ezokuvakasha emkhathini
Isithwali sezindiza sokuqala se-WK2 saqanjwa ngokuthi "Eva" ngemuva kukanina kaBranson.
Imiqondo yemikhumbi-mkhathi eshibhile yendiza eqhutshwa umuntu isineminyaka engamashumi amathathu ikhona. Izinkampani ezihlukahlukene kanye nabantu ngabanye babehileleke ekwakhiweni nasekwakhiweni komkhumbi onjalo, kodwa yonke imizamo yaphela nge-fiasco. Okungcono kakhulu, amamodeli adalwe, futhi uma kwakukhona ukuhlolwa kwemodeli, ngokuvamile kwakuphelela ekuphakameni kwamamitha angamakhulu amaningana. Lokho kwashintsha kakhulu ngo-2004, lapho i-Scaled Composites iphakamisa ngempumelelo indiza yayo encane enomuntu, eyaziwa nge-SpaceShipOne, yaba ngaphezu kuka-100km. Nokho, naphezu kwemiphumela ethembisayo, indiza yokuqala yabagibeli kwadingeka ilinde cishe amashumi amabili eminyaka.
Okokuqala, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi akukho ncazelo engokomzimba yokuphakama lapho isikhala siqala khona. Ngeke ihlotshaniswe nomkhathi woMhlaba, njengoba imikhondo yawo ikhona ngisho nasendaweni engamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba, kuyilapho amandla adonsela phansi eplanethi yethu afinyelela cishe kumakhilomitha ayisigidi nesigamu, lapho amandla avela emhlabeni. iLanga ligcine selithatha izintambo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amasathelayithi angakwazi ukuzungeza ngempumelelo endaweni engama-250 km kuphela izinyanga eziningi, nokho kunzima ukuthi ayeke isichasiso esithi “indawo”.
Ngenxa yokuthi amazwe amaningi noma izinhlangano zisebenzisa izincazelo ezihlukene zegama elithi “indiza yasemkhathini”, evame ukuholela ezinkingeni noma ngisho nezingxabano, kufanele kunikezwe ezinye izinto mayelana nalesi sihloko. I-FAI (International Aeronautical Federation) inombono wokuthi "i-Karman Line" (ngokwethiyori echazwe maphakathi nekhulu le-100 ngu-Theodor von Karman) iwumngcele phakathi kwezindiza zomoya nezomkhathi endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-100 ngaphezu kolwandle. Umdali wayo wanquma ukuthi ngosilingi olunjalo, ukuminyana komkhathi kwakuphansi kakhulu ukuba noma iyiphi indiza esebenzisa i-lift in endizeni iqhubeke indize ibheke phezulu. Ngakho-ke, i-FAI ihlukanisa izindiza zasemkhathini zibe izindiza ze-ballistic kanye ne-orbital, kanti eyokuqala ihlanganisa zonke lezo lapho ubude be-orbit bungaphezu kuka-40 km futhi bufushane kuno-000 km.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umphumela wale ndlela yokubala bekufanele kube ukwehluleka kwendiza ka-Yuri Gagarin emkhathini weVostok njengomsebenzi we-orbital, ngoba ubude bendlela yendiza ukusuka ekusukeni kuya lapho ifika khona yayingamakhilomitha angama-41, futhi kulokhu, ngaphezulu. ngaphezu kuka-000 2000 km ngaphansi kophahla oludingekayo. Noma kunjalo, indiza iyabonwa - futhi kufanele - i-orbital. Izindiza zasemkhathini ze-Ballistic zihlanganisa izindiza zamarokhethi ezimbili ze-X-15 kanye nezindiza zamarokhethi ezintathu ze-SpaceShipOne FAI.
I-COSPAR (Committee on Space Research) ichaza isathelayithi yoMhlaba yokwenziwa into eyenza okungenani ukuzungeza okukodwa emhlabeni wethu, noma yahlala ngaphandle komkhathi wayo okungenani imizuzu engama-90. Le ncazelo iyinkinga nakakhulu, ngoba ayihluleki nje kuphela ukunquma, noma ngokuzenzakalelayo, ububanzi bomkhathi ukuya ophahleni lwe-100 noma i-120 km, kodwa futhi yethula ukudideka. Phela, umqondo we "orbit" ungabhekisela endizeni noma ibhaluni (amacala anjalo aseqoshwe kakade), hhayi ku-satellite. Ngokulandelayo, i-USAF (US Air Force) kanye ne-US Congress banikeze isihloko sosomkhathi kumshayeli ngamunye wezindiza oweqa ukuphakama kwamamayela angu-50, i.e. 80 m. Abashayeli bezindiza abambalwa bendiza yerokhethi yokuhlola i-X-467, kanye nabashayeli ababili bomkhumbi-mkhathi we-SpaceShipOne.
