Ukuwa nokuvuselelwa kwe-VVS yase-Albania

I-fighter eshesha kakhulu yendiza yezempi yase-Albania kwakuyi-fighter yaseShayina enenqwaba yezinhlamvu ezimbili ze-F-7A, ikhophi ye-Russian MiG-21F-13 (imishini enjalo engu-12 yathengwa).

Umbutho Wasemoyeni wase-Albania owake waba mkhulu ngokuqhathaniswa usuthuthuke kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okuhambisana nokuncipha okukhulu. Isikhathi sokundiza kwendiza ye-jet combat, efakwe ikakhulukazi amakhophi aseShayina ezindiza zaseSoviet, sesiphelile. Namuhla, i-Albanian Air Force isebenza ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane kuphela.

I-Albanian Air Force yasungulwa ngo-24 Ephreli 1951 futhi isizinda sabo sokuqala sezindiza sasungulwa esikhumulweni sezindiza saseTirana. I-USSR yethule ama-Yak-12 fighters angu-9 (okuhlanganisa ne-11 yesihlalo esisodwa sokulwa i-Yak-9P kanye ne-1 yezihlalo ezimbili zokuqeqesha i-Yak-9V) kanye nezindiza zokuxhumana ezine-Po-4. Ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi kwenziwa eYugoslavia. Ngo-2, abaqeqeshi abangu-1952 be-Yak-4 nabaqeqeshi be-Yak-18 bafakwa emsebenzini. Ngo-4, indiza yokuqeqesha eyi-11 Yak-1953A ene-chassis ehamba ngamasondo angaphambili yengezwa kubo. Ngo-6, kwamukelwa eminye imishini engu-18 yalolu hlobo ukuze isetshenziswe.

Amasosha okuqala alethwa e-Albania ngoJanuwari-April 1955 evela e-USSR futhi anezindiza zokulwa ze-MiG-26 bis ezingama-15 kanye nezindiza ezi-4 UTI MiG-15 zokuqeqesha ukulwa. Ezinye izindiza eziyisishiyagalombili ze-UTI MiG-15 ngo-1956 zatholwa zivela eCentral Soviet Socialist Republic (4 US-102) kanye ne-PRC (4 FT-2).

Ngo-1962, i-Albanian Air Force yathola ama-F-8 fighters avela e-China, okwakuyikhophi elayisensi yama-Soviet MiG-5F fighters. Ayehlukaniswa ngenjini efakwe i-afterburner.

Ngo-1957, izindiza zokuthutha ze-Il-14M, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezimbili noma ezintathu ze-Mi-1 ezilula ezinezinjongo eziningi kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezine ze-Mi-4 medium transport zivela e-USSR, ezakha umnyombo wendiza yezokuthutha. Futhi babeyizindiza ezinophephela emhlane zokuqala e-Albania Air Force. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-Il-28 jet bomber yalethwa, eyasetshenziswa njengendawo yokudonsa izinhloso zomoya.

Ngo-1971, kwathunyelwa ezinye izindiza ezintathu zokuthutha ze-Il-3 (okuhlanganisa i-Il-14M ne-Il-14P evela e-GDR kanye ne-Il-14T yaseGibhithe). Yonke imishini yalolu hlobo yayigxile esikhumulweni sezindiza i-Rinas. Bekukhona nebhomu okuhloswe ngalo kanye ne-tugboat i-Il-14.

Ngo-1959, i-Albania yathola ama-interceptors ayi-12 MiG-19PM supersonic ahlome nge-radar sight ye-RP-2U futhi ehlome ngemicibisholo emine ye-RS-2US eqondiswe emoyeni ukuya emoyeni. Lezi kwakuyizindiza zokugcina ezilethwe zivela e-USSR, njengoba ngemva nje kwalokho umholi wase-Albania u-Enver Hoxha wanqamula ukubambisana phakathi kwalamazwe amabili ngenxa yezizathu zemibono.

Ngemva kokunqamula ukuxhumana ne-USSR, i-Albania yaqinisa ukubambisana ne-PRC, ngaphakathi kohlaka lapho ukuthengwa kwezikhali nemishini yezempi kwaqala kuleli zwe. Ngo-1962, kwatholwa izindiza zokuqeqesha ze-Nanchang PT-20 ezingu-6 ezivela embonini yaseShayina, okwakungamakhophi aseShayina endiza yeSoviet Yak-18A. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-China yaletha ama-fighters angu-12 e-Shenyang F-5, i.e. I-MiG-17F fighters ekhiqizwa ngaphansi kwelayisensi yaseSoviet. Kanye nabo, kwatholwa ezinye izindiza eziyisi-8 zokuqeqesha ukulwa ne-FT-2.

