I-injini torque

Ekhuluma ngeyunithi yezimoto ebaluleke kakhulu: injini, sekuyinto evamile ukuphakamisa amandla ngaphezu kwamanye amapharamitha. Khonamanjalo, akuwona amandla amandla okuyizici eziyinhloko zesikhungo samandla, kodwa into ebizwa nge-torque. Amandla anoma iyiphi injini yemoto anqunywa ngokuqondile yileli nani.

Umqondo we-torque yenjini. Mayelana nenkimbinkimbi ngamagama alula

I-torque maqondana nezinjini zezimoto ingumkhiqizo wobukhulu bomzamo kanye nengalo ye-lever, noma, kalula, amandla okucindezela we-piston kwintonga yokuxhuma. La mandla akalwa ngamamitha e-Newton, futhi uma inani lawo liphakeme, imoto izoshesha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla enjini, evezwe ngama-watts, ayilutho ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwe-torque yenjini kumamitha we-Newton, iphindwe ngesivinini sokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft.

Cabanga ngehhashi lidonsa isihlibhi esisindayo bese libhajwa emseleni. Ukudonsa isihlibhi ngeke kusebenze uma ihhashi lizama ukugxuma liphume emgodini libaleka. Lapha kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umzamo othile, okuzoba i-torque (km).

I-torque ivame ukudideka nesivinini se-crankshaft. Eqinisweni, lena imiqondo emibili ehluke ngokuphelele. Uma sibuyela esibonelweni sehhashi elibhajwe emseleni, i-stride frequency izomela isivinini senjini, futhi amandla alethwa isilwane ekunyakazeni phakathi nomnyakazo kulokhu amelela itorque.

Izinto ezithinta ubukhulu bama-torque

Esibonelweni sehhashi, kulula ukuqagela ukuthi kulokhu inani le-SM lizonqunywa ubukhulu bemisipha yesilwane. Mayelana nenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi yemoto, leli nani lincike enanini lomsebenzi wesikhungo samandla, kanye naku:

• izinga lokucindezela kokusebenza ngaphakathi kwamasilinda;
• usayizi wepiston;
• ububanzi be-crankshaft.

I-torque incike kakhulu ekugudlukeni nasekucindezelweni ngaphakathi kwesikhungo samandla, futhi lokhu kuncika kuhambisana ngokuqondile. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-motor anevolumu ephezulu nokucindezela, ngokulandelana, ane-torque enkulu.

Kukhona futhi ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwe-KM kanye ne-crank radius ye-crankshaft. Kodwa-ke, ukuklanywa kwezinjini zesimanje zezimoto kunjengokungathi akuvumeli amanani e-torque ukuthi ahluke kakhulu, ngakho-ke abaklami be-ICE banamathuba amancane okuthola i-torque ephakeme ngenxa yokugoba kwe-crankshaft. Esikhundleni salokho, abathuthukisi baphendukela ezindleleni zokukhulisa i-torque, njengokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-turbocharging, ukukhulisa isilinganiso sokuminyanisa, ukwenza kahle inqubo yokuvutha, besebenzisa ama-manifolds aklanywe ngokukhethekile, njll.

Kubalulekile ukuthi i-KM ikhule ngokukhula kwejubane lenjini, nokho, ngemuva kokufinyelela okuphezulu ebangeni elinikeziwe, i-torque iyehla, naphezu kokunyuka okuqhubekayo kwejubane le-crankshaft.

Ithonya letorque ye-ICE ekusebenzeni kwemoto

Inani le-torque yiyona nto ebeka ngokuqondile amandla okusheshisa imoto. Uma ungumthandi wezimoto oshisekayo, kungenzeka ukuthi ubonile ukuthi izimoto ezihlukene, kodwa ezinamandla afanayo, ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile emgwaqeni. Noma i-oda lobukhulu bemoto enamandla kancane emgwaqeni liphakeme kunelenamandla ehhashi engeziwe ngaphansi kwehood, ngisho nosayizi bemoto obuqhathanisekayo nezisindo. Isizathu silele ngokunembile umehluko we-torque.