Kukhona futhi enye incazelo yendiza yasemkhathini, okwabelwana ngayo ngokugcwele, isibonelo, ngumlobi wesihloko. Sikhuluma ngecala lapho into ifakwe ku-orbit unomphela, i.e. ukuze ukwazi ukwenza okungenani ukuzungeza okukodwa emhlabeni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinjini noma izindawo ezisebenza emoyeni. Uma ngesizathu esithile (ukuhlolwa komkhumbi-mkhathi noma ukwehluleka kwemoto yokuqalisa) into ayizange ifakwe ngesathelayithi, khona-ke singakhuluma ngendiza yasemkhathini ye-ballistic. Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, igama elithi "spaceflight" akufanele lisetshenziswe kulezi zindiza ezisendaweni ephakeme. Ngakho-ke akusho ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza nabagibeli be-SpaceShipTwo akufanele bathi bangosomkhathi, kodwa akunjalo.
Muva nje, igama elithi mesonaut selivele futhi liya ngokuya liduma. Uchaza umuntu ozofinyelela ukuphakama okungama-50 kuya ku-80 km ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba, okungukuthi, ngaphakathi kwe-mesosphere, esukela ku-45-50 kuya ku-85-90 km. Njengoba sizobona kamuva, ama-mesonauts azoba negalelo elikhulu kwezokuvakasha emkhathini.
I-Virgin Galactic kanye ne-SpaceShipTwo
Maphakathi no-2005, kulandela impumelelo ye-Scaled Composites kanye nohlelo lwayo lwe-White Knight/SpaceShipOne, isikhulu sezokuxhumana nezokuvakasha u-Richard Branson, kanye nomakhi wendiza odumile u-Burt Rutan, basungula i-Virgin Galactic, eyaba yindiza yokuqala ehleliwe ephethwe abantu. Imikhumbi yayo yayizoba yi-SpaceShipTwos emihlanu ekwazi ukuthwala abagibeli abayisithupha nabashayeli bezindiza ababili endizeni engasoze yalibaleka.
U-Branson wabala ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa inzuzo evela ebhizinisini izodlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane. Ithikithi lohambo olunjalo bekufanele libize cishe u-$300 (ekuqaleni lalibiza “kuphela” u-$200), kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ntengo izokwehla ibe cishe ku-$25-30. I-U.S. DOLA. Izindiza bekufanele zisuke ku-$212 million Spaceport America eyakhelwe le njongo eNew Mexico (umzila wezindiza wavulwa ngo-Okthoba 22) futhi uhlale lapho.
URichard Branson akanasisindo.
Indiza ye-Ballistic ngeke itholakale kuwo wonke umuntu. Bazodinga okungenani babe nempilo ejwayelekile, njengoba ama-G-force ngesikhathi sokusuka nokufika azoba sezingeni lika-g + 4-5. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kwezokwelapha, kuzodingeka bahlole i-g + 6-8 overload ku-centrifuge. Kulabo abafake izicelo abacishe babe ngu-400 asebewathengile amathikithi ezindiza zokuqala, cishe ama-90% asewaphumelele. Kunjalo, zombili izithwali, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-White Knight Two (WK2), kanye nendiza yerokhethi ye-SpaceShipTwo (SST) azikhudlwana nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zihlukile ngokwesakhiwo kwabangaphambi kwazo.
I-WK2, noma imodeli engu-348, ingamamitha angu-24 ubude, inobude obungamamitha angu-43, futhi inamandla okulayisha amathani angu-17 endaweni yokuphakama engu-18 km. Inikwa amandla amapheya amabili ezinjini ze-Pratt kanye ne-Whitney PW308A turbofan. Indiza eyinhlanganisela yakhiwe njengesakhiwo esiphindwe kabili ngomqondo oqinile wegama. Esinye sezakhiwo siyikhophi ye-SST, ngakho sizosetshenziswa njengendawo yokuqeqesha. Ukulingiswa ngeke kufake kuphela ukulayisha ngokweqile, kodwa futhi nokungabi nesisindo (kufika kumasekhondi ambalwa). Isakhiwo sesibili sizonikezwa abagibeli abafisa ukubona iplanethi yethu isendaweni ephakeme engaphezu kuka-20 km. Isibonelo sokuqala se-WK2 yi-N348MS, futhi igama elithi VMS (Virgin Mothership) u-Eve, ukuhlonipha umama kaBranson. Indiza yaqala ukundiza ngoDisemba 21, 2008, indiza nguSiebold noNichols. I-Virgin Galactic i-ode amakhophi amabili e-WK2, eyesibili, engakalungi, cishe izobizwa ngokuthi i-VMS Spirit ka-Steve Fossett, ngemuva kwe-aviator edumile, i-aeronaut kanye nomhambi.