Ngo-1962, kwasungulwa i-Air Force Academy, eyayifakwe izindiza zokuqeqesha eziyisisekelo ezingu-20 PT-6, izindiza ezingu-12 ze-UTI MiG-15 zokuqeqesha ezihoxiswe kumayunithi ahamba phambili, kanye nezindiza zokulwa eziyi-12 ze-MiG-15bis ezitholwe ngendlela efanayo. Ezindaweni zabo emgqeni wokuqala, ama-F-12 fighters angu-5 kanye nezindiza zokuqeqesha zokulwa eziyi-8 ze-FT-2, ezingeniswe ngesikhathi esifanayo zisuka ku-PRC, zafakwa emsebenzini. Zahlukaniswa zaba ama-air squadrons amabili, ayemi enkundleni yezindiza i-Valona (iqembu lezindiza ze-piston - PT-6 kanye neqembu lezindiza ze-jet - i-MiG-15 bis ne-UTI MiG-15).

Okunye ukulethwa kwezindiza zaseShayina kwenziwa ngo-13-5 ngendiza ye-2 Harbin Y-1963 enezinjongo eziningi, ikhophi enelayisensi yendiza yeSoviet An-1964. Imishini emisha itshalwe esikhumulweni sezindiza iTirana.

Ngo-1965, izixhumi eziyishumi nambili ze-MiG-19PM zadluliselwa ku-PRC. Ngokushintshana, kwakungenzeka ukuthenga inani elikhulu lama-fighters e-Shenyang F-6, okwakuyikhophi yaseShayina ye-Soviet MiG-19S fighter, kodwa ngaphandle kombono we-radar kanye nemicibisholo eqondiswe emoyeni ukuya emoyeni. Ngo-1966-1971, kwathengwa ama-fighters angu-66 e-F-6, kuhlanganise namakhophi amane alungiselwe ukubhekwa kwezithombe, okwakuhlonywe ngawo amaqembu ayisithupha ezindiza zokulwa. Kwabe sekutholwa omunye umlwi onjalo njengesinxephezelo sesampula elahlekile ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe ngo-1972, ngenxa yephutha lomkhiqizi wezinhlamvu zenganono ezinesici. Kanye nabo, kwathengwa izindiza eziyisi-6 zokuqeqesha ukulwa ne-FT-5 (ukulethwa kwenziwa ngo-1972), okwakuyinhlanganisela ye-F-5 fighter enezihlalo ezimbili zendiza ye-FT-2 yokuqeqesha ukulwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, enye ibhomu le-Harbin H-5, eyayiyikhophi ye-Il-28 yebhomu, yathengwa ukuze ithathe isikhundla somshini walolu hlobo, olutholwe eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu ngaphambili.

Ukwandiswa kwezindiza zokulwa zezindiza ze-Albanian Air Force kwaqedwa maphakathi nawo-12. Okokugcina ukuthengwa kwakungama-7 Chengdu F-1972A supersonic fighters (alethwe ngo-21), adalwe ngesisekelo se-Soviet MiG-13F-2 fighter futhi ehlome ngemicibisholo emibili ye-PL-3 air-to-air guided. Kwakuyikhophi ye-Soviet infrared homing missile RS-9S, yona eyalingiswa umcibisholo wase-American AIM-XNUMXB Sidewinder.

Izindiza zamasosha ase-Albania sezifinyelele isimo samaqembu ayisishiyagalolunye ezindiza zokulwa, ezihlanganisa izindiza ezintathu zomoya. Ibutho elalimi esikhungweni seLezha lalineqembu le-F-7A kanye namaqembu amabili e-F-6, ibutho elizinze enkundleni yezindiza i-Kutsova lalinamaqembu amabili e-F-6 kanye ne-F-5, ibutho le-Rinas lalinamaqembu amabili e-F-6. kanye ne-MiG squadron -15 bis.

I-F-6 (MiG-19S) yayingama-supersonic fighters amaningi kakhulu e-Albania, kodwa ngaphambi kokuthunywa kwawo ngo-1959, ama-fighters angu-12 e-MiG-19PM angeniswa evela e-USSR, okwathi ngo-1965 yadluliselwa ku-PRC ukuze ikopishwe.

Ngo-1967, ngaphezu kwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane zokuthutha i-Mi-4 ezazihlinzekwa e-USSR, i-Albania yathenga izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezingu-30 ze-Harbin Z-5 ku-PRC, okwakuyikhophi yaseShayina ye-Mi-4 (yayisebenza namaqembu amathathu e-Air Force) . ibutho limiswe endaweni yaseFark). Ukundiza kokugcina kwale mishini kwenzeka ngoNovemba 26, 2003, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yahoxiswa ngokusemthethweni ngakusasa. Ezintathu zazo zagcinwa endaweni efanele ukuhamba emoyeni njengendawo yokulondoloza imvelo isikhathi esithile.