Amandla amahhashi angacatshangwa njengesilinganiso sokukhuthazela kwenjini. Yile nkomba enquma isivinini semoto. Kodwa njengoba i-torque iwuhlobo lwamandla, kuncike ngobukhulu bayo, hhayi ngenani "lamahhashi", imoto ingafinyelela ngokushesha kangakanani umkhawulo wejubane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akuzona zonke izimoto ezinamandla ezinezimo ezinhle zokusheshisa, futhi lezo ezingasheshisa kakhulu kunezinye azihlonyelwe injini enamandla.

Kodwa-ke, i-torque ephezulu iyodwa ayiqinisekisi ukusebenza kahle komshini. Phela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-dynamics yokwanda kwejubane, kanye nekhono lemoto lokunqoba ngokushesha imigwaqo yezigaba kuncike ebangeni lokusebenza lesitshalo samandla, izilinganiso zokudlulisa kanye nokuphendula kwe-accelerator. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhathi sincishiswa kakhulu ngenxa yezimo eziningi eziphikisanayo: amandla okugoqa amasondo kanye nokungqubuzana ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zemoto, ngenxa ye-aerodynamics nezinye izenzakalo.

I-Torque vs amandla. Ubudlelwano nemoto Dynamics

Amandla aphuma kwinto efana ne-torque, iveza umsebenzi wesikhungo samandla owenziwe ngesikhathi esithile. Futhi njengoba i-KM yenza samuntu ukusebenza okuqondile kwenjini, ubukhulu besikhathi enkathini yesikhathi ehambisanayo ibonakala ngendlela yamandla.

Ifomula elandelayo ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngeso lengqondo ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla ne-KM:

P=M*N/9549

Lapho: U-P kufomula unamandla, u-M uyitorque, u-N uyi-rpm yenjini, futhi u-9549 uyisici sokuguqula u-N abe ama-radians ngomzuzwana. Umphumela wokubala usebenzisa le fomula uzoba inombolo ngama-kilowatts. Uma udinga ukuhumusha umphumela ube amandla amahhashi, inombolo ewumphumela iphindaphindwa ngo-1,36.

Empeleni, i-torque ingamandla ngesivinini esiyingxenye, njengokudlula ngaphezulu. Amandla ayanda njengoba i-torque ikhula, futhi ukuphakama kwalo pharamitha, amandla e-kinetic engeziwe, imoto inqoba kalula amandla asebenza kuyo, futhi ngcono izici zayo ezinamandla.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amandla afinyelela amanani awo aphezulu hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa kancane kancane. Phela imoto iqala ngesivinini esincane, bese ijubane liyenyuka. Yilapho amandla abizwa nge-torque efika khona, futhi yilokhu okunquma isikhathi lapho imoto izofinyelela amandla ayo aphezulu, noma, ngamanye amazwi, i-high-speed dynamics.

Lokhu kulandela ukuthi imoto eneyunithi yamandla anamandla, kepha ingabi ne-torque ephezulu ngokwanele, izoba ngaphansi kokusheshisa imodeli enenjini, okuphambene nalokho, ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngamandla amahle, kodwa idlula umuntu oncintisana naye ngamabhangqa. . Uma ukucindezela okukhulu, amandla adluliselwa emasondweni okushayela, futhi lapho ijubane lejubane lesikhungo samandla, lapho kufinyelelwa khona i-KM ephezulu, imoto ishesha kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuba khona kwe-torque kungenzeka ngaphandle kwamandla, kodwa ukuba khona kwamandla ngaphandle kwe-torque akunjalo. Cabanga nje ukuthi ihhashi lethu nesihlibhi sethu kubhajwe odakeni. Amandla akhiqizwa ihhashi kulo mzuzu azoba zero, kodwa i-torque (ezama ukuphuma, ukudonsa), nakuba inganele ukunyakaza, izoba khona.

