ICoronavirus Nezemfundo Yezibalo - Amaqoqo Agunyazwe Ngokwengxenye

Igciwane elisithelelekile lidala izinguquko ngokushesha kwezemfundo. ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphezulu emfundo. Kungabhalwa i-eseyi ende ngalesi sihloko; ngokuqinisekile kuzoba nochungechunge lwezinkulumo zobudokotela ezimayelana nezindlela zokufunda amabanga. Ngokombono othile, lokhu kuwukubuyela emisuka kanye nemikhuba ekhohliwe yokuzifundela. Lokhu kwakunjalo, isibonelo, esikoleni samabanga aphakeme i-Kremenets (e-Kremenets, manje ese-Ukraine, eyayikhona ngo-1805-31, yamila kwaze kwaba ngu-1914 futhi yabhekana nokuchuma kwayo ngo-1922-1939). Abafundi bazifundela khona - kuthe sebefundile bafika othisha nezilungiso, izincazelo zokugcina, nosizo ezindaweni ezinzima, njll. d. Lapho ngiba umfundi, baphinde bathi kufanele sizitholele ulwazi, ukuthi amakilasi enyuvesi anga-oda futhi athunyelwe. Kodwa-ke kwakuyi-theory kuphela ...

Entwasahlobo ka-2020, akumina ngedwa owathola ukuthi izifundo (okuhlanganisa izinkulumo, ukuvivinya umzimba, njll.) zingenziwa ngempumelelo kakhulu ukude (i-Google Meet, i-Microsoft Teams, njll.), ngezindleko zomsebenzi omningi. ngakolunye uhlangothi lukathisha kanye nesifiso nje "sokuthola imfundo" ngakolunye uhlangothi; kodwa futhi ngokunethezeka okuthile: Ngihlezi ekhaya, esihlalweni sami, nasezifundweni zendabuko, abafundi nabo babevame ukwenza okunye. Umphumela wokuqeqeshwa okunjalo ungaba ngcono nakakhulu kunohlelo oluvamile lwezifundo zasekilasini, olwaqala ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Yini eyosala lapho igciwane liya esihogweni? Ngicabanga... kakhulu. Kodwa sizobona.

Namuhla ngizokhuluma ngamasethi a-odwe ngokwengxenye. Kulula. Njengoba ubudlelwano obunambambili kusethi engangenalutho u-X bubizwa ngokuthi ubudlelwano be-partial order uma bukhona

(Tadeusz Kotarbinski, 1886-1981, isazi sefilosofi,

Umongameli wePolish Academy of Sciences ngo-1957-1962).

1. I-reflexive, i.e. ngayinye ∈ kukhona “,
2. Umdluli, i.e. uma", futhi ", bese",
3. I-semi-asymmetrical, i.e. (“∧“)→ =

Umugqa uyisethi enesici esilandelayo: kunoma yiziphi izici ezimbili, iyisethi ethi “noma y”. I-Antichain ...

Yima, yima! Ingabe kukhona okungaqondwa kulokhu? Yebo kunjalo. Kodwa ingabe kukhona kubafundi (abangazi ngenye indlela) osekuqondisile ukuthi yini elapha?

Ungacabangi! Futhi lolu uhlu lwezincwadi zokufundisa izibalo. Nasesikoleni. Okokuqala, incazelo ehloniphekile, eqinile, bese-ke, labo abangalali ngenxa yesithukuthezi bazoqonda okuthile. Le ndlela yabekwa othisha "abakhulu" bezibalo. Kumelwe acoceke futhi aqine. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kufanele kube njalo ekugcineni. Izibalo kufanele zibe isayensi eqondile (bona futhi: ).

Kumelwe ngivume ukuthi enyuvesi engisebenza kuyo ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi eNyuvesi yaseWarsaw, ngafundisa futhi iminyaka eminingi. Kuphela kwakuqukethe ibhakede elibi lamanzi abandayo (liyeke lihlale linjalo: kwakukhona isidingo sebhakede!). Ngokungazelelwe, ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwaba lula futhi kumnandi. Setha iphuzu: kulula akusho ukuthi kulula. Umshayisibhakela we-lightweight naye uthwala kanzima.