Maphakathi nawo-1 ekhulwini elidlule, i-Albanian Air Force yafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu lamaqembu ahlome izindiza zokulwa (7 x F-6A, 6 x F-1, 5 x F-1 kanye ne-15 x MiG-XNUMX bis. ). ).

Ukuphela kweminyaka engu-XNUMX kwaholela ekuwohlokeni kobudlelwano base-Albanian-Chinese, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, i-Albanian Air Force yaqala ukulwa nezinkinga ezikhulayo, izama ukugcina ukusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe kwendiza yayo ezingeni elifanele. Ngenxa yesimo somnotho esibi kakhulu ezweni ngeminyaka yama-XNUMXs kanye nokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwezikhali ezihambisana naso, isimo saba nzima nakakhulu.

Ngo-1992, kwakhethwa uhulumeni omusha wentando yeningi, owaqeda inkathi yamaKhomanisi e-Albania. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kusithuthukise isimo se-Air Force, esasinda ezikhathini ezinzima nakakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho uhlelo lwamabhange e-Albania luwa ngo-1997. Phakathi nokuvukela okwalandela, izinto eziningi nezinsiza ze-Albania Air Force zacekelwa phansi noma zonakaliswa. Ikusasa lalifiphele. Ukuze indiza yezempi yase-Albania iqhubeke iphila, kwakudingeka incishiswe kakhulu futhi yenziwe ibe yesimanjemanje.

Ngo-2002, i-Albanian Air Force yethula uhlelo lwe-Forces Objective 2010 (izinkombandlela zokuthuthukiswa kuze kube ngu-2010), lapho ukuhlelwa kabusha okujulile kwamayunithi angaphansi kwakuzokwenziwa. Isibalo sabasebenzi bekufanele sehliswe sisuka kuzikhulu namasosha angama-3500 siye kubantu ababalelwa ku-1600. Umbutho Wasemoyeni wawuzoqeda zonke izindiza zempi, manje ezazizogcinwa eGyader, Kutsov naseRinas, ngethemba lokuzitholela umuntu ozithengayo. Izindiza zamasosha ase-Albania zenze uhambo lwazo lokugcina ngo-December 2005, zaqeda inkathi yeminyaka engu-50 yezindiza zempi.

Izindiza eziyi-153 zathengiswa, okuhlanganisa: 11 MiG-15bis, 13 UTI MiG-15, 11 F-5, 65 F-6, 10 F-7A, 1 H-5, 31 Z-5, 3 Y-5 kanye ne-8 PT-6. Okuhlukile kwaba ukulondolozwa kwezindiza eziyisi-6 ze-FT-5 zokuqeqesha kanye nezindiza eziyisi-8 ze-PT-6 eziqeqeshelwa amapiston ezisesimweni se-mothballed. Bekumele zisetshenziselwe ukuvuselela izindiza zokulwa nezindiza ngokushesha nje uma isimo sezimali sezwe siba ngcono. Lokhu bekulindeleke ukuthi kwenzeke ngemuva kuka-2010. ukutholwa kwama-F-26-5 e-Turkish F-2000-16, okwakuzoba isandulela sokutholwa kwama-F-7 azayo. Endabeni yama-F-400A fighters, ithemba lokuthengisa lalibonakala lingokoqobo, ngoba le mishini yayinesikhathi esincane sokundiza esingafika emahoreni angu-5. Ama-Y-6 okukhanya okunezinjongo eziningi kuphela kanye nama-PT-XNUMX okuqeqeshwa amane asele esenzweni.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokumenyezelwa kohlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha, i-Albania yasebenzisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezazisentsha. Ngo-1991, kwathengwa indiza enophephela emhlane iBell 222UT evela e-United States, eyayisetshenziselwa ukuthutha abantu ababalulekile. Ngeshwa, washona engozini ngoJulayi 16, 2006, eyabulala abantu abayisithupha, bonke ababegibele. Futhi ngo-1991, i-France yanikela ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ze-Aerospatiale AS.350B Ecureuil e-Albania. Njengamanje, asetshenziswa uMnyango Wezangaphakathi ukugada imingcele nokuthutha amabutho akhethekile. Ngo-1995, uMnyango Wezempilo wathenga izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezine ze-ambulensi ze-Aerospatiale SA.319B Alouette III ezivela eSwitzerland ngenkonzo yazo yama-ambulensi (1995 - 1 kanye no-1996 - 3). Ngo-1999, indiza enophephela emhlane yokuthutha i-Mi-8 yalethwa (mhlawumbe yatholwa e-Ukraine?), Manje isetshenziswa uMnyango Wezangaphakathi ngezinhloso ezifanayo ne-AS.350B.

Ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje koMbutho Wezempi Wase-Albania kubonwe njengesinyathelo esibalulekile ekuletheni amabutho ase-Albania afinyelele ezindinganisweni ze-NATO. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kokubili iJalimane ne-Italy zanikela ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezimbalwa e-Albania ukuze zisekele uhlelo olunebhongo lokuthuthukisa. Imishini emisha isetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla nabantu, ukucinga nokuhlenga, ukusiza ezinhlekeleleni, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, ukufundisa nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi bezindiza ezinophephela emhlane.

I-Italy yavuma ukudlulisa mahhala izindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyishumi nane ngaphambilini ebezisetshenziswa amasosha ase-Italy, okuhlanganisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyi-7 Agusta-Bell AB.205A-1 zokuhamba okumaphakathi kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezinendima ehlukahlukene ezingu-7 AB.206C-1. Abokuqala kwabokugcina bafika e-Albania ngo-April 2002. Amakhophi amathathu okugcina afika e-Albania ngoNovemba 2003, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukucisha izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ze-Z-5 ezaziguge kakhulu. Ngo-April 2004, abokuqala abathathu be-AB.205A-1 babajoyina. Ngo-April 2007, i-Italy iphinde yaletha indiza enophephela emhlane i-Agusta A.109C VIP (ukuzothatha indawo yeBell 222UT elahlekile).

Ngomhla ziyi-12 kuMbasa, 2006, ohulumeni base-Albania naseJalimane basayina inkontileka ebiza ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-10 ukuze kuhlinzekwe izindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyi-12 ze-Bo-105M ezilula ezisetshenziswa amasosha aseJalimane ngaphambilini. Khona-ke bonke abayishumi nambili bathuthukiswa isitshalo se-Eurocopter e-Donauwörth futhi balethwa enguqulweni evamile ye-Bo-105E4. Eyokuqala ethuthukisiwe i-Bo-105E4 yalethwa eButhweni Lasemoyeni lase-Albania ngoMashi 2007. Sekukonke, i-Albanian Air Force yathola izindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyisithupha ze-Bo-105E4, ezine zathunyelwa eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi kanti ezimbili zokugcina zathunyelwa eMnyangweni Wezempilo. .

Ngo-December 18, 2009, kwasayinwa inkontileka yezigidi ezingu-78,6 ne-Eurocopter ukuze kuhlinzekwe izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezinhlanu zokuthutha i-AS.532AL Cougar ukuze kwandiswe amandla okusebenza ebutho lendiza enophephela emhlane. Ezimbili zazo zazihloselwe ukuthutha amasosha, enye eyokuhlenga impi, enye eyokuphuma kwezokwelapha kanye neyokuthutha ama-VIP. Eyakamuva bekumele ihanjiswe kuqala, kodwa yaphahlazeka ngomhlaka-25 Julayi 2012, kwashona abasebenzi abayisithupha be-Eurocopter ababekumkhumbi. Izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezine ezisele zalethwa. Eyokuqala yazo, ohlelweni lokuhlenga impi, yanikezwa ngoDisemba 3, 2012. Imoto yokugcina, yesibili yokuthutha amasosha yahlanganiswa ngoNovemba 7, 2014.

Esikhundleni sokuthenga enye indiza enophephela emhlane i-AS.532AL Cougar ukuze ithathele indawo ikhophi ephahlazekile yokuthutha ama-VIP, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-Albania wayala izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezimbili ezinezinjongo eziningi i-EU-145 kwa-Eurocopter (ngaphambili - ngoJulayi 14, 2012 - umshini wokuqala walolu hlobo. yathengwa kunguqulo yokuthutha ama-VIP) . Zalungiselelwa umkhankaso wokusesha nokuhlenga nokuthola futhi zavulwa ngo-Okthoba 31, 2015.

Umcimbi omkhulu emlandweni wezindiza zase-Albania kwaba ukwethulwa kwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane i-AS.532AL Cougar (osesithombeni ingenye yale mishini phakathi nendiza yokulethwa kumsebenzisi). Isithombe se-Eurocopter

I-Albanian Air Force Helicopter Regiment ime e-Farka Base futhi njengamanje inezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezingu-22, ezihlanganisa: 4 AS.532AL, 3 AB.205A-1, 6 Bo-105E4, 3 EC-145, 5 AB.206C-1 kanye no-1 A 109. Isikhathi esithile, ukwakhiwa kweqembu lezindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyi-12 kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zezindiza zamasosha ase-Albania, kodwa okwamanje lo msebenzi awuthathwa njengoza kuqala. Ikakhulukazi, ukutholwa kwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyi-MD.500 ezihlome ngemicibisholo ye-TOW anti-tank kuyacatshangelwa.

