ukungena ohlelweni lwamafutha, okungafanele kube khona. Ukwakhiwa kwengxube kaphethiloli kuzoshintsha, kuzoncika, futhi imoto "izobanjwa ngomsila";
• ukwehluleka komjovo. Bangase bahluleke noma bavaleleke. Ngenxa yalokho, imodi yokujova uphethiloli emakamelweni omlilo iyaphazamiseka, futhi injini ilahlekelwa amandla;
• ukwehluleka kwezinzwa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kuyunithi yokulawula kagesi yemoto. Lawa madivaysi anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqoqa idatha, ngokusekelwe ekutheni amamodi ahlukahlukene enjini nesistimu kaphethiloli avuliwe (noma acishiwe). Izinzwa ezinephutha zidlulisela ulwazi olungalungile kuyunithi ye-elekthronikhi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kwenjini kanye nesistimu ye-fuel kuphazamiseka, okungaholela ekuhlulekeni kwamandla;
• izinkinga zesikhathi. Izilungiselelo zendlela yokusabalalisa igesi zingahamba kabi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuvame ukubangelwa ukwelula kweketango lesikhathi kanye nokuhlehla kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, imijikelezo yokusabalalisa igesi iyaphazamiseka, futhi ungqimba lwe-soot lubonakala kancane kancane emakamelweni omlilo, ongavumeli ama-valve ukuba avale ngokuqinile. Amagesi avela ekushisweni kwengxube kaphethiloli aphuma emakamelweni avuthayo, ashise kakhulu injini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla ayo ayancipha, abonakala ikakhulukazi lapho kushesha.
  

  Iketanga lesikhathi linwetshiwe kakhulu futhi lancipha, okuholele ekulahlekelweni kwamandla enjini

Kuziphi izimoto futhi kungani inkinga yenzeka

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ku-60% yamacala kuhlotshaniswa nophethiloli omubi. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, inkinga iphathelene nezimoto ezifuna uphethiloli. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• Izimoto zohlobo lweBMW, Mercedes neVolkswagen. Yonke le mishini idinga uphethiloli wezinga eliphezulu. Futhi kuvame ukuba nezinkinga ngakho emagalaji kaphethiloli asekhaya;
• Izimoto zakwaNissan neMitsubishi. Iphuzu elibuthakathaka lezimoto eziningi zaseJapane amaphampu kaphethiloli nezihlungi zawo, abanikazi abavame ukukhohlwa ukuwahlola;
• amamodeli we-VAZ ajwayelekile. Amasistimu abo kaphethiloli, kanye namasistimu okushisa, awakaze azinze. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kumamodeli amadala e-carburetor.

Indlela yokunquma imbangela yokungahambi kahle kwenjini

Ukuze uthole ukuthi kungani injini ingadonsi, umshayeli kufanele enze ngokususa:

• okokuqala, izinga likaphethiloli liyahlolwa;
• bese kuba uhlelo lokuthungela;
• uhlelo lwamafutha;
• uhlelo lwesikhathi.

Cabanga ngezenzo zomnikazi wemoto, kuye ngokuthi kungani amandla enjini elahlekile.

Uphethiloli wezinga eliphansi

Ukulandelana kwezenzo kuleli cala kungase kube kanje:

1. Ingxenye kaphethiloli ikhishwa ethangini. Esikhundleni salo, kuthelwa uphethiloli omusha, othengwe kwesinye igalaji likaphethiloli. Uma i-thrust yabuya, inkinga yayikuphethiloli, futhi ezinye izinketho azikwazi ukucatshangelwa.
2. Uma umshayeli engafuni ukuhlambulula uphethiloli, kodwa eqiniseka ukuthi inkinga ikuphethiloli, ungamane uhlole ama-spark plugs. Isibonelo, uma uphethiloli uqukethe ukungcola okuningi kwensimbi, khona-ke i-electrode yesiketi kanye ne-spark plug izombozwa nge-soot ensundu ekhanyayo. Uma kunomswakama kuphethiloli, amakhandlela azoba mhlophe. Uma lezi zimpawu zitholakala, uphethiloli kufanele ukhishwe, uhlelo lwe-fuel luhlanjululwe futhi igalaji likaphethiloli lishintshe.
   