Ngizomamatheka ezinkumbulo zami. Ngafundiswa izisekelo zezibalo uthishanhloko wangaleso sikhathi, isazi sezibalo esasisanda kufika sivela e-United States isikhathi eside, okwakuyinto engavamile ngaleso sikhathi. Ngicabanga ukuthi wayeyisithukuthezi lapho ekhohlwa isiPolish esincane. Wasebenzisa ngokweqile isiPolish esidala esithi “lokho”, “ngakho-ke”, “azale” futhi weza naleli gama: “ubudlelwano obungama-asymmetrical”. Ngiyakuthanda ukuyisebenzisa, inembile ngempela. Ngiyathanda. Kodwa lokhu angikufuni kubafundi. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-antisymmetry ephansi". Eziyishumi ezinhle.

Esikhathini eside esidlule, ngoba eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa (yekhulu leminyaka elidlule) kwenziwa ukuguqulwa okukhulu, okujabulisayo kwemfundiso yezibalo. Lokhu kwaqondana nokuqala kwesikhathi esifushane sokubusa kuka-Eduard Gierek - ukuvulwa okuqinisekile kwezwe lethu emhlabeni. “Izingane zingafundiswa nezibalo eziphakeme,” kubabaza Abafundisi Abakhulu. Isifinyezo senkulumo yasenyuvesi ethi “Izisekelo Zezibalo” yalungiselelwa izingane. Lokhu kwakuwumkhuba hhayi ePoland kuphela, kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ukuxazulula i-equation kwakungenele; yonke imininingwane kwakufanele ichazwe. Ukuze kungabi nasisekelo, umfundi ngamunye angaxazulula uhlelo lwezibalo:

kodwa abafundi bekumele bathethelele isinyathelo ngasinye, babheke izitatimende ezifanele, njll. Lokhu bekuwukudlulela kwakudala kwefomu phezu kwengqikithi. Sekulula ukuthi ngigxeke manje. Nami ngake ngaba umsekeli wale ndlela. Kuyajabulisa... kubantu abasha abazifelayo ngezibalo. Impela kwaba (futhi, ngenxa yokunaka, mina).

Kodwa okwanele ngokuhlehla kwamazwi, ake sifinyelele ephuzwini: isifundo “esikade sihloselwe abafundi be-polytechnic bonyaka wesibili futhi sasiyomile njengamakhekheba kakhukhunathi uma kungenjalo. Ngenza ihaba kancane...

Sanibonani ekuseni. Isihloko sanamuhla siwukuhlanza ingxenye. Cha, lokhu akuwona umbono wokuhlanza ngokunganaki. Ukuqhathanisa okungcono kungaba ukucabangela ukuthi yikuphi okungcono: isobho likatamatisi noma ikhekhe lekhilimu. Impendulo icacile: kuya ngokuthi yini. Nge-dessert - amakhukhi, kanye nesidlo esinomsoco: isobho.

Kwizibalo sibhekana nezinombolo. Ziyalwa: zinkulu futhi zincane, kodwa ezinombolweni ezimbili ezihlukene, eyodwa ihlala incane, okusho ukuthi enye inkulu. Ahlelwa ngokulandelana, njengezinhlamvu ku-alfabhethi. Kulogi yekilasi, i-oda ingaba: Adamczyk, Baginskaya, Chojnicki, Derkovski, Elget, Filipov, Grzecnik, Kholnicki (bangabangane kanye nabafundi engifunda nabo ekilasini lami!). Asingabazi futhi ukuthi uMatusiak “Matusheliansky” Matuszewski “Matysiak. Uphawu elithi "ukungalingani okukabili" lisho ukuthi "okwandulelayo".