Isikhathi sikadizili

Uma siqhathanisa izitshalo zamandla kaphethiloli nezidizili, khona-ke isici esihlukanisayo sakamuva (konke ngaphandle kokukhetha) yi-torque ephakeme enamandla amancane.

Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi kaphethiloli ifinyelela kumanani ayo aphezulu we-KM ekuguqukeni kwezinkulungwane ezintathu kuya kwezine ngomzuzu, kodwa iyakwazi ukukhulisa amandla ngokushesha, yenza ama-revolution ayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ngomzuzu. Ububanzi bezinguquko ze-crankshaft yenjini ye-diesel ngokuvamile bulinganiselwe ezinkulungwaneni ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu. Kodwa-ke, kumayunithi edizili, i-piston stroke yinde, isilinganiso sokucindezela kanye nezinye izici ezithile zokushiswa kukaphethiloli ziphakeme, ezingahlinzeki nje kuphela i-torque eyengeziwe ngokuhlobene namayunithi kaphethiloli, kodwa futhi nokuba khona kwalo mzamo cishe ngokungasebenzi.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akunangqondo ukuzuza amandla angeziwe avela ezinjini zikadizili - ukudonsa okuthembekile futhi okuthengekayo "kusuka ngezansi", ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kulinganisa ngokuphelele igebe phakathi kwalezi zinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi nezinjini zikaphethiloli, kokubili ngokwezinkomba zamandla kanye amandla esivinini.

Izici zokusheshisa okulungile kwemoto. Ungathola kanjani okuningi emotweni yakho

Ukusheshisa okufanele kusekelwe emandleni okusebenza nge-gearbox futhi ulandele isimiso "kusuka ku-torque ephezulu kuya kumandla aphezulu". Okusho ukuthi, kungenzeka ukufeza amandla ahamba phambili wokusheshisa imoto kuphela ngokugcina ijubane le-crankshaft ebangeni lamanani lapho i-KM ifinyelela khona ubukhulu bayo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ijubane lihambisane ne-torque ephezulu, kodwa kufanele kube khona umkhawulo wokwanda kwayo. Uma usheshisela isivinini esingaphezu kwamandla aphezulu, amandla okusheshisa azoba mancane.

Ububanzi be-rpm obuhambisana ne-torque ephezulu bunqunywa izici zenjini.

Ukukhetha injini. Yikuphi okungcono - i-torque ephezulu noma amandla aphezulu?

Uma sidweba umugqa wokugcina ngaphansi kwakho konke okungenhla, kuba sobala ukuthi:

• i-torque iyisici esibalulekile esibonisa amandla esikhungo samandla;
• amandla aphuma ku-KM ngakho-ke isici sesibili senjini;
• ukuncika okuqondile kwamandla ku-torque kungabonakala kufomula etholakala ochwepheshe befiziksi P (amandla) \uXNUMXd M (torque) * n (isivinini se-crankshaft ngomzuzu).

Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha phakathi kwenjini enamandla amakhulu, kodwa i-torque encane, futhi injini ene-KM eyengeziwe, kodwa amandla amancane, inketho yesibili izoba khona. Injini enjalo kuphela izokuvumela ukuthi usebenzise amandla aphelele akhona emotweni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akumelwe sikhohlwe mayelana nobuhlobo phakathi kwezici eziguqukayo zemoto kanye nezici ezifana nokuphendula kwe-throttle kanye nokudluliselwa. Inketho engcono kakhulu kungaba eyokuthi ayinayo injini ye-torque ephezulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nokubambezeleka okuncane phakathi kokucindezela i-pedal yegesi kanye nokuphendula kwenjini, kanye nokudlulisa okunezilinganiso zegiya elifushane. Ukuba khona kwalezi zici kunxephezela amandla aphansi enjini, okwenza imoto isheshe kakhulu kunemoto enenjini yomklamo ofanayo, kodwa idonsa kancane.