   Ukugqoka okumhlophe emakhandleleni kubonisa izinga eliphansi likaphethiloli

Izilungiselelo zokubasa ezilahlekile

Ngokuvamile lesi sigameko sihambisana nokushaya kwamapiston njalo. Lokhu kuwuphawu lokushaya kwenjini. Uma umshayeli enolwazi, angakwazi ukulungisa ngokuzimela ukuthungela. Ake sifanekise lokhu ngesibonelo se-VAZ 2105:

1. I-spark plug ikhishwe kusilinda kusilinda sokuqala. Imbobo yekhandlela ivalwa ngepulaki, futhi i-crankshaft iphendulwa kahle ngokuhambisana newashi ngokhiye kuze kutholakale ukushaywa okugcwele komlilo.
   

   Ikhandlela linqanyuliwe ngesikrufu samakhandlela esikhethekile
2. Kukhona inotshi ku-crankshaft pulley. Kumele kuhlanganiswe nengozi esembozweni yebhulokhi yesilinda.
   

   Amamaki akukhava kanye ne-crankshaft kufanele aqondaniswe.
3. Umsabalalisi uyajika ukuze isilayidi saso siqondiswe ocingweni lwe-high-voltage.
4. Ikhandlela liboshwe ocingweni, i-crankshaft iphendulwa futhi ngokhiye. Inhlansi phakathi koxhumana nabo bekhandlela kufanele yenzeke ngokuqinile ekupheleni kwe-stroke yokucindezela.
5. Ngemuva kwalokho, umsabalalisi ulungiswa ngokhiye we-14, ikhandlela lifakwe endaweni evamile futhi lixhunywe kucingo oluphezulu.

Ividiyo: ukufakwa kokushisa kwe-elekthronikhi ku-"classic"

Ungayifaka kanjani i-VAZ ye-electronic ignition classic

Kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izimoto, inqubo yokulungisa ukuthungela ilula kakhulu. Uma umnikazi wemoto engenakho isipiliyoni esifanele, kunenketho eyodwa kuphela: vakashela isevisi yemoto.

Izinkinga zesistimu yamafutha

Ngenxa yezinkinga ezithile ohlelweni lukaphethiloli, umshayeli angase azibonele ngokwakhe. Isibonelo, angashintsha isihlungi esivalekile empompini kaphethiloli noma ipompo ngokwayo ngezandla zakhe. Ezimotweni eziningi, le divayisi itholakala ngaphansi kwe-cabin floor, futhi ukuze ufinyelele kuyo, udinga nje ukuphakamisa umata futhi uvule i-hatch ekhethekile. Futhi, iphampu ingatholakala ngaphansi komshini. Nasi isibonelo sokushintsha iphampu ku-Mercedes-Benz E-class Estate:

1. Imoto ibekwe ku-flyover noma umgodi wokubuka.
2. Iphampu itholakala ngaphambi kwethangi likaphethiloli. Ifakwe ngaphansi kwe-plastic casing, eboshwe ngama-latches. Ikhava ikhishwa mathupha.
   

   Isikhwama sepulasitiki sephampu yamafutha, ebanjwe ngamalashi
3. Kufakwe umcengezi omncane phansi ukukhipha uphethiloli emapayipini.
4. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphampu ixhunywe ku-hose yamafutha nge-clamp. Ibhawodi eliku-clamp lixegiswa nge-screwdriver ye-Phillips. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, idivayisi ihlezi phezu kwamabhawodi amabili angu-13. Akhishwe ngesikulufa ngesikrufu esivulekile.
   

   I-clamp ku-hose yepompo ithukululwa nge-screwdriver
5. Iphampu iyasuswa futhi kufakwe entsha. Ikhava yokuvikela ibuyiselwa endaweni yayo yokuqala.
   

   Ipompo entsha ifakiwe, isala ukubuyisela ikhava yokuvikela endaweni yayo

Iphuzu elibalulekile: wonke umsebenzi wenziwa ngezibuko namagilavu. Uphethiloli ochaphazelwa emehlweni ungabangela ubumpumputhe. Igumbi lapho umshini upakwe khona kufanele libe nomoya omuhle futhi akumele kube nemithombo yomlilo eduzane.

Kodwa ukusebenza kwama-injection kuhlolwa endaweni ekhethekile, okusesikhungweni sesevisi kuphela. Iphinde ihlole izintambo zikaphethiloli futhi ihlole ukucinana kwazo. Ngisho nomnikazi wemoto onolwazi akakwazi ukuthola futhi alungise zonke lezi zinkinga eyedwa ngaphandle kwemishini ekhethekile.

Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-ECU nesikhathi

Lapho uxazulula lezi zinkinga, futhi, umuntu akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwemishini yokuxilonga kanye nomakhenikha wezimoto oqeqeshiwe. Umshayeli onokuhlangenwe nakho uzokwazi ukushintsha ngokuzimela iketango lesikhathi esinyakazayo emotweni ye-VAZ. Ukwenza okufanayo emotweni eyenziwe ngaphandle kuzoba nzima kakhulu. Okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngeyunithi yokulawula.

Iyunithi yokulawula injini yemoto yakwaMercedes ayikwazi ukukhandwa egaraji

Awukwazi ukuyihlola ngaphandle kwezisetshenziswa ezikhethekile. Ngakho-ke uma umshayeli ehlala ekhipha izinkinga ngophethiloli, ukuthungela, isistimu kaphethiloli futhi kusasele kuphela ukuhlola i-ECU nesikhathi, imoto kuzodingeka ishayelwe isevisi yemoto.

Izindleko zokulungisa ezilinganiselwe

Izindleko zokuxilonga nokulungiswa zincike kokubili kuhlobo lwemoto nasezintengo esikhungweni sesevisi. Ngakho-ke, izinombolo zingahluka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcinwa kwezimoto zaseJalimane ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu kuneJapane neRussia. Ngawo wonke la maphuzu acatshangelwe, amanani abukeka kanjena:

• ukuhlola uhlelo lukaphethiloli, ukufaka amaphampu nezihlungi - kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-4 kuye kweziyi-8;
• ukuhlanza nokubuyisela ama-nozzles - kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-3 kuye kweziyi-12;
• ukuhlola nokulungisa uhlelo lwesikhathi - kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-5 kuye kweziyi-18;
• ukuxilongwa kwekhompyutha nokushintshwa kwezinzwa - kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-8.

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela

Ngemva kokubuyisela ukudonsa kwenjini, umshayeli kufanele aqikelele ukuthi inkinga ingaveli esikhathini esizayo. Nazi ezinye izinyathelo zokuvimbela:

• ukulawula izinga likaphethiloli. Okungenani kanye ngenyanga, udinga ukuhlola ama-spark plugs for soot ensundu namadiphozithi amhlophe;
• ukugcinwa ngesikhathi. Ukuvama kwalo mcimbi kuncike kumodeli yemoto. Kwezinye izimo, abashayeli abadluli i-MOT elandelayo, noma ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali, noma ngenxa yobuvila banal. Kodwa noma kubonakala kumnikazi wemoto ukuthi konke kuhamba ngendlela ngemoto, kukude neqiniso ukuthi kunjalo. Futhi ungathola kuphela ngosizo lwemishini yokuxilonga. Ngakho-ke akunconywa ngokwezigaba ukunganaki ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe;
• ukuhlola ukungezwani kweketango lesikhathi. Ngokuhlolwa okunjalo, awekho amakhono akhethekile adingekayo. Kwanele ukukhulula amabhawodi kubhulokhi yesikhathi bese udonsa iketango ngesandla. Uma inyakaza kakhulu, umnikazi wemoto uzoyizwa ngokushesha;
• ukuhlola izihlungi empompini yamafutha. Esinye isilinganiso abashayeli abaningi abasikhohlwayo. Kanye njalo emavikini amathathu, vula i-hatch yepompo bese uhlola isimo sezihlungi. Ezimotweni zaseJalimane, zingcolile ngokushesha, kucatshangelwa izinga likaphethiloli wasekhaya. Izihlungi ezingcolile kufanele zishintshwe ngokushesha.
  

  Uma izihlungi kupompo likaphethiloli zingcolile, kufanele zishintshwe ngokushesha.

Ngakho-ke, ukulahlekelwa kwe-traction ngemoto kuyinkinga ye-multifactorial. Ukuyixazulula, umshayeli kufanele adlule kuzo zonke izinketho isikhathi eside, esebenza ngendlela yokuqeda. Imvamisa, inkinga iba uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi. Kodwa uma kungenjalo, khona-ke ngaphandle kokuxilongwa okugcwele kwekhompiyutha kanye nosizo lwemishini efanelekayo, ngeke ukwazi ukukuthola.