Ekilabhini yami yokuqwala izintaba sizama ukwenza uhlu ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu, kodwa ngegama, isibonelo, u-Alina Wronska “Warwara Kaczarowska”, Cesar Boushitz, njll. Embikweni esemthethweni i-oda lizohlehliswa. Izazi zezibalo zibiza ukuhleleka kwe-alfabhethi ngokuthi yi-lexicographical (i-lexicon icishe ifane nesichazamazwi). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu oda, lapho egameni ehlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili (Michal Szurek, Alina Wronska, Stanislav Smarzynski) siqale sibheke ingxenye yesibili, kuyinto oda anti-lexicographic for izibalo. Izihloko ezinde, kodwa okuqukethwe okulula kakhulu.

1. Ukuhleleka komugqa: iziteshi nezitobhi emzileni wesitimela iHabovka - Zakopane usuka ePodhale, owakhiwa ngo-1899 (ngishiya ukuqoshwa kwezifinyezo kumfundi).

Wonke ama-oda anjalo abizwa ngokuthi ama-line order. Si-oda ngokulandelana: okokuqala, kwesibili, okwesithathu. Konke kuhlelekile, kusukela ephuzwini lokuqala kuye kwelokugcina. Lokhu akuwenzi umqondo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Phela, sihlela izincwadi emtatsheni wezincwadi hhayi kanje, kodwa ngezigaba. Ngaphakathi komnyango kuphela esiyihlela ngokulandelana (imvamisa ngama-alfabhethi).

2. Ukuhleleka komugqa: lapho siqala injini yemoto, senza izenzo ngendlela okuvunyelwene ngayo.

Ngamaphrojekthi amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisana kweqembu, asisenalo i-oda lomugqa. Ake sibheke umkhiwane. 3. Sifuna ukwakha ihhotela elincane. Sesinayo imali (cell 0). Silungisa izimvume, siqoqe izinto zokwakha, siqale ukwakha, ngesikhathi esifanayo senza umkhankaso wokukhangisa, sibheke izisebenzi, njalo njalo. Uma sifika ku-"10", izihambeli zokuqala zingangena (isibonelo esivela ezindabeni zikaMnu. Dombrowski nehhotela labo elincane endaweni engaphansi kwe-Krakow). Sine oda nonlinear – ezinye izinto zingenzeka ngokuhambisana.

Kwezomnotho, ufunda ngomqondo wendlela ebucayi. Kuyiqoqo lezenzo okufanele zenziwe ngokulandelana (futhi lokhu kubizwa ngeketango lezibalo, okuningi kulokhu ngomzuzwana), futhi okuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Ukunciphisa isikhathi sokwakha kuwukuhlelwa kabusha kwendlela ebalulekile. Kodwa okwengeziwe kulokhu kwezinye izinkulumo (ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi ngenza “isifundo sasenyuvesi”). Sigxile kwizibalo.

Imidwebo efana noMfanekiso 3 ibizwa ngemidwebo ye-Hasse (uHelmut Hasse, isazi sezibalo saseJalimane, 1898-1979). Yonke imizamo eyinkimbinkimbi kumele ihlelwe ngale ndlela. Sibona ukulandelana kwezenzo: 1-5-8-10, 2-6-8, 3-6, 4-7-9-10. Izazi zezibalo zizibiza ngezintambo. Umqondo wonke uqukethe amaketanga amane. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu omsebenzi 1-2-3-4, 5-6-7 kanye no-8-9 angama-antichains. Babizwa kanjalo. Iqiniso liwukuthi eqenjini elithile, asikho isenzo esincike kwedlule.

4. Lona futhi umdwebo we-Hasse.

ake siye umfanekiso 4. Yini ehlaba umxhwele? Kodwa lokhu kungaba imephu ye-metro edolobheni elithile! Izitimela ezingaphansi komhlaba zihlala zihlanganiswa zibe imigqa - azisuki komunye ziye komunye. Imigqa imigqa ngayinye. Edolobheni, ilayisi. 4 yebo bhaka line (khumbula lokho bhaka i-spelled "boldem" - ngesiPolish ibizwa ngokuthi i-semi-thick).