Ngo-2002, ngosizo lwaseTurkey, kwaqala ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kwesisekelo somoya saseKutsova, ngenxa yalokho sathola umbhoshongo omusha wokulawula, umgwaqo wezindiza olungisiwe futhi oqinisiwe kanye nemigwaqo yamatekisi. Ikuvumela ukuthi uthole ngisho nezindiza ezinzima ezifana ne-C-17A Globemaster III ne-Il-76MD. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindiza ezine ze-Y-5 ezinezinjongo eziningi zalungiswa ezindaweni zokulungisa izindiza ezitholakala endaweni yesisekelo sase-Kutsov, indiza yokuqala eyalungiswa ye-Y-5 yalethwa ngo-2006. Bavumela izindiza zezempi zase-Albania ukuba zisebenze imikhuba ehlobene nokusebenza kwezindiza, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, le mishini yenza imisebenzi evamile yokuthutha nokuxhumana. Esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kwakufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa kahle kwezinto zokuthutha ezintsha ezithengiwe, kodwa ngo-2011 kwanqunywa ukugcina indiza ye-Y-5, ihlehlise ukuthengwa kwezinto zokuhamba okwesikhashana. Okwamanje, ukutholwa kwezindiza ezintathu zokuthutha zase-Italy i-G.222 bekucatshangelwa.

Phakathi kuka-2002 no-2005, i-Italy yadlulisela izindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyishumi nane ku-Albania Air Force, kuhlanganise ne-AB.206C-1 yemisebenzi eminingi elula eyisikhombisa (osesithombeni) kanye ne-AB.205A-2 yezokuthutha eziphakathi nendawo eziyisikhombisa.

Njengamanje, i-Albanian Air Force iyisithunzi nje sezindiza zamasosha ase-Albania. I-Air Force, eyakhiwe ngosizo olukhulu oluvela e-USSR, bese ithuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokubambisana ne-PRC, isibe yibutho elibalulekile lokulwa. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje ancishiswe kakhulu, wonke uxhaxha lwezindiza zokulwa ezingasasebenzi ekugcineni zihlakaziwe ukuze zilahlwe. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-Albanian Air Force izothenga izindiza eziningi zokulwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Isabelomali esitholakalayo sivumela kuphela ukugcinwa kwengxenye yendiza enophephela emhlane. Ngo-April 1, 2009, i-Albania yaba ilungu le-NATO, yafeza umgomo wayo oyinhloko wokwandisa umuzwa wokulondeka.

Selokhu ajoyina i-NATO, ama-Albanian air surveillance ohambweni abelokhu endiza ama-Italian Air Force Eurofighter Typhoons eshintshana nama-Hellenic Air Force F-16 fighters. Imisebenzi yokubuka yaqala mhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi 2009.

Futhi, uhlelo lokuvikela umoya lwase-Albania olusekelwe phansi kufanele ludalwe kusukela ekuqaleni, olwake lwafakwa ngaphambili nge-HQ-2 medium-range missile systems (ikhophi ye-Soviet SA-75M Dina anti-aircraft system), i-HN-5 I-MANPADS (ikhophi ye-Soviet Strela-2M anti-aircraft missile system) , eyamukelwa ukuze isetshenziswe ngeminyaka yama-37s) kanye nezibhamu ezi-2-mm ezilwa nezindiza. Ekuqaleni, kwathengwa amabhethri angama-75 okuqala aseSoviet SA-1959M "Dvina", atholwe e-USSR ngo-12, kuhlanganise nebhethri yokuqeqesha kanye nebhethri yokulwa. Amanye amabhethri angu-2 HQ-XNUMX atholwe ku-PRC eminyakeni engu-XNUMX. Bahlelwa baba ibutho lemicibisholo elilwa nezindiza.

Kuphinde kuhlelwe ukuthi kuthathelwe indawo amarada okulawula indawo yomoya yaseSoviet naseShayina asebephelelwe yisikhathi ngemishini yaseNtshonalanga yesimanje. Ukutholwa kwama-radar anjalo kwenziwa, ikakhulukazi, nge-Lockheed Martin.

Sean Wilson/Prime Images

Ukubambisana: Jerzy Gruschinsky

Ukuhumusha: Michal Fischer