U-Emanuel Lasker - umpetha wesibili we-chess womhlaba
Okuqukethwe
U-Emanuel Lasker wayengumdlali we-chess waseJalimane ongumJuda, isazi sefilosofi nezibalo, kodwa umhlaba umkhumbula ngokuyinhloko njengomdlali we-chess omkhulu. Uwine isicoco somhlaba se-chess eneminyaka engu-25 ngokuhlula uWilhelm Steinitz wasigcina iminyaka engu-27 eyalandela, okuyisona eside kunazo zonke emlandweni. Wayengumsekeli wesikole esinengqondo sikaSteinitz, kodwa-ke, asicebisa ngefilosofi yakhe kanye nezici ezingokwengqondo. Wayeyingcweti kwezokuvikela kanye ne-counterattack, enekhono kakhulu ekugcineni kwe-chess.
1. Emanuel Lasker, umthombo:
Emmanuel Lasker wazalwa ngosuku olwandulela uKhisimusi ngo-1868 eBerlinchen (manje eyiBarlinek eWest Pomeranian Voivodeship) emndenini we-cantor yesinagoge lendawo. Uthando lwe-chess lwafakwa kugogo wakhe wesikhathi esizayo umfowabo omdala uBerthold. Kusukela esemncane, u-Emanuel wamangala ngobuhlakani bakhe, amakhono ezibalo kanye nekhono eliphelele ku-chess. Waphothula esikoleni esiphakeme e-Gorzow futhi ngo-1888 waqala ukufunda izibalo nefilosofi eBerlin. Kodwa-ke, ukuthanda kwakhe i-chess kwakubaluleke kakhulu, futhi yilokho agxila kukho lapho eshiya isikolo (1).
Umdlalo we-World Chess Championship wango-1894
Umdlalo ngokumelene nomvikeli wesicoco oneminyaka engu-58 ubudala UWilhelm Steinitz waseMelika U-Emanuel Lasker oneminyaka engu-25 udlale emadolobheni amathathu (eNew York, Philadelphia naseMontreal) kusukela ngoMashi 15 kuya kuMeyi 26, 1894. Imithetho yomdlalo ithatha umdlalo ofika kumidlalo ewiniwe eyi-10, futhi ukutonyulwa kwamaphuzu akuzange kubhekwe njengomphumela. U-Emanuel Lasker uwine u-10:5(2).
2. U-Emanuel Lasker (kwesokudla) noWilhelm Steinitz emdlalweni wesicoco somhlaba ngo-1894, umthombo:
Ukunqoba nenkazimulo akuzange kuphendule ikhanda lika-Emanuel. Ngo-1899 waphothula izifundo zezibalo eNyuvesi yase-Heidelberg, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva e-Erlangen wathola i-Ph.D.
Ngo-1900-1912 wahlala eNgilandi nase-USA. Ngaleso sikhathi, wazinikela emsebenzini wesayensi emkhakheni wezibalo nefilosofi, futhi emisebenzini ye-chess wahlanganyela, ikakhulukazi, ehlela i-Lasker Chess Journal ngo-1904-1907 (3, 4). Ngo-1911 washada nomlobi uMarta Kohn eBerlin.
3. Emanuel Lasker, umthombo:
4. Lasker's Chess Magazine, ikhava, November 1906, umthombo:
Izimpumelelo ezinkulu zikaLasker emdlalweni ongokoqobo zihlanganisa ukunqoba emiqhudelwaneni emikhulu eLondon (1899), eSt. Petersburg (1896 no-1914), naseNew York (1924).
Ngo-1912 ekwindla ka-1914, kodwa lowo mdlalo wamiswa lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.
Ngo-1921, walahlekelwa isicoco somhlaba ebhekene neCapablanca. Ngonyaka odlule, u-Lasker wayebone isitha sakhe njengomdlali we-chess ongcono kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa uCapablanca wayefuna ukushaya uLasker emdlalweni osemthethweni.
Umdlalo we-World Chess Championship wango-1921
Mashi 15 - Ephreli 28, 1921 eHavana Lasker wabamba umdlalo wesihloko umpetha womhlaba nomdlali we-chess waseCuba u-Jose Raul Capablanca. Lona bekuwumdlalo wokuqala ngemuva kokumiswa kweminyaka engu-11 ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (5). Umdlalo ubuhlelelwe imidlalo engu-24. Owinile bekuzoba umdlali ozuze ukuwina okungu-6 kuqala, futhi uma kungekho ophumelele, umdlali onamaphuzu amaningi. Ekuqaleni lo mdlalo wawuhamba kahle, kodwa njengoba kuqala ihlobo laseCuba elishisayo, impilo kaLasker yawohloka. Njengoba amaphuzu angu-5: 9 (0: 4 angabandakanyi ama-draw), u-Lasker wenqaba ukuqhubeka nomdlalo futhi wabuyela e-Europe.
5. UJose Raul Capablanca (kwesobunxele) - Emanuel Lasker emdlalweni wesicoco somhlaba ngo-1921, umthombo:
6. Emanuel Lasker, umthombo: National Library of Israel, Shwadron iqoqo.
U-Lasker wayaziwa ngezindlela zakhe zokudlala ezingokwengqondo (6). Wanaka kakhulu hhayi kuphela umnyakazo olandelayo logickuyini ukuqashelwa ngokwengqondo kwesitha kanye nokukhetha kwamaqhinga angakhululekile kuye, okufaka isandla ekwenzeni iphutha. Ngezinye izikhathi wayekhetha iminyakazo ebuthakathaka ngokwethiyori, okwakufanele ihlabe umxhwele umphikisi. Emdlalweni odumile owawubhekene neCapablanca (eSt. Petersburg, ngo-1914), uLasker wayekulangazelela kakhulu ukuwina, kodwa ukuze adilize isitha sakhe, wakhetha ukuhluka okuvulayo, okwakubhekwa njengokudonsa. Ngenxa yalokho, iCapablanca idlale ngokunganaki futhi yalahlekelwa.
Kusukela ngo-1927, uLasker wayengumngane wakhe Albert Einsteinowayehlala eduze kwesifunda saseBerlin's Schöneberg. Ngo-1928, u-Einstein, ehalalisela u-Lasker ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-60, wambiza ngokuthi "indoda ye-Renaissance." Ukucabanga okuvela ezingxoxweni phakathi kwesazi sefiziksi esihlakaniphile nomdlali we-chess ongcono kakhulu emhlabeni kungatholakala esanduleleni se-biography ka-Emanuel Lasker, lapho u-Albert Einstein aphikisana nemibono yomngane wakhe ngejubane lokukhanya elingaphansi kwethiyori yokuhlobana. Ngiyayibonga le ndoda engakhathali, ezimele futhi enesizotha ngezingxoxo ezinothile enginikeze zona,” kubhala ungoti wefiziksi okhaliphile esanduleleni somlando kaLasker.
Ikhathuni (7) "u-Albert Einstein uhlangana no-Emanuel Lasker" ka-Oliver Schopf yethulwa embukisweni omkhulu onikezelwe empilweni nomsebenzi wechess ka-Emanuel Lasker eBerlin-Kreuzberg ngo-Okthoba 2005. Iphinde yanyatheliswa kumagazini waseJalimane we-chess Schach.
7. Umdwebo ka-Oliver Schopf othi "Albert Einstein uhlangana no-Emanuel Lasker"
Ngo-1933 uLasker nomkakhe UMartha Cohnbobabili abangamaJuda baphoqeleka ukuba balishiye iJalimane. Bathuthela eNgilandi. Ngo-1935, uLasker wathola isimemo esivela eMoscow ukuba eze eSoviet Union, emnika ubulungu eMoscow Academy of Sciences. E-USSR, uLasker walahla ubuzwe baseJalimane futhi wathola ubuzwe baseSoviet. Ebhekene nokwesaba okwakuhambisana nokubusa kukaStalin, uLasker wayishiya iSoviet Union futhi ngo-1937, kanye nomkakhe, balibangisa eNew York bedlula eNetherlands. Nokho, wahlala iminyaka embalwa kuphela ezweni lakubo elisha. Wabulawa isifo sezinso eNew York ngoJanuwari 11, 1941 eneminyaka engu-72 ubudala esibhedlela saseMount Sinai. U-Lassen wangcwatshwa emathuneni aseBeth Olom angokomlando eQueens, eNew York.
Izinhlobo eziningana zokuvula i-chess ziqanjwe ngaye, njengokuhluka kuka-Lasker ku-Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 N4 ) kanye no-Evans Gambit ( 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 G:b4 5.c3 Ga5 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Bb6). U-Lasker wayeyindoda efundile, udokotela wefilosofi onobuhlakani bezibalo, umbhali wezincwadi zesayensi nezincwadi, uchwepheshe ovelele kumdlalo we-GO, umdlali webhuloho omuhle kakhulu kanye nomlobi wemidlalo.
8. Uqwembe lwesikhumbuzo eBarlinka emgwaqweni. I-Khmelna 7 ikhumbula u-Emanuel Lasker,
umthombo:
I-Barlinek (8, 9), idolobha lasekhaya le-"King of Chess", isingathe uMkhosi we-Chess wamazwe ngamazwe wokukhumbula u-D. Emanuel Lasker. Kukhona nekilabhu yendawo ye-chess ethi "Lasker" Barlinek.
9. Azipakishe. U-Emanuel Lasker e-Barlinek,
umthombo:
Chess alfabhethi
bird debut
Ukuvuleka kwenyoni kuwukuvula kwe-chess okuvumelekile, nakuba kungavamile, okuqala ngo-1.f4 (umdwebo 12). I-White ithatha ukulawula kwe-e5-square, ithola ithuba lokuhlasela ngentengo yokuba buthakathaka kancane kwe-kingside.
Lokhu kuvulwa kwashiwo uLuis Ramirez de Lucena encwadini yakhe ethi Repetición de amoresy arte de ajedrez, con 150 juegos de partido (Phatha ngobuciko bothando ne-chess ngezibonelo eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu zemidlalo), eyanyatheliswa eSalamanca (eSpain). ngo-1497 (13). Amakhophi ayisishiyagalombili aziwayo ohlelo lokuqala asindile kuze kube yilolu suku.
Umdlali we-chess wesiNgisi ohamba phambili wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, u-Henry Edward Bird (14), uhlaziye futhi wasebenzisa lesi sivulo emidlalweni yakhe kusukela ngo-1855 iminyaka engu-40. Ngo-1885, i-Hereford Times (iphephandaba lamasonto onke elinyatheliswa njalo ngoLwesine e-Hereford, eNgilandi) yabiza ukuvulwa kuka-Byrd umnyakazo wokuvula ngokuthi 1.f4, futhi leli gama lalivamile. Ugogo wase-Danish u-Bent Larsen, umdlali we-chess ohamba phambili emhlabeni wama-60s nama-70s, naye ube ngumsekeli wokuvulwa kuka-Byrd.
13. Ikhasi elivela encwadini endala ephrintiwe ye-chess, amakhophi ayo asekhona nanamuhla - Luis Lucena "Repetición de amores y arte de ajedrez, con 150 juegos de partido"
14. Henry Edward Bird, umthombo:
Impendulo eyinhloko nevame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kulolu hlelo ngu-1..d5 (umdwebo 15), i.e. umdlalo uthuthuka njengaku-Dutch Defense (1.d4 f5), kuphela ngemibala ehlehlisiwe, kodwa kulokhu kuhluka kokuvula kuka-Byrd Okumhlophe kune-tempo eyengeziwe enkulu kune-. Umnyakazo omuhle kakhulu uWhite anawo manje ngu-2.Nf3. I-knight ilawula i-e5 ne-d4 futhi ayivumeli u-Black ukuthi ahlole inkosi nge-Qh4. Bese umuntu angadlala, isibonelo, 2… c5 3.e3 Nf6 nendawo elinganayo.
15. Ukwehluka okukhulu ekuvuleni kuka-Byrd: 1.f4 d5
Umpetha wamazwe ngamazwe u-Timothy Taylor, encwadini yakhe ekhuluma ngokuvula kuka-Byrd, ukholelwa ukuthi umugqa oyinhloko wokuzivikela ngu-1.f4 d5 2.Nf3 g6 3.e3 Bg7 4.Ge2 Nf6 5.0-0 0-0 6.d3 c5 (16).
16. Timothy Taylor (2005). Ukuvula Inyoni: Ukufakwa okuningiliziwe kwezinketho ze-White ezilinganiselwe neziguqukayo
Uma uMnyama ekhetha 2.g3, impendulo kaMnyama enconyiwe ithi 2… h5! nokuqhubeka, isibonelo, 3.Nf3 h4 4.S:h4 W:h4 5.g:h4 e5 ngokuhlasela okuyingozi koMnyama.
Gambit Froma
17. UMartin Severin Frome, źródło:
I-Gambit From ivula ngodlame eyethulwe ekuzilolongeni komqhudelwano ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwengcweti ye-chess yase-Danish u-Martin From (17), umdali we-northern gambit.
I-Frome's Gambit idalwe ngemuva kokunyakaza okuthi 1.f4 e5 futhi ingenye yezinhlelo ezidume kakhulu zokuvula Izinyoni (umdwebo 18). Ngakho-ke, abadlali abaningi ngokushesha badlala i-2.e4, bethuthela ku-Gambit Yenkosi, noma ngemva kokwamukela i-gambit 2.f:e5 d6, bayeka ucezu ngokudlala 3.Nf3 d:e5 4.e4
Kwethi From Gambit, umuntu kufanele akhumbule ukugwema ukuwela ogibeni, isibonelo, 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 (umdwebo 19) 4.Cc3? Uphinde alahlekelwe ngokushesha, njengo-4.e4? Hh4+5.g3 Gg3+6.h:g3 H:g3+7.Ke2 Gg4+8.Nf3 H:f3+9.Ke1 Hg3 # Best 4.Nf3. 4… Hh4 + 5.g3 G:g3 + 6.h:g3 H:g3 #
19. Kusukela ku-gambit, ukuma ngemva kuka-3... H: d6
Ekuhlukeni okukhulu kwe-Frome's Gambit 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 4.Nf3, umpetha womhlaba wakusasa u-Emanuel Lasker udlale 4…g5 kumdlalo we-Bird-Lasker odlalwe e-Newcastle upon Pona. Tyne ngo-1892. Lokhu okuhlukile, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, kubizwa ngokuthi okuhlukile kwe-Lasker. Manje uMhlophe usengakwazi ukukhetha, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinhlelo ezimbili zegeyimu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu: 5.g3 g4 6.Sh4 noma 5.d4 g4 6.Ne5 (uma 6.Ng5, bese kuba 6…f5 ngokusongela kwe-h6 nokuwina knight).
Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889.
Omunye wemidlalo ye-chess edume kakhulu emlandweni wadlalwa phakathi kwabo. Emanuel Lasker i UJohann Bauer e-Amsterdam ngo-1889. Kulo mdlalo, u-Lasker wadela bobabili ababhishobhi bakhe ukuze abhubhise ama-pawns avikela inkosi yomphikisi.
20. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, isikhundla ngemva 13 Ha2
1.f4 d5 2.e3 Nf6 3.b3 e6 4.Bb2 Ge7 5.Bd3 b6 6.Sc3 Bb7 7.Nf3 Nbd7 8.0-0 0-0 9.Se2 c5 10.Ng3 Qc7 11.Ne5 S: e5 12. G: e5 Qc6 13.Qe2 (umdwebo 20) 13… a6? Isinqumo esingalungile esivumela u-Lasker ukuthi anikele ngezithunywa. Kungcono kwaba ngu-13… g6 endaweni elinganayo. 14.Sh5 Sxh5 15.Hxh7 + Umlungu udela umbhishobhi wokuqala. 15…K:h7 16.H:h5 + Kg8 17.G:g7 (e.21) 17…K:g7 Ukwenqaba ukunikela ngombhishobhi wesibili kuholela kumngane womshado. Ngemva kuka-17… f5 iza i-18th Re5 Rf6 19.FF3 ilandelwa ngu-20.Reg3, futhi ngemva kuka-17… f6 iwinile ye-18 noma yesi-6 ye-Re18. 3.Qg18 + Kh4 7.Rf19 Black kumelwe adele indlovukazi yakhe ukuze agweme umngane wokuhlola. 3… e19 5.Wh20 + Qh3 6.W:h21 + W:h6 6.Qd22 (umdwebo 7) Lesi sinyathelo, sokuhlasela bobabili ababhishobhi abamnyama, siholela enzuzweni ye-Lasker yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nesikhundla. 22… Bf22 6.H: b23 Kg7 7.Wf24 Wab1 8.Hd25 Wfd7 8.Hg26 + Kf4 8.fe27 Gg5 7.e28 Wb6 7.Hg29 f6 6.W: f30 + G: f6 6 31.H: f6 8.H: 32.Hh8 + Ke7 33.Hg7 + K: e6 34.H: b7 Wd6 35.H: a6 d4 36.e: d4 c: d4 37.h4 d3 38.H: d3 (umdwebo 23) 1-XNUMX.
21. Emanuel Lasker – Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, isikhundla ngemva 17.G: g7
22. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, isikhundla ngemva 22Qd7.
23. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, isikhundla uBauer azinikele kuso.