Kulo mdwebo (Fig. 4) kukhona i-ABF ephuzi emfishane, i-ACFKPS eneziteshi eziyisithupha, i-ADGL eluhlaza, i-DGMRT eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nebomvu ende kunazo zonke. Isazi sezibalo sizothi: kulo mdwebo we-Hasse kukhona bhaka amaketanga. Isemgqeni obomvu eziyisikhombisa isiteshi: AEINRUV. Kuthiwani ngama-antichains? Bakhona eziyisikhombisa. Umfundi usebonile ukuthi igama ngilidwebele kabili eziyisikhombisa.

Ukulangazela Lena isethi yeziteshi kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthola kusuka kunoma iyiphi yazo ukuya kwenye ngaphandle kokudluliselwa. Uma "sikuhlonza" kancane, sizobona ama-antichain alandelayo: A, BCLTV, DE, FGHJ, KMN, PU, ​​SR. Sicela uhlole, isibonelo, kunoma yisiphi iziteshi ze-BCLTV akwenzeki ukuya kwenye i-BCTLV ngaphandle kokushintsha, noma ngokuqondile kakhulu: ngaphandle kokuthi ubuyele esiteshini esiboniswe ngezansi. Mangaki ama-antichains akhona? Isikhombisa. Yimuphi usayizi omkhulu? Bhaka (futhi ngokugqamile).

Ningacabanga bafundi ukuthi ukuqondana kwalezi zinombolo akuzenzekelanga. Lokhu. Lokhu kwatholakala futhi kwafakazelwa (okungukuthi njalo kuyiqiniso) ngo-1950 nguRobert Palmer Dilworth (1914-1993, isazi sezibalo saseMelika). Inombolo yemigqa edingekayo ukumboza isethi yonke ilingana nosayizi we-antichain enkulu, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho: inani lama-antichains lilingana nobude be-antichain ende kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka njalo kusethi ehlelwe ngokwengxenye, i.e. eyodwa engabonwa ngeso lengqondo. Umdwebo we-Hassego. Lena akuyona incazelo eqinile nelungile ngokuphelele. Yilokhu ongoti bezibalo abakubiza ngokuthi "incazelo yokusebenza". Lokhu kuhluke kancane kokuthi "incazelo yokusebenza". Lesi iseluleko sendlela yokuqonda amasethi a-odwe ngokwengxenye. Lena yingxenye ebalulekile yanoma yikuphi ukuqeqeshwa: bona ukuthi kusebenza kanjani.

Isifinyezo sesiNgisi sithi - leli gama lizwakala lilihle ngezilimi zesiSlavic, lifana nesihlahla esincane. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi imihlaba nayo inamagatsha.

Kuhle kakhulu, kodwa ubani okudingayo? Nina, bafundi abathandekayo, niyidinga ukuze niphumelele izivivinyo futhi, mhlawumbe, lesi yisizathu esanele sokuyifunda. Ngilalele, miphi imibuzo? Ngilalele, mnumzane, ngaphansi kwefasitela. O, umbuzo uwukuthi, ingabe lokhu kuyoke kube usizo eNkosini ekuphileni kwakho? Mhlawumbe akunjalo, kodwa kumuntu ohlakaniphe kunawe ngokuqinisekile ... Mhlawumbe ngokuhlaziya indlela ebucayi kuphrojekthi yezomnotho eyinkimbinkimbi?

Ngibhala lo mbhalo maphakathi noJuni; ukhetho lomphathi luyaqhubeka eNyuvesi yaseWarsaw. Ngifunde amazwana ambalwa avela kubasebenzisi be-inthanethi. Kunenani elimangazayo lenzondo (noma “inzondo”) ngakubantu abafundile. Othile wabhala ngokucacile ukuthi abantu abanemfundo yasenyuvesi bazi kancane kunalabo abanemfundo yasenyuvesi. Mina-ke ngeke ngingene engxoxweni. Ngiphatheke kabi ukuthi umbono okhona e-Polish People’s Republic wokuthi konke kungenziwa ngesando neshizolo kuyabuya. Ngizobuyela ezibalweni.

Ithiyori kaDillworth inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa ezithakazelisayo. Enye yazo yaziwa ngokuthi imfundiso yomshado.umkhiwane. 6). 

Kukhona iqembu labesifazane (okungenzeka amantombazane) kanye neqembu elincane lamadoda. Wonke amantombazane acabanga into enjengale: “Ngingashada lona, ​​lona, ​​lona, ​​kodwa ungalokothi ushade owesithathu ekuphileni kwami.” Futhi nokunye, wonke umuntu unezintandokazi zakhe. Sidweba umdwebo, oholela komunye nomunye umcibisholo ovela kumfana anganqabi njengomuntu ozokhethwa e-altare. Umbuzo: Ingabe izithandani zingamataniswa ukuze ngamunye athole umyeni amamukelayo?

Ithiyori kaPhilip Hall, uthi lokhu kungenziwa - ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, engingeke ngixoxe ngazo lapha (khona-ke enkulumweni elandelayo, bafundi, sicela). Qaphela, nokho, ukuthi ukwaneliseka kwabesilisa akukhulunywa nhlobo lapha. Njengoba nazi, ngabesifazane abasikhethayo, hhayi okuphambene, njengoba sicabanga (ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi yimina umbhali, hhayi umbhali).

Ezinye izibalo ezibucayi. I-Theorem ye-Hall ilandela kanjani evela ku-Dilworth? Kulula kakhulu. Ake siphinde sibheke Umfanekiso 6. Amaketango akhona mafishane kakhulu: anobude obungu-2 (agijima abheke ngakubo). Iqoqo lamadoda amancane liyi-antichain (ngokuqondile ngoba imicibisholo ikhombana kuphela). Ngale ndlela ungakwazi ukumboza iqoqo lonke ngama-antichains amaningi njengoba kukhona amadoda. Ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu wesifazane uzoba nomcibisholo. Okusho ukuthi angase abonakale eyinsizwa eyamukelayo!!!

Linda, omunye uzobuza, ingabe kunjalo? Ingabe lonke lolu hlelo lokusebenza? Ama-hormone ngandlela-thile ahambisana futhi kungani izibalo? Okokuqala, lolu akulona lonke uhlelo lokusebenza, kodwa lulodwa kuphela ochungechungeni olukhulu. Ake sibheke enye yazo. Ake (Fig. 6) asho hhayi abameleli bobulili obungcono, kodwa kunalokho abathengi be-prosaic, futhi lezi ziyimikhiqizo, isibonelo, izimoto, imishini yokuwasha, imikhiqizo yokulahlekelwa isisindo, izipesheli ezivela ezinkampanini zokuhamba, njll. Umthengi ngamunye unemikhiqizo eyamukelayo. futhi enqaba. Ingabe kukhona okungenziwa ukuze kudayiswe okuthile kuwo wonke umuntu futhi kanjani? Yilapho kuphela amahlaya kuphela, kodwa nolwazi lombhali we-athikili ngalesi sihloko. Engikwaziyo nje ukuthi ukuhlaziya kusekelwe kwezinye izibalo ezinhle kakhulu.

Ukufundisa izibalo esikoleni kufundisa ama-algorithms. Lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqeqeshwa. Kodwa kancane kancane sibheke ekufundiseni izibalo hhayi kakhulu njengendlela yezibalo. Inkulumo yanamuhla ibimayelana nalokhu: sikhuluma ngokwakhiwa kwengqondo okungaqondakali, sicabanga ngempilo yansuku zonke. Sikhuluma ngamaketango nama-antichains ngamasethi anobudlelwano obuphambene, obuguqukayo nobunye esibusebenzisa kumamodeli omthengi nomthengisi. Ikhompyutha izosenzela zonke izibalo. Ngeke akhe amamodeli ezibalo okwamanje. Sisanqoba ngokucabanga kwethu. Kunoma yikuphi, ngithemba isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